<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Japonya Politik ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bu yayın Japonya'nın ve daha geniş olarak Asya'nın Siyasetine, zekâ, suç, genetik ve metrik çalışmalar üstüne yazılar yazar. 
]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4YeX!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2625e950-bda7-47e4-a574-309921f3d267_925x925.png</url><title>Japonya Politik </title><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 06 May 2026 10:16:38 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.japonyapolitik.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[アジャル]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[japonyapolitik@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[japonyapolitik@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Acaru]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Acaru]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[japonyapolitik@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[japonyapolitik@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Acaru]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Genetik, Paylaşılmayan Çevre ve Paylaşılan Çevre]]></title><description><![CDATA[Payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#199;evre nedensel midir?]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/genetik-paylaslmayan-cevre-ve-paylaslan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/genetik-paylaslmayan-cevre-ve-paylaslan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 28 Feb 2026 09:17:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Inquisitive Bird (IB), ge&#231;ti&#287;imiz y&#305;l genetik ve payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre etkilerini inceleyen bir yaz&#305; yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evre &#252;zerinden ailelerin &#231;e&#351;itli &#246;zelliklerde ve davran&#305;&#351;larda ne derecede fark yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steren bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma genetik &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;na bak&#305;l&#305;nca her &#351;eyin genetik oldu&#287;unu ve ailelerin &#246;nemsiz oldu&#287;u alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305; y&#305;k&#305;yor. </p><p>Not: Kaynaklar&#305; hiperlink olarak koyaca&#287;&#305;m. Alt&#305; &#231;izili g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya t&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda do&#287;rudan kayna&#287;a gideceksiniz, ayr&#305; bir kaynak&#231;a yazmayaca&#287;&#305;m. &#214;rne&#287;in: <a href="https://moodle.znu.edu.ua/pluginfile.php/1203239/mod_resource/content/0/Behavioral%20Genetics%20by%20DeFries%2C%20J.%20C.%20Knopik%2C%20Valerie%20S.%20Neiderhiser%2C%20Jenae%20M.%20Plomin%2C%20Robert%20%28z-lib.org%29.pdf">Knopik vd. (2018)</a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik sayfama abone olursan&#305;z sevinirim.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:141490873,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://inquisitivebird.xyz/p/where-parents-make-a-difference&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:1134099,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Patterns in Humanity&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8NE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcbde47d-b98a-40db-b9e9-96b81a0e2119_550x550.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Where parents make a difference&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;In the debates surrounding nature versus nurture, there are many who (incorrectly) deny the importance of nature. Then, based on their reading of the behavior genetics research, some make the completely opposite assertion. For example, in his book Blueprint&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2024-03-20T18:33:55.281Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:119,&quot;comment_count&quot;:34,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:106631243,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Inquisitive Bird&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;inquisitivebird&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0032fbe-def5-4294-b826-041357a10312_575x550.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;A curious bird trying to understand the human condition.&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2022-10-08T21:28:47.003Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2023-02-06T21:46:44.619Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:1085360,&quot;user_id&quot;:106631243,&quot;publication_id&quot;:1134099,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:1134099,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Patterns in Humanity&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;inquisitivebird&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:&quot;inquisitivebird.xyz&quot;,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;Analyses and thoughts about the human condition.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bcbde47d-b98a-40db-b9e9-96b81a0e2119_550x550.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:106631243,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:106631243,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#2096FF&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2022-10-08T21:33:52.686Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:null,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Inquisitive Bird&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Founding Member&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;enabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false}}],&quot;twitter_screen_name&quot;:&quot;Scientific_Bird&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:100,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:100,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bestseller&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:100},&quot;paidPublicationIds&quot;:[],&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://inquisitivebird.xyz/p/where-parents-make-a-difference?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!j8NE!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcbde47d-b98a-40db-b9e9-96b81a0e2119_550x550.png"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Patterns in Humanity</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">Where parents make a difference</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">In the debates surrounding nature versus nurture, there are many who (incorrectly) deny the importance of nature. Then, based on their reading of the behavior genetics research, some make the completely opposite assertion. For example, in his book Blueprint&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 years ago &#183; 119 likes &#183; 34 comments &#183; Inquisitive Bird</div></a></div><p>&#214;ncelikle, bu kavramlar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamak i&#231;in <a href="https://moodle.znu.edu.ua/pluginfile.php/1203239/mod_resource/content/0/Behavioral%20Genetics%20by%20DeFries%2C%20J.%20C.%20Knopik%2C%20Valerie%20S.%20Neiderhiser%2C%20Jenae%20M.%20Plomin%2C%20Robert%20%28z-lib.org%29.pdf">Knopik vd. (2018)</a> taraf&#305;ndan yaz&#305;lan Davran&#305;&#351;sal Genetik kitab&#305;n&#305; kullanaca&#287;&#305;m:</p><p>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre etkileri <strong>(k&#305;saca C)</strong>, aile &#252;yelerini birbirine <strong>benzeten</strong> <em><strong>genetik d&#305;&#351;&#305;</strong></em> t&#252;m etkileri ifade eder. Bu; mahalle, ebeveyn e&#287;itimi ve ebeveynlik tutumlar&#305; veya ev i&#231;indeki &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma ya da ev i&#231;indeki kaos gibi ailevi fakt&#246;rleri i&#231;eren geni&#351; bir yelpazeyi kapsayabilir. Bu fakt&#246;rlerin "payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre etkisi" say&#305;labilmesi i&#231;in, yaln&#305;zca ayn&#305; evde ya&#351;ayan bireyler aras&#305;nda daha fazla benzerli&#287;e yol a&#231;mas&#305; ve genetik yak&#305;nl&#305;&#287;a ba&#287;l&#305; olarak de&#287;i&#351;iklik g&#246;stermemesi gerekir. Di&#287;er bir deyi&#351;le, &#231;ift yumurta ikizleri en az tek yumurta ikizleri kadar birbirine benziyorsa ve bu benzerlik g&#246;z ard&#305; edilemeyecek d&#252;zeydeyse, payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre etkileri &#246;nemlidir. Benzer &#351;ekilde, aralar&#305;nda genetik ba&#287; olmayan "evlatl&#305;k" karde&#351;ler, "genetik" karde&#351;ler kadar birbirine benziyorsa, payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evresel etkilerin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;na i&#351;aret edilir.</p><p>Payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre etkileri <strong>(k&#305;saca E)</strong>, &#246;l&#231;&#252;m hatas&#305; da dahil olmak &#252;zere, aile &#252;yeleri i&#231;in ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z (veya birbiriyle ili&#351;kisiz) olan t&#252;m genetik d&#305;&#351;&#305; etkilerdir. Ayn&#305; evde ya&#351;ayan tek yumurta ikizleri t&#252;m genlerini ve &#231;evrelerini payla&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; i&#231;in, tek yumurta ikizi &#231;iftleri aras&#305;ndaki farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayabilecek tek &#351;ey payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre etkilerdir. Payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre etkisi kaynaklar&#305; aras&#305;nda; ebeveynlerin farkl&#305; muamelesi gibi aile i&#231;i deneyim farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; veya farkl&#305; arkada&#351;lara sahip olmak gibi aile d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki farkl&#305; deneyimler yer al&#305;r.</p><p>Bu modeller haricinde de bizim k&#305;saca bahsetti&#287;imiz genetik etkiler vard&#305;r, k&#305;saca A. B&#246;ylece modelin k&#305;saltmas&#305; <strong>ACE</strong>&#8217;dir. Bu modeli ekonometristler, davran&#305;&#351; geneti&#287;i uzmanlar&#305; veya epidemiyoloji uzmanlar&#305; kullan&#305;r.</p><h2>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evreyi Anlamak</h2><p>Inquisitive Bird (IB), bu k&#305;sa yaz&#305;s&#305;nda <strong>davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik (Behavioral Genetics)</strong> alan&#305;ndaki sonu&#231;lar&#305;n yanl&#305;&#351; yorumlanmas&#305;na dikkat &#231;eker. Bunlardan biri, bir &#246;zelli&#287;e ait varyans&#305;n "k&#252;&#231;&#252;k" bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (C) taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanmas&#305;n&#305;n, C'nin &#246;nemsiz oldu&#287;u ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla g&#246;z ard&#305; edilebilece&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelmesidir. Bu yan&#305;lg&#305;y&#305; a&#231;&#305;klaman&#305;n kolay yollar&#305; oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. &#214;rne&#287;in, tipik bir IQ da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n varyans&#305;n&#305;n (toplam &#246;rneklemin de&#287;il) en alttaki %5, %10 ve %20'si &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m ortalamas&#305;na ne oldu&#287;una bakal&#305;m.</p><p>Danimarka&#8217;da 1 milyondan fazla erke&#287;in verileriyle yap&#305;lan kapsaml&#305; bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k IQ seviyesinin (&#246;zellikle 80 ve alt&#305;) okul b&#305;rakma, i&#351;sizlik, sosyal yard&#305;ma ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;k ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelir gibi ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;k g&#246;stergeleriyle &#231;ok g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir korelasyon i&#231;inde oldu&#287;unu kan&#305;tlamaktad&#305;r <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289618300278">(Hegelund vd. 2018</a>). &#304;statistiksel olarak varyans&#305;n sadece %5-10&#8217;unu etkileyen &#231;evresel iyile&#351;tirmeler bile, bireyleri bu kritik risk barajlar&#305;n&#305;n &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;kararak onlar&#305;n sosyal ve ekonomik kaderini k&#246;kten de&#287;i&#351;tirebilir; bu da bize "k&#252;&#231;&#252;k" g&#246;r&#252;nen &#231;evresel etkilerin, asl&#305;nda toplumsal m&#252;dahale ve e&#287;itim planlamas&#305; i&#231;in en stratejik oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QyMJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa0f3ecd-3ba8-4303-a8d4-0d4ebce6ba7f_5355x3567.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QyMJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa0f3ecd-3ba8-4303-a8d4-0d4ebce6ba7f_5355x3567.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QyMJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa0f3ecd-3ba8-4303-a8d4-0d4ebce6ba7f_5355x3567.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QyMJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa0f3ecd-3ba8-4303-a8d4-0d4ebce6ba7f_5355x3567.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QyMJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa0f3ecd-3ba8-4303-a8d4-0d4ebce6ba7f_5355x3567.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Bunu ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmenin sosyal etkileri olduk&#231;a kayda de&#287;er olacakt&#305;r; benzer bir durumu su&#231; verileri i&#231;in de ge&#231;erlidir (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016028961500077X">Schwartz vd. 2015</a>; <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0041783">Frisell vd. 2012</a>). K&#252;&#231;&#252;k etkilerin &#231;ok &#351;ey ifade edebilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermenin pek &#231;ok ba&#351;ka yolu da vard&#305;r: <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-11199-001">Abelson Paradoksu</a>. &#214;<a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/first-malaria-vaccine-slashes-early-childhood-deaths">rne&#287;in %40'tan az etkili s&#305;tma a&#351;&#305;lar&#305; &#231;ocuk &#246;l&#252;mlerini %13 azaltm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</a>. Not: Scott Alexander&#8217;&#305;n <a href="https://www.astralcodexten.com/p/all-medications-are-insignificant">bu konudaki yaz&#305;s&#305;n&#305; </a>okuman&#305;z&#305; tavsiye ederim. </p><p>&#304;kinci olarak Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evrenin (C) k&#252;&#231;&#252;k g&#246;r&#252;nen etki b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kleri, s&#305;rf "k&#252;&#231;&#252;k g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;" i&#231;in bir yok say&#305;lamaz. Etkiler genellikle standartla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; terimlerle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r, oysa do&#287;ru bir kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rma i&#231;in farkl&#305; varyans bile&#351;enlerinin etkilerini "standartla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmam&#305;&#351;" terimlerle anlamak gerekir. &#214;rne&#287;in, klasik ikiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;ndaki eklemeli genetik etkiler (A) bir &#246;zelli&#287;in varyans&#305;n&#305;n %80'ini a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yorsa, bunlar&#305;n o &#246;zellik i&#231;in &#231;evreye k&#305;yasla d&#246;rt kat de&#287;il, neden sadece iki kat daha &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;klar. E&#287;er genler &#231;evrelerden ger&#231;ekten d&#246;rt kat daha &#246;nemli olsayd&#305;, genler varyans&#305;n %80'ini a&#231;&#305;klarken &#231;evreler sadece %5'ini a&#231;&#305;klard&#305;. Bu durum, etkileri anlamak i&#231;in &#231;ok daha sezgisel bir &#231;er&#231;eve sunar; sonu&#231;ta 0,80 ile 0,20 aras&#305;ndaki fark, 0,8944 ile 0,4472 aras&#305;ndaki farktan &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r.</p><p>Bunu daha geni&#351; bir &#351;ekilde a&#231;&#305;klayay&#305;m. Davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik modellerinde genetik (A) veya payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (C) gibi bile&#351;enler genellikle <strong>varyans&#305;n y&#252;zdesi</strong> (R kare) olarak ifade edilir. Varyans, birimlerin <strong>karesi</strong> al&#305;narak hesaplanan bir istatistiktir. Bu durum, b&#252;y&#252;k etkileri &#231;ok daha b&#252;y&#252;k, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k etkileri ise &#231;ok daha &#246;nemsizmi&#351; gibi g&#246;sterir. <strong>&#214;rnek:</strong> Bir &#246;zelli&#287;in varyans&#305;n&#305;n %80'i genetik (A=0,80), %20'si &#231;evresel (E=0,20) olsun. <strong>Varyans Oran&#305;:</strong> 0,80/0,20=4. Bu rakama bak&#305;nca "Genler &#231;evreden <strong>4 kat daha &#246;nemli</strong>" dersiniz; l&#226;kin bir etkenin o &#246;zellik &#252;zerindeki ger&#231;ek "do&#287;rusal g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;" veya "&#246;nemini" anlamak i&#231;in varyans&#305;n karek&#246;k&#252;n&#252; alarak <strong>etki katsay&#305;s&#305;na</strong> (r) bakmam&#305;z gerekir. Bu, de&#287;i&#351;kenleri "kareler" evreninden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;p, normal birimler evrenine geri d&#246;nd&#252;r&#252;r. </p><blockquote><p>0,80&#8217;nin karek&#246;k&#252;: 0,894; ,20&#8217;nin karek&#246;k&#252; 0,447. G&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z gibi, varyans tablosunda aralar&#305;nda "u&#231;urum" (4 kat) var gibi g&#246;r&#252;nen genetik ve &#231;evre, asl&#305;nda etki g&#252;c&#252; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan birbirine &#231;ok daha yak&#305;nd&#305;r (sadece <strong>2 kat</strong> fark).</p></blockquote><p>IB'nin makalesinin geri kalan&#305;, &#231;e&#351;itli sosyal &#246;zellikler &#252;zerindeki payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (C) etkisine dair en iyi kan&#305;tlar&#305;n bir incelemesiydi; e&#287;itim, gelir, su&#231; ve servet i&#231;in genetik etkinin (A), payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evreden (C) s&#305;ras&#305;yla 1,4-2,1, 1,7-2,3, 2 ve 1,3 kat daha fazla oldu&#287;u sonucuna var&#305;yordu. Ek olarak, genetik fakt&#246;rler genel olarak payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evreden daha &#246;nemli olsa da karde&#351;leri birbirine ne daha benzer ne de daha az benzer k&#305;lan fakt&#246;rler olan <strong>payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre</strong> (E), genellikle en &#246;nemli fakt&#246;rd&#252;. Bu durum e&#287;itim veya su&#231; i&#231;in ge&#231;erli de&#287;ildi; l&#226;kin gelir ve servet i&#231;in ge&#231;erliydi. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, sistematik fakt&#246;rlerin (A ve C) &#246;tesinde, rastgelelik ve karde&#351;lerin farkl&#305; tepki verdi&#287;i &#231;evreler de &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r.</p><p>Standart ikiz modelinde payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (C), teoride, karde&#351;leri birbirine daha benzer k&#305;lan ve genlerin eklemeli etkileri d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki t&#252;m fakt&#246;rlerdir. Fakat, C olarak adland&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z &#351;ey, asl&#305;nda bask&#305;n genetik etkiler (D) veya e&#351; se&#231;imindeki benzerli&#287;in (assortative mating) bir sonucu oldu&#287;unda bu teori &#231;&#246;ker. Dahas&#305;, bir fakt&#246;r&#252;n karde&#351;leri birbirine daha benzer k&#305;l&#305;yor olmas&#305;, o fakt&#246;r&#252;n mutlaka t&#252;m aile &#252;yelerini birbirine benzetti&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelmez. C, her zaman ebeveynlerden dikey olarak aktar&#305;lan bir s&#252;recin ya da aileye has &#246;zel bir durumun sonucu de&#287;ildir; bazen sadece <strong>karde&#351;lerin payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; ortamdan </strong>kaynaklan&#305;r. Hatta bazen C, karde&#351;lerin genel olarak payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir &#351;ey bile de&#287;il, sadece <strong>ikizlerin</strong> payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir durumdur. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-023-00173-y">Wolfram ve Morris (2023</a>) &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda e&#287;itim d&#252;zeyi i&#231;in bunun bir &#246;rne&#287;ini sunmu&#351;lard&#305;r. Standart ACE modellerinde e&#287;itim ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; %43 oran&#305;nda belirledi&#287;i san&#305;lan payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre bile&#351;eni, daha geli&#351;mi&#351; modellerle incelendi&#287;inde &#252;&#231; farkl&#305; par&#231;aya b&#246;l&#252;nmektedir: Ebeveynlerin benzer e&#287;itim seviyelerine sahip ki&#351;ilerle evlenmesinden kaynaklanan <strong>e&#351; se&#231;imi</strong> etkisi, sadece ayn&#305; ya&#351;taki ikizlerin payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; teknik benzerlikler ve ger&#231;ek aile ortam&#305;. Bu ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;rma yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, t&#252;m karde&#351;leri birbirine benzeten as&#305;l aile etkisinin asl&#305;nda %43 de&#287;il, sadece %10 gibi &#231;ok daha m&#252;tevaz&#305; bir seviyede oldu&#287;u; buna kar&#351;&#305;n genetik fakt&#246;rlerin pay&#305;n&#305;n %34'ten %51'e &#231;&#305;kt&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Sonu&#231; olarak bu tablo, "aile etkisi" olarak etiketledi&#287;imiz pek &#231;ok unsurun asl&#305;nda ya genetik bir yans&#305;ma ya da sadece ikiz olmaya &#246;zg&#252; ge&#231;ici durumlardan ibaret oldu&#287;u tart&#305;&#351;mas&#305;na neden olmaktad&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png" width="1010" height="582" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eNv1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00588fde-cf5b-4210-abbb-a2f6877adaf6_1010x582.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>C (payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre), farkl&#305; ya&#351;larda ayn&#305; anlama (ayn&#305; &#351;ey, olgu, fenomen) bile gelmeyebilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, boy &#246;zelli&#287;i i&#231;in &#231;ocuklukta g&#246;r&#252;len C muhtemelen ger&#231;ekten aile ortam&#305;yla ilgiliyken; yeti&#351;kinlikte muhtemelen daha &#231;ok e&#351; se&#231;imindeki benzerlikle (assortative mating) ilgilidir. Bu durum ebeveynlerin, ailelerin, karde&#351;lerin veya ikizlerin &#252;zerinde pek kontrol sahibi olabilece&#287;i bir &#351;ey de&#287;ildir.</p><h2><strong>Varyans Ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305; ve Nedensellik</strong></h2><p>&#304;kiz ve aile tasar&#305;mlar&#305;nda tan&#305;mlanan varyans bile&#351;enleri, akrabal&#305;k ba&#287;lar&#305;ndaki varyasyonlar arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla tan&#305;mland&#305;klar&#305; i&#231;in asl&#305;nda nedensel niceliklerdir. Bu modellerle nedensel bir tan&#305;mlama elde etmek i&#231;in gereken tek &#351;ey, &#231;evrenin, genetik olarak daha benzer olan bireyler i&#231;in &#246;zellikleri anlaml&#305; derecede etkileyecek &#351;ekilde sistematik olarak daha benzer olmamas&#305;d&#305;r. <strong>&#214;l&#231;&#252;len bu nedensel g&#252;ce ra&#287;men, y&#252;ksek kal&#305;t&#305;m oranlar&#305;n&#305; '&#231;evresel m&#252;dahale imkans&#305;zd&#305;r' &#351;eklinde yorumlamamak gerekir. </strong>Zira evlat edinme &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;ndan elde edilen nedensel tahminler ile varyans analizleri aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi anlamak, iki temel zorluk nedeniyle karma&#351;&#305;kt&#305;r. Bunlardan <strong>ilki</strong>, g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;&#351;te devasa olan &#231;evresel etkilerin bile asl&#305;nda &#231;ok y&#252;ksek kal&#305;t&#305;m oranlar&#305;yla bir arada var olabilmesidir. T&#305;pk&#305;<a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00461527309529086"> Jensen'in IQ </a>verilerinde veya son y&#252;zy&#305;ldaki boy art&#305;&#351;&#305; &#246;rne&#287;inde g&#246;sterdi&#287;i gibi; bir &#246;zelli&#287;in bireyler aras&#305;ndaki farklar&#305;n&#305;n %80'i genetik olsa bile, o &#246;zelli&#287;in genel ortalamas&#305; &#231;evresel m&#252;dahalelerle dramatik bir &#351;ekilde yukar&#305; ta&#351;&#305;nabilir. Jensen, Skodak ve Skeels'in (1949) &#252;nl&#252; evlat edinme &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; inceleyerek bunu g&#246;sterir. Basit&#231;e, biyolojik annelerinin IQ ortalamas&#305; 85.7 olan &#231;ocuklar, &#252;st sosyo-ekonomik d&#252;zeydeki aileler taraf&#305;ndan evlat edinildikten sonra 106 IQ ortalamas&#305;na ula&#351;m&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. &#304;lk bak&#305;&#351;ta bu 20 puanl&#305;k devasa art&#305;&#351;, zek&#226;n&#305;n y&#252;ksek oranda kal&#305;t&#305;msal oldu&#287;u bilgisiyle &#231;eli&#351;iyor gibi g&#246;r&#252;nebilir. Jensen, basit bir poligenik model kullanarak bu art&#305;&#351;&#305;n %70-80 gibi y&#252;ksek bir kal&#305;t&#305;m oran&#305;yla tam bir uyum i&#231;inde oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Matematiksel olarak:</p><div class="latex-rendered" data-attrs="{&quot;persistentExpression&quot;:&quot;O=M+h_n^2(P - M)&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;BYYNNBYGQG&quot;}" data-component-name="LatexBlockToDOM"></div><p><strong>M (Pop&#252;lasyon Ortalamas&#305;):</strong> 100.</p><p><strong>P (Ebeveyn Ortalamas&#305;):</strong> Skodak ve Skeels &#246;rne&#287;inde biyolojik annelerin IQ ortalamas&#305; <strong>85.7</strong>'dir. Babalar bilinmedi&#287;i i&#231;in pop&#252;lasyon ortalamas&#305; (100) kabul edilirse, ebeveyn ortalamas&#305; P=(85.7+100)/2=92.85 olur.</p><p><strong>hn2&#8203; (Kal&#305;t&#305;m Derecesi):</strong> Jensen burada <strong>0.706</strong> de&#287;erini kullan&#305;r.</p><p>O=100+0.706(92.85&#8722;100)&#8776;95. Yani, bu &#231;ocuklar ortalama bir &#231;evrede b&#252;y&#252;seydi, genetik miraslar&#305; gere&#287;i <strong>95 IQ</strong> almalar&#305; bekleniyordu. Fakat &#231;ocuklar evlat edinildikleri &#252;st d&#252;zey evlerde <strong>106 IQ</strong> ortalamas&#305;na ula&#351;t&#305;lar. Aradaki <strong>11 puanl&#305;k fark</strong>, &#231;evrenin nedensel etkisidir. Peki, %80 kal&#305;t&#305;m varken 11-20 puanl&#305;k bir art&#305;&#351; nas&#305;l "k&#252;&#231;&#252;k" bir &#231;evresel etkiyle a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;r? Jensen bunu varyans&#305;n par&#231;alar&#305;na ay&#305;rarak g&#246;sterir:</p><p><strong>Toplam Varyans:</strong> IQ testlerinde standart sapma 15, yani varyans 152=225&#8217;tir. <strong>Kal&#305;t&#305;m (h2=0.80):</strong> Varyans&#305;n %80'i genetikse, &#231;evrenin pay&#305; %20'dir (1&#8722;0,80=0,20). <strong>&#199;evresel Varyans:</strong> 225&#215;0,20=45. <strong>&#199;evresel Standart Sapma (&#963;e&#8203;):</strong> 45&#8203; &#8776; 6,7.</p><p>&#199;evresel ko&#351;ullardaki her <strong>1 standart sapmal&#305;k iyile&#351;me</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in daha iyi e&#287;itim) bireyin IQ'sunu <strong>6.7 puan</strong> yukar&#305; ta&#351;&#305;r. Skodak ve Skeels &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;ndaki &#231;ocuklar&#305;n ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; 106 IQ, genetik beklentinin (95) yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>11 puan</strong> &#252;zerindedir. Jensen, evlat edinen ailelerin sosyo-ekonomik ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel d&#252;zeyinin genel pop&#252;lasyondan yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>1.5 ila 2 standart sapma</strong> yukar&#305;da oldu&#287;unu belirtir. Yani matematik tam olarak birbirini tutmaktad&#305;r: <strong>&#199;ok y&#252;ksek kal&#305;t&#305;m oranlar&#305; alt&#305;nda bile, &#231;evreyi 1.5-2 birim iyile&#351;tirdi&#287;inizde, toplumun veya bireyin ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; 15-20 puan art&#305;rabilirsiniz</strong>.</p><p><strong>&#304;kincisi</strong>, farkl&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda farkl&#305; modeller &#252;zerinden genellikle farkl&#305; &#351;eyler &#246;l&#231;&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; i&#231;in, bu farkl&#305; tasar&#305;mlar yapay nedenlerle s&#305;kl&#305;kla farkl&#305; sonu&#231;lara varmaktad&#305;r. Davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik modellerini kullananlar genellikle &#246;rt&#252;k/gizil de&#287;i&#351;ken (latent variable) kavramlar&#305;n&#305; ve bunlar&#305;n &#246;nemini kavrarlar; bu nedenle, di&#287;er her &#351;ey e&#351;it oldu&#287;unda, sadece IQ puanlar&#305;n&#305; modellemek yerine genel zek&#226; (g) gibi &#246;rt&#252;k bir de&#287;i&#351;keni modelleme ihtimalleri daha y&#252;ksektir. Bu &#231;ok &#246;nemli olabilir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; IQ puanlar&#305;ndaki <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0191886914005248">evlat edinme kazan&#305;mlar&#305;</a> <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289697900039">g-d&#305;&#351;&#305; fakt&#246;rlerden</a> kaynaklan&#305;yor olabilir; bu da potansiyel olarak bu kazan&#305;mlar&#305;n &#246;nemini s&#305;n&#305;rlar ve kazan&#305;mlar&#305;, gruplar aras&#305;nda kesitsel olarak var olan farklardan farkl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde yorumlanabilir hale getirir.</p><p>Buna benzer bir sorun, baz&#305; i&#351;lem/treatment etkilerinin psikometrik yanl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n bir sonucu olmas&#305;d&#305;r; test puanlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki i&#351;lem/treatment etkilerinin, <strong>test performans&#305;n&#305;n temelini olu&#351;turan yetenekleri geli&#351;tirmek yerine</strong> yaln&#305;zca insanlar&#305; <strong>test &#231;&#246;zmede</strong> daha iyi hale getirmesi durumunda oldu&#287;u gibi. Muamele/i&#351;lem etkisi bir grubun puanlar&#305;n&#305; y&#252;kseltip di&#287;erininkini y&#252;kseltmedi&#287;i ve gruplar&#305;n ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta tarafs&#305;z bir &#351;ekilde kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;labildi&#287;i durumlarda bunu anlamak kritiktir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu durum, m&#252;dahale sonras&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n yanl&#305; (biased) hale geldi&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p>Ekonometrik veya epidemiyolojik tahminlerin davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik modellerden elde edilenlerle do&#287;rudan kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya getirildi&#287;i &#231;ok fazla ampirik &#246;rnek yoktur; fakat var olan az say&#305;daki &#246;rnek birbirleriyle yak&#305;ndan &#246;rt&#252;&#351;me e&#287;ilimindedir. Dikkat &#231;ekici bir &#246;rnek, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.122.1.119">Sacerdote'un (2007) </a>Koreli evlatl&#305;klar &#252;zerine yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mad&#305;r. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma ger&#231;ekten iyi bir evlat&#305;k edinme &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;d&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; ebeveynlerin hangi Koreli &#231;ocu&#287;u alacaklar&#305; konusunda hi&#231;bir se&#231;im &#351;ans&#305; yoktur; bu da yerle&#351;tirme/se&#231;ilim konusundaki endi&#351;eleri ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;r ve Koreli evlatl&#305;klar aras&#305;nda yerle&#351;tirme ya&#351;&#305; ile zek&#226; aras&#305;nda neden bir ili&#351;ki olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; potansiyel olarak a&#231;&#305;klar.</p><p>Sacerdote&#8217;un &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda, y&#252;ksek e&#287;itimli ve k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir aileye yerle&#351;tirilmenin tahmini etkisinin; daha y&#252;ksek e&#287;itim alma (&#246;rne&#287;in lise bitirince 12 y&#305;l, lisans bitirince 16 y&#305;l, YL bitirince 18 y&#305;l gibi), herhangi bir &#252;niversiteden mezun olma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305; ve se&#231;kin bir &#252;niversiteden mezun olma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;kselmesi &#351;eklinde e&#287;itim ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir art&#305;&#351;a yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bulunmu&#351;tur (&#8220;Evlat Edinme Muamele/&#304;&#351;lem Etkisi&#8221;). Evlat edinen ailedeki payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre (C) kalitesinde bir standart sapma yukar&#305; &#231;&#305;kman&#305;n etkisi de buna olduk&#231;a benzer &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r (&#8220;Varyans Ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;rma Etkisi&#8221;).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png" width="1200" height="558.7912087912088" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:678,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:307617,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/189439545?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QVFP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F52abb72d-a11b-4a07-9d83-4027b239ce66_5214x2427.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>&#304;kinci etki (varyans ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;rma etkisi), evlat edinme i&#351;lem/muamale etkisinden tutarl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde daha b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r fakat b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;k olarak ona benzerdir. Bunun muhtemel nedeni, evlat edinme etkisinin &#231;evre kalitesini az &#231;ok kabul edilebilir bir d&#252;zeyde temsil etmesi; varyans ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;rma etkisinin ise sadece ebeveynin sosyoekonomik durumuna odaklanmak yerine, karde&#351;leri birbirine benzeten &#231;evre &#246;zelliklerini &#246;rt&#252;k (latent) d&#252;zeyde ve kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde endeksledi&#287;i i&#231;in hedefi tam on ikiden vurmu&#351; olmas&#305;d&#305;r. Davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik tahminleri, muhtemelen &#231;evrenin geni&#351;li&#287;ini daha dikkatli bir &#351;ekilde &#246;l&#231;t&#252;kleri i&#231;in daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir &#231;evre etkisiyle tutarl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu durum birka&#231; noktaya parmak bas&#305;yor. Her &#351;eyden &#246;nce, bu modellerin ne kadar iyi &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor. &#304;kinci olarak, bu evlat edinme senaryosundaki C (payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre) bile&#351;eninin &#246;zelliklerine dair bize birka&#231; &#351;ey s&#246;yl&#252;yor: Bu bile&#351;enin, karde&#351;lere &#246;zg&#252; bir &#351;eyden ziyade, do&#287;rudan aile ortam&#305;n&#305;n kalitesini endeksledi&#287;i a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. </p><p>Buradan yola &#231;&#305;karak davran&#305;&#351;sal genetik modellerine dair bir bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305; da &#351;udur: Bu modeller, "i&#351;lem/muamele etkilerini" (treatment effects) h&#305;zl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde elde etmek i&#231;in harika yollar sunar. &#214;rneklemdeki akrabal&#305;k derecelerinin &#231;e&#351;itlili&#287;i sayesinde, her t&#252;rl&#252; durum i&#231;in rastgele tan&#305;mlanm&#305;&#351; varyans bile&#351;enlerinin nedensel tan&#305;mlamas&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n oldu&#287;undan, uygulamac&#305;lar bu modelleri olduk&#231;a ileri ta&#351;&#305;yabilirler.<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-021-10055-x"> &#214;rne&#287;in, verilerinizde kuzenler varsa, &#246;rnekleminizde evlatl&#305;klar olmasa bile "C" bile&#351;eninin evlat edinme &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;ndakiyle ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlanmas&#305;n&#305; kolayca sa&#287;layabilirsiniz.</a></p><h2>Gen-&#199;evre Etkile&#351;imi ve Modeller</h2><p>&#304;nsanlar genellikle, payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evrenin (C) neden nispeten k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir paya sahip oldu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;klamak i&#231;in gen-&#231;evre etkile&#351;imlerine s&#305;&#287;&#305;nmak isterler. "A fakt&#246;r&#252; (genetik) asl&#305;nda saf bir A fakt&#246;r&#252; de&#287;il, gen-&#231;evre etkile&#351;imli bir AxC fakt&#246;r&#252;d&#252;r" gibi iddialarda bulunurlar. B&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli hi&#231;bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada bu t&#252;r bir duruma dair kan&#305;t bulunamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu konuyla ilgili daha &#231;ok &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma gereklidir, &#246;zellikle IQ alan&#305;nda.</p><p>Sadece ikizlerle &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yorsan&#305;z, bir AxC etkile&#351;im fakt&#246;r&#252;n&#252; analitik olarak tan&#305;mlayamayabilirsiniz. Ancak bu bir sorun de&#287;ildir; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; yeterli istatistiksel g&#252;ce sahipseniz, ikiz modelinizden elde edilen fakt&#246;r skorlar&#305;n&#305;n da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m &#246;zellikleri (momentleri), bu fakt&#246;rlerdeki varyans&#305;n etkile&#351;imli olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;karacakt&#305;r. Elinizde ikizlerden daha geni&#351; bir veri seti varsa, bu etkile&#351;imli fakt&#246;rlerin analitik olarak tan&#305;mlanmas&#305; zaten m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Farkl&#305; insan &#246;zellikleri &#252;zerinde epistasi (genler aras&#305; etkile&#351;im) ve bask&#305;nl&#305;k etkilerini ara&#351;t&#305;ran <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000008">Hill, Goddard ve Visscher (2008) </a>da esasen &#351;u sonuca varm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r: "Genler d&#252;zeyindeki etkile&#351;imlerin, varyans (g&#246;zlemlenen farkl&#305;l&#305;klar) d&#252;zeyinde kayda de&#287;er bir etkile&#351;im yaratmas&#305; pek muhtemel de&#287;ildir." Ayn&#305; durum muhtemelen gen-&#231;evre etkile&#351;imleri i&#231;in de ge&#231;erlidir: Baz&#305; etkile&#351;imler mevcut olsa bile, genel olarak bunlar &#246;zelliklerdeki toplam varyansa &#231;ok az katk&#305;da bulunur.</p><p>Gen-&#231;evre etkile&#351;imlerini test etmenin bir ba&#351;ka yolu da evlat edinme verilerini kullanmakt&#305;r. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0276562420300160">Halpern-Manners vd (2020)</a> bunu incelemi&#351;tir.. Biyolojik ve evlat edinen ebeveynlerin e&#287;itim d&#252;zeylerine dair verilere sahiptiler ve bu d&#252;zeyleri evlatl&#305;klar&#305;n &#252;&#231; farkl&#305; Woodcock-Johnson (zeka ve yetenek) puan&#305; &#252;zerinden analiz ettiler. Bulgular&#305;na g&#246;re; evlat edinme etkileri "de&#287;er aral&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlamas&#305;" (range restriction) nedeniyle azalmam&#305;&#351;t&#305; ve do&#287;um sonras&#305; temas&#305;n etkiler &#252;zerinde d&#252;zenleyici (moderator) bir rol&#252; yoktu. En &#246;nemlisi, evlat edinen ve biyolojik ebeveyn etkilerinin toplam&#305;, evlat edinilmemi&#351; normal &#246;rneklemdeki biyolojik ebeveyn etkisine e&#351;itti. Di&#287;er bir deyi&#351;le, ebeveynlerin biyolojik ve &#231;evresel etkileri etkile&#351;imli de&#287;il, <strong>eklemeliydi</strong> (additive).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png" width="1200" height="852.1978021978022" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uW-o!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c00c516-18d9-49b6-b75e-3925aeda332a_5368x3814.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evre Hakk&#305;nda &#214;&#287;renece&#287;imiz &#199;ok &#350;ey Var</h2><p>Bir&#231;ok fenotip i&#231;in payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (C) tahminlerinin farkl&#305; ikiz ve aile modellerinde birbiriyle &#246;rt&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; biliyoruz; l&#226;kin bazen &#246;rt&#252;&#351;meyebilirler.  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9483-0">Frisell vd (2011)</a> ; klasik ikiz tasar&#305;m&#305;, evlatl&#305;k-ebeveyn, evlatl&#305;k-karde&#351; ve klasik ikiz benzeri biyolojik karde&#351; tasar&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;klar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, &#351;iddet i&#231;eren su&#231; i&#351;leme eyleminin kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi tahminlerinde, evlatl&#305;k verisi kullan&#305;lan ve kullan&#305;lmayan tasar&#305;mlar aras&#305;nda biraz farkl&#305; sonu&#231;lar elde edilmi&#351;tir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png" width="1200" height="262.9107981220657" 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alt="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png" title="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!2iqA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc192e983-b0a0-4707-83ab-67199562d1f0_1278x280.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>&#304;kiz ve biyolojik karde&#351; modelleri i&#231;in yap&#305;lan &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler ay&#305;rt edilemez derecede benzerdir,ama C varyans&#305; ("Aile ortam&#305;") i&#231;in yap&#305;lan &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler evlatl&#305;k (adoptee) modellerinde daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. G&#252;ven aral&#305;klar&#305; (CI) olduk&#231;a geni&#351;ti ve negatif de&#287;erlere ula&#351;t&#305;klar&#305;nda yazarlar&#305;n bunlar&#305; s&#305;f&#305;rda sabitlemeyi se&#231;mesi hatal&#305;yd&#305;; yine de en y&#252;ksek istatistiksel g&#252;ce sahip model (biyolojik karde&#351; modeli) her iki evlatl&#305;k modeliyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, etki b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kleri anlaml&#305; derecede farkl&#305;yd&#305; (evlatl&#305;k-karde&#351; ve evlatl&#305;k-ebeveyn modelleri i&#231;in p de&#287;erleri s&#305;ras&#305;yla 0.0035 ve 0.0119). E&#287;er tahminleri etraf&#305;nda bir simetri varsayarsak, C varyans&#305; tahminleri &#231;ok hassas olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in bu durum her iki model i&#231;in de art&#305;k ge&#231;erli olmayacakt&#305;r.</p><p>Bunun bir a&#231;&#305;klamas&#305;, ikiz ve biyolojik karde&#351; modellerinde C'nin derecesini yukar&#305; do&#287;ru &#231;&#305;kartan ama evlatl&#305;k modellerinde bunu yapmayan e&#351; se&#231;imi (assortative mating) olabilir. E&#351; se&#231;imi katsay&#305;s&#305; 0.40 ile olduk&#231;a b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r ama "rastgele e&#351;le&#351;me" varsay&#305;m&#305; bir kenara b&#305;rak&#305;lsa bile, &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler &#252;zerindeki etki k&#252;&#231;&#252;kt&#252; ve evlatl&#305;k tasar&#305;mlar&#305; ile ikiz/karde&#351; modelleri aras&#305;ndaki fark, istatistiksel olarak anlams&#305;z hale gelse de varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; korudu.</p><p>Bu beni yaz&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda bahsetti&#287;im ba&#351;ka bir soruna geri getiriyor: &#304;statistiksel g&#252;&#231; genellikle &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;r. Bu yap&#305;sal e&#351;itlik modellerinden elde edilen g&#252;ven aral&#305;klar&#305; &#231;o&#287;u zaman &#231;ok geni&#351; oldu&#287;u i&#231;in, tasar&#305;mlar&#305;n C'nin d&#252;zeyi konusunda uyu&#351;mazl&#305;k ya&#351;ay&#305;p ya&#351;amad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; tespit etmek zordur. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-011-9483-0">Frisell vd. (2011) </a>nin 1.521.066 &#231;iftten olu&#351;an devasa biyolojik karde&#351; modelinde bile C &#252;zerindeki g&#252;ven aral&#305;&#287;&#305; %9 ile %16 aras&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;iyordu; 36.877 &#231;iftlik ikiz modelinde ise &#246;l&#231;&#252;m anlams&#305;zd&#305;. K&#252;&#231;&#252;k etkiler b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in, tasar&#305;mlar&#305;n burada resmedilen k&#252;&#231;&#252;k miktarlarda uyu&#351;mazl&#305;k ya&#351;ay&#305;p ya&#351;amad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bilmek potansiyel olarak &#246;nemlidir.</p><p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-018-9940-0">Kendler vd.&#8217;nin (2019)</a> bir ba&#351;ka makalesinde, C tahminlerinin ikizler i&#231;in &#252;vey ve yar&#305; karde&#351;lere k&#305;yasla daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u bulunmu&#351;tur. Bu olduk&#231;a mant&#305;kl&#305; g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor: &#304;kizlere &#246;zg&#252; etkiler; dar jenerasyon etkilerini, residual/kal&#305;nt&#305; ya&#351; etkilerini vb. i&#231;erir. &#304;kizler, sadece ayn&#305; ya&#351;ta olmalar&#305; nedeniyle bile, ikiz olmayanlara g&#246;re &#231;evresel nedenlerle birbirlerine daha benzer olmal&#305;d&#305;r. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;rneklemler olmadan yap&#305;lan ya&#351; d&#252;zeltmeleri, geli&#351;im s&#252;reci devam eden bireylerden olu&#351;an &#246;rneklemlerde (&#231;o&#287;u &#231;ocuk &#246;rnekleminde oldu&#287;u gibi) kolayl&#305;kla kal&#305;nt&#305; ya&#351; etkileri b&#305;rakabilir.</p><p>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bu &#246;rneklemde, &#252;vey ve yar&#305; karde&#351;ler i&#231;in C'nin daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olmas&#305;n&#305;n, &#231;e&#351;itli nedenlerle b&#252;y&#252;me s&#252;recindeki &#231;evre payla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n ger&#231;ekten azalmas&#305;ndan kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Bunun C'nin nas&#305;l i&#351;ledi&#287;i ve d&#252;zeyinin ne oldu&#287;u konusundaki anlam&#305; hala belirsizdir. &#214;rne&#287;in, ikizlere &#246;zg&#252; etkiler ile karde&#351;lere &#246;zg&#252; etkiler, etkilenen bili&#351;sel beceriler a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan farkl&#305;ysa ne olur? Bunlar&#305;n hi&#231;birine hen&#252;z net cevaplar&#305;m&#305;z yok.</p><p>Ya&#351;&#305;n rol&#252; de hala tamamen netle&#351;mi&#351; de&#287;il. Ya&#351; ilerledik&#231;e, biyolojik karde&#351;lerin ve &#231;ift yumurta ikizlerinin birbirine &#231;ok benzer hale geldi&#287;ini biliyoruz. IB'nin al&#305;nt&#305;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-017-0005-6">Cesarini ve Visscher'&#305;n</a> &#231;ok geni&#351; &#246;l&#231;ekli verilerinde, yeti&#351;kinlikteki &#246;zellik &#246;l&#231;&#252;mleri i&#231;in farklar k&#252;&#231;&#252;kt&#252;r ama "k&#252;&#231;&#252;k" ifadesi yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olabilir: Akrabalar aras&#305; korelasyonlar, &#231;ift yumurta ikizleri i&#231;in (do&#287;um &#246;ncesi etkilerden olumsuz etkilenmi&#351; olabilecek boy uzunlu&#287;u hari&#231;), birlikte b&#252;y&#252;yen biyolojik karde&#351;lere g&#246;re tutarl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde biraz daha y&#252;ksektir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 1272w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HIV6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fefd65c0b-13e0-4f97-bd64-a9251b8c48dd_1480x1786.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#199;ift yumurta ikizlerinin benzerli&#287;inin ya&#351;la birlikte azald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, Scarr-Rowe etkisinin C'nin s&#246;n&#252;mlenmesi (fadeout) yoluyla a&#231;&#305;kland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; biliyoruz. Hatta bu durumun,<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep28496"> 1980'lerin sonu ve 1990'larda Wilson Etkisi tam olarak anla&#351;&#305;lmadan &#246;nce</a>, A'n&#305;n (genetik etki) di&#287;erlerinin bildirdi&#287;inden daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olabilece&#287;ine dair baz&#305; tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; da biliyoruz. &#304;lerleyen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda, ya&#351;lanman&#305;n, &#246;rne&#287;in ikizler yerine biyolojik karde&#351;lerin oldu&#287;u &#246;rneklemlerdeki etkile&#351;im etkilerini, anlamak a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ba&#351;ka &#351;ekillerde &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;p ta&#351;&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirlemek, m&#252;mk&#252;n olabilir. </p><p>B&#252;y&#252;k ya&#351; fark&#305; olan karde&#351;lerin fenotipleri ba&#351;ka nedenlerle de daha az k&#305;yaslanabilir olabilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, karde&#351;ler ayn&#305; ya&#351;larda ama y&#305;llar arayla test edilirlerse, farkl&#305; IQ testlerine tabi tutulabilirler veya Flynn etkisi puanlar&#305; etkileyerek sonraki karde&#351;in puan&#305;n&#305; yapay nedenlerle art&#305;rabilir veya azaltabilir. Ayr&#305;ca karde&#351;lerin ikizlere g&#246;re tamamen farkl&#305; okullara gitme olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; daha y&#252;ksektir, bu da karde&#351; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda daha fazla varyansa yol a&#231;abilir. &#304;kizlerde bu t&#252;r sorunlar yoktur ve karde&#351; verilerinde bu sorunlar&#305; d&#252;zeltmenin <strong>HER zaman i&#351;e yarayan kolay bir yolu</strong> yoktur. </p><h2>Sonu&#231;</h2><p>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evrenin (C) do&#287;as&#305; hakk&#305;nda anlad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z pek &#231;ok &#351;ey oldu&#287;u gibi, hala anlamad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z pek &#351;ey de mevcut. IB, pop&#252;ler ama bilimsel dayana&#287;&#305; zay&#305;f olan "C=0" (payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evrenin etkisi yoktur) &#246;nermesine kar&#351;&#305; kan&#305;tlar&#305; &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kararak gayet iyi bir &#351;ey fakat akademik olarak C ile ilgili &#246;&#287;renilecek &#231;ok &#351;ey var. C'nin ne kadar b&#252;y&#252;k oldu&#287;unu, duruma g&#246;re nas&#305;l de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;ini, ya&#351; ve &#246;l&#231;&#252;m kalitesinden nas&#305;l etkilendi&#287;ini, tam olarak hangi &#231;evresel unsurlara at&#305;fta bulundu&#287;unu, hangi fenotipler ve senaryolar i&#231;in ge&#231;erli oldu&#287;unu ve daha fazlas&#305;n&#305; ortaya koyacak yeni &#231;al&#305;&#351;malara ihtiyac&#305;m&#305;z var. E&#287;er C &#252;zerinde bir m&#252;dahalede bulunmak ya da C varyans&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmak veya azaltmak istiyorsak, bu t&#252;r bilgilere ihtiyac&#305;m&#305;z olacak.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik  is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[2026 Japonya Seçimleri ve Takaichi Sanae'nin Ezici Zaferi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Liberal Demokrat Parti ve Japonya]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/2026-japonya-secimleri-ve-takaichi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/2026-japonya-secimleri-ve-takaichi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 24 Feb 2026 10:19:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Giri&#351;</h2><p>8 &#350;ubat Pazar g&#252;n&#252; Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n genel se&#231;imleri sonu&#231;land&#305;, a&#231;&#305;k&#231;as&#305; bu se&#231;im  2008 sonras&#305; en heyecan verici ve sars&#305;c&#305; se&#231;imdi. Bu heyecanl&#305; se&#231;imlere giden yol tabii ki son birka&#231; hafta i&#231;inde ba&#351;lamad&#305;, Takaichi Sanae (&#39640;&#24066; &#26089;&#33495;) 18 Eyl&#252;l 2025&#8217;te LDP&#8217;nin ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;na se&#231;ilmi&#351;ti<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> ve hemen arkas&#305;ndan Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n ilk kad&#305;n ba&#351;bakan&#305; oldu. Bu y&#252;kseli&#351;ini de Liberal Demokrat Parti&#8217;nin neredeyse 25 y&#305;ld&#305;r koalisyon orta&#287;&#305; olan Komeito<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> koalisyondan ayr&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;ktan sonra <strong>Ishin no Kai/Japonya Yenilik Partisi</strong> ile koalisyon kurarak ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi.</p><p>Ve 8 &#350;ubat pazar g&#252;n&#252;, Takaichi Sanae kumar oynad&#305; ve kazand&#305;. Ezici bir bi&#231;imde kazand&#305;. &#304;ngilizce tabiriyle <strong>landslide</strong> victory. Bunu tan&#305;mlayacak ba&#351;ka bir kelime var m&#305;? Bu, LDP i&#231;in <strong>&#350;&#304;MD&#304;YE KADARK&#304;</strong> en b&#252;y&#252;k zaferdi. Kumar kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; verdi ve se&#231;menler, LDP'ye Diyet'in<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> Temsilciler Meclisi'nde devasa bir &#231;o&#287;unluk vererek Takaichi&#8217;yi kitlesel olarak &#246;d&#252;llendirdi.</p><p>Neden kumar olarak nitelendiriyoruz? Hat&#305;rlayal&#305;m. Liberal Demokrat Parti (LDP), 1955 y&#305;l&#305;ndan beri -1993 ve 2009'daki k&#305;sa kesintiler hari&#231;- devleti Komeito partisiyle birlikte y&#246;netti.<br><br>&#350;imdi hikayeyi biraz geri saral&#305;m. S&#252;reci anlamak i&#231;in 2022 y&#305;l&#305;na, Shinzo Abe&#8217;nin suikast&#305;na geri d&#246;nelim. Shinzo Abe&#8217;ye suikast d&#252;zenleyen katilin, Abe'yi Unification Church (Moon Tarikat&#305;) ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;u gerek&#231;esiyle hedef almas&#305;, LDP i&#231;inde b&#252;y&#252;k bir &#231;atlak yaratt&#305;. Bir&#231;ok parti &#252;yesinin bu kilise ile s&#305;k&#305; f&#305;k&#305; oldu&#287;u ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;nca, halk nezdinde g&#252;ven sars&#305;ld&#305;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a><br><br>&#304;leri saral&#305;m. LDP, Abe sonras&#305; bu dalgalanmay&#305; y&#246;netmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken, ge&#231;ti&#287;imiz aylarda Takaichi Sanae y&#246;netimi devrald&#305; ve Shigeru Ishiba&#8217;dan koltu&#287;u devrald&#305;. Takaichi&#8217;nin ilk hamlesi, Abe&#8217;nin &#231;izgisinden gitmek ve kilise ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305; nedeniyle tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lan yolsuzluklar&#305;n &#252;zerine gitmedi. Yolsuzluklar&#305;n &#252;zerine gitmemesi asl&#305;nda Komeito&#8217;nun koalisyonu terk etme nedenlerinden biridir. Burada Nakakita (2020)&#8217;n&#305;n kitab&#305;nda vurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305; "1955 Sistemi" ve LDP'nin hizipleri devreye giriyor: LDP, asl&#305;nda Sol&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; Liberal ve Demokrat partilerin birle&#351;mi&#351;, bunu takiben i&#231;inde disiplini zay&#305;f, birbirine rakip hiziplerin bulundu&#287;u bir parti.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg 424w, 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3UyG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0f8267-6e12-4578-842c-74577c4e31a1_2457x3685.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Takaichi&#8217;nin "Abe &#231;izgisi" ve tarikatla ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; isimleri partiye geri sokmas&#305;, koalisyon orta&#287;&#305; Komeito i&#231;in barda&#287;&#305; ta&#351;&#305;ran son damla oldu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a> "A&#231;&#305;k y&#246;neti&#351;im" prensibini savunan ve arkas&#305;nda devasa bir Budist organizasyon olan Soka Gakkai'yi bulunduran Komeito, LDP&#8217;nin yolsuzluk sarmal&#305;na geri d&#246;nece&#287;ini &#246;ng&#246;rerek koalisyonu bozdu. Koalisyonun bozulmas&#305;na ra&#287;men LDP ve <strong>Japonya Yenilik Partisi koalisyon kurarak Takaichi&#8217;nin ba&#351;bakan olmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305; ama bir sorun vard&#305;: LDP her sene oy kaybediyordu. </strong><br>Muhalefete ge&#231;en Komeito, Japonya Anayasal Demokrat Partisi (&#31435;&#25010;&#27665;&#20027;&#20826;) ile birle&#351;erek <strong>Merkezci Reform &#304;ttifak&#305;/</strong>Centrist Reform Alliance&#8217;&#305; (&#36947;&#25913;&#38761;&#36899;&#21512;) kurdu. Bu, Japon siyaseti i&#231;in bir "tektonik kayma" demekti; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; LDP y&#305;llard&#305;r &#351;ehirdeki orta alt s&#305;n&#305;f muhafazakar se&#231;men taban&#305;na sahip Komeito sayesinde iktidar&#305;n&#305; koruyordu. <br>&#350;imdi se&#231;imlere gelelim. Takaichi, LDP&#8217;nin genel olarak oy kaybetti&#287;inin<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a> fark&#305;ndayd&#305;; l&#226;kin kendi ki&#351;isel pop&#252;laritesinin zirvesinde<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a> oldu&#287;unu biliyordu. Takaichi&#8217;nin erken se&#231;ime gitmesine gerek yoktu; hatta h&#252;k&#251;meti da&#287;&#305;tmas&#305;na da gerek yoktu. Zaten LDP&#8217;nin Ba&#351;kan&#305; ge&#231;ilmi&#351;ti ve Japonya Yenilik Partisi ile koalisyon kurarak Japon Ulusal Diyet&#8217;inde Ba&#351;bakan se&#231;ilmi&#351;ti. Ama ortada b&#252;y&#252;k bir sorun vard&#305;: LDP ancak Japonya Yenilik Partisi ile koalisyon ortakl&#305;&#287;&#305; yaparak h&#252;k&#251;met kurabildi. LDP her sene pop&#252;leritesini kaybediyordu ve muhalefet g&#252;&#231;lenmi&#351;ti. Takaichi k&#305;sa bir s&#252;re i&#231;inde Japon halk&#305; aras&#305;nda pop&#252;ler oldu&#287;unu fark etti ve kendi pop&#252;laritesini kullanarak Meclis'te LDP'nin &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u tekrar almas&#305;n&#305; hedefledi. Takaichi, 23 Ocak cuma g&#252;n&#252; <strong>h&#252;k&#251;meti da&#287;&#305;tt&#305; ve 8 &#350;ubat&#8217;ta erken se&#231;imlerin olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;. Kumar ba&#351;lad&#305;.</strong></p><p>Japonya'da birka&#231; ki&#351;inin &#246;l&#252;m&#252;ne neden olan ve &#246;zellikle kuzeydeki Tohoku b&#246;lgesinde devasa kar ya&#287;&#305;&#351;lar&#305; getiren, hatta se&#231;im g&#252;n&#252; Tokyo'yu bile etkileyen bir kar f&#305;rt&#305;nas&#305;n&#305;n ortas&#305;nda se&#231;menler, %58'e yak&#305;n bir kat&#305;l&#305;m oran&#305;yla sand&#305;&#287;a gitti. LDP i&#231;in sadece "&#351;imdiye kadarki en b&#252;y&#252;k zafer" olarak tan&#305;mlayabilece&#287;imiz bir sonu&#231; ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Bu o kadar devasa bir zafer ki Japon siyaseti &#351;u anda tam anlam&#305;yla bir &#351;ok durumunda. </p><p>Takaichi&#8217;nin pop&#252;ler oldu&#287;unu biliyorduk, anketler bunu g&#246;steriyordu. Ancak LDP, ilk kad&#305;n Ba&#351;bakan&#305; ileriye ta&#351;&#305;yan pop&#252;ler hareketin her zaman gerisinde kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Yolsuzluk, adam kay&#305;rmac&#305;l&#305;k, LDP'nin eski al&#305;&#351;kanl&#305;klar&#305;.. Bunlar&#305;n hi&#231;biri art&#305;k &#246;nemli de&#287;il. Ama bunun ne kadar s&#252;rece&#287;ini g&#246;rece&#287;iz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg" width="680" height="467" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:467,&quot;width&quot;:680,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wQ0z!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffea6c231-8968-47c5-9aa4-b1089889b470_680x467.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sand&#305;&#287;a giden Japon se&#231;menler onu sadece yapt&#305;klar&#305; i&#231;in de&#287;il, h&#226;l&#226; ba&#351;arabilecekleri i&#231;in &#246;d&#252;llendirdi. O, <strong>yeni bir</strong> Japonya'n&#305;n y&#252;z&#252;. Net bir Japon muhafazak&#226;r&#305; olmas&#305;na ve sosyal konularda &#252;lkenin b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;yla uyumsuz olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men, ilk kad&#305;n Ba&#351;bakan olarak son y&#305;llarda g&#246;r&#252;lmemi&#351; bir pop&#252;lerlik seviyesine sahip. Adeta bir idol haline geldi. Titizlikle koreografisi yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; bu imaj, LDP'nin ve muhalefetin eski y&#246;ntemlerini geride b&#305;rak&#305;yor.</p><h2>Muhalefetin &#199;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252; ve &#8220;Merkezci Reform &#304;ttifak&#305;&#8221; (CRA)</h2><p>Sadece iki y&#305;l &#246;nce LDP, tarihinin en k&#246;t&#252; ikinci sonucunu alm&#305;&#351;, 200 sandalyenin alt&#305;na d&#252;&#351;erek &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unu kaybetmi&#351;ti. &#350;imdi ise her zamankinden daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252;ler. Bu kadar b&#252;y&#252;k zafer kazanmak i&#231;in sadece kendi se&#231;meninizden oy almak yetmez, biraz da muhalefetten yard&#305;m almak gerekir. </p><p>Muhalefet, Komeito&#8217;nun LDP ile koalisyonu bozmas&#305;n&#305; bir f&#305;rsat olarak de&#287;erlendirdi. H&#305;zl&#305; bir bi&#231;imde Japonya Anayasal Demokrat Partisi ve Komeito (&#20844;&#26126;&#20826;) aras&#305;nda yeni bir parti, s&#246;zde <strong>Merkezci Reform &#304;ttifak&#305;</strong> kuruldu. Fakat sorunlar ayn&#305; kald&#305;: ayn&#305; y&#252;zler, ayn&#305; y&#246;ntemler ve endi&#351;eli bir toplumu teskin edecek yeni fikirlerin eksikli&#287;i. Ka&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde se&#231;menler oradayd&#305; ama se&#231;men davran&#305;&#351;&#305; sabit bir denklem de&#287;ildir.  Japonya Anayasal Demokrat Partisinin se&#231;menleri, Komeito&#8217;nun (Soka Gakkai dini organizasyonu) ittifak&#305;n bel kemi&#287;ini olu&#351;turmas&#305;ndan rahats&#305;z oldu ve yeni partiye oy vermedi.</p><h2><strong>Tek Sandalyeli Se&#231;im B&#246;lgeleri - 289 Sandalye</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png" width="1456" height="760" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/defd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:760,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:258123,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/188987505?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vxgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdefd0138-fdfc-4c9f-9e46-54c670955d58_1686x880.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">NHK&#8217;den al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Sol tarafta 2026 haritas&#305;, sa&#287; tarafta ise 2024 haritas&#305; yer al&#305;yor; aradaki farklar hemen g&#246;ze &#231;arp&#305;yor. Yak&#305;ndan bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;lebilece&#287;i &#252;zere, ana de&#287;i&#351;imler Japonya'n&#305;n do&#287;u ve kuzey kesimlerinde ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. Osaka'dan (ortadaki o b&#252;y&#252;k sar&#305; blok: <strong>Ishin no Kai</strong>/Japonya Yenilik Partisi kontrol&#252;nde) do&#287;uya do&#287;ru olan b&#246;lge, Japon muhalefetinin geleneksel olarak daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;u yerdir; ancak bu se&#231;imde varl&#305;k g&#246;steremediler.</p><p>Baz&#305; Veriler:</p><ul><li><p><strong>LDP</strong>, Tokyo'daki 30 koltu&#287;un tamam&#305;n&#305;, Kanagawa'daki 20 koltu&#287;un tamam&#305;n&#305; ve Saitama'daki 16 koltu&#287;un tamam&#305;n&#305; kazand&#305;.</p></li><li><p>Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba ve Saitama'y&#305; kapsayan <strong>80 se&#231;im b&#246;lgesinde</strong>, Liberal Demokrat Parti 79 b&#246;lgeyi kazand&#305; ve sadece 1 tanesini kaybetti.</p></li><li><p><strong>LDP</strong>, geleneksel olarak sol g&#246;r&#252;&#351;l&#252; bir eyalet olan <strong>Nagano'da</strong> 5 koltu&#287;un 5'ini de ald&#305;.</p></li><li><p>Hem CDPJ hem de Komeito'nun bireysel olarak g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;u <strong>Hokkaido'da</strong>, LDP temsilini tek bir b&#246;lge hari&#231; (ki onu da CRA k&#305;l pay&#305; kazand&#305;) t&#252;m b&#246;lgelere yayd&#305;</p></li><li><p><strong>Osaka'da</strong> LDP bir koltuk kapmay&#305; ba&#351;ararak <strong>Ishin no Kai'nin</strong> tam kontrol&#252;n&#252; engelledi.</p></li><li><p>1996'dan bu yana ilk kez, solcu partilerden olu&#351;an <strong>T&#252;m Okinawa &#304;ttifak&#305;</strong><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a>, Okinawa'n&#305;n d&#246;rt b&#246;lgesinin tamam&#305;ndan d&#305;&#351;land&#305;.</p></li></ul><p>Yenilgi o kadar kapsaml&#305;yd&#305; ki, Japon siyasetinin bir&#231;ok &#246;nemli muhalefet partisi &#252;yesi <strong>Tek Sandalyeli Se&#231;im B&#246;lgeleri&#8217;ndeki</strong> koltuklar&#305;n&#305; kaybetti:</p><p>Miyagi 4. b&#246;lgede <strong>Azumi</strong> <strong>Juni, Mie 3. b&#246;lgede Okada Katsuya, Tokyo 1. b&#246;lgede Kaieda Banri, Tokyo 8. b&#246;lgede Yoshida Harumi ve Nara 1. b&#246;lgede Mabuchi Sumio. </strong></p><p>Ayr&#305;ca &#246;zel bir isim: <strong>G&#246;lge &#350;ogun Ozawa Ichiro</strong>, Iwate B&#246;lge 3'teki koltu&#287;unu kaybetti. 1969'dan bu yana Temsilciler Meclisi&#8217;nde 20 d&#246;nem g&#246;rev yapt&#305;ktan sonra Ozawa, yeni bir d&#246;nem i&#231;in Ulusal Diyet'e geri d&#246;nmeyecek.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak, Ba&#351;bakan Takaichi&#8217;nin LDP&#8217;si tek ba&#351;&#305;na <strong>&#252;&#231;te iki &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u</strong> elde ederek hem kendi parti tarihinin hem de sava&#351; sonras&#305; Japon siyasetinin en iyi sonucuna ula&#351;t&#305;.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Toplam Sandalye:</strong> 465 sandalyenin 316&#8217;s&#305; (%68).</p></li><li><p><strong>&#304;&#351; Birli&#287;i:</strong> Ortaklar&#305; Ishin no Kai ile birlikte 352 sandalyeye (%76) ula&#351;t&#305;lar.</p></li><li><p><strong>B&#246;lgesel Hakimiyet:</strong> 47 prefekt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n - yani <strong>Tek Sandalyeli Se&#231;im B&#246;lgelerinin - </strong>31&#8217;inde t&#252;m koltuklar&#305; ald&#305;.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png" width="1456" height="1092" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1092,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:529178,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/188987505?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eUgh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba2e28fa-d435-4393-b6f2-9883ec502740_1920x1440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Se&#231;im Sonu&#231;lar&#305;</figcaption></figure></div><p></p></li></ul><p><strong>Tarihi S&#305;ralama (Kazan&#305;lan Sandalye Say&#305;s&#305;):</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>2026 - LDP (Takaichi): 316 sandalye</strong></p></li><li><p>2009 - DPJ (Hatoyama): 308 sandalye</p></li><li><p>1986 - LDP (Nakasone): 300 sandalye</p></li></ol><p>Bu yaz&#305;y&#305; yazarken, Japonya Demokratik Partisi&#8217;nin (DPJ) 2009 zaferinin ne kadar devasa oldu&#287;unu fark ettim. T&#305;pk&#305; bu se&#231;imde LDP&#8217;nin muhalefete yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi, onlar da o zamanlar LDP&#8217;yi haritadan silmi&#351;lerdi. Takaichi ve LDP taraf&#305;ndan kazan&#305;lan 316 koltuk, partinin 1986&#8217;daki Ba&#351;bakan Nakasone y&#246;netimindeki &#231;ifte se&#231;imlerde elde etti&#287;i 300 koltuktan ve 2005&#8217;teki posta servisilerini &#246;zelle&#351;tirme hamlesini takip eden &#8220;Koizumi dalgas&#305;&#8221; heyelan&#305;ndan daha iyi bir sonucu temsil ediyor.</p><p>CRA (Merkezci Reform &#304;ttifak&#305;) a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a se&#231;imin ana kaybedeniydi; fakat bunun d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda Japon solu da ciddi kay&#305;plar ya&#351;ad&#305;. Japon Kom&#252;nist Partisi (JCP) sadece 4 sandalyeye geriledi ve Reiwa Shinsengumi, Temsilciler Meclisi&#8217;nde tek bir sandalyeye d&#252;&#351;erek neredeyse yok oldu. </p><p>B&#246;lgeler baz&#305;nda bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda CRA beklentilerin alt&#305;nda kald&#305;. Analizler, Yeni partiyi desteklemek i&#231;in sand&#305;&#287;a gitmeyenlerin Japonya Anayasal Demokrat Partisi se&#231;menleri oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steriyor. Komeito&#8217;nun arkas&#305;ndaki Soka Gakkai&#8217;nin (dini organizasyonu) varl&#305;&#287;&#305;, geleneksel CDPJ destek&#231;ilerinin bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; uzakla&#351;t&#305;ran as&#305;l etkendi. Bu se&#231;menlerin &#231;o&#287;u, dini bir grubun yeni siyasi ittifaklar&#305;n&#305;n bel kemi&#287;ini olu&#351;turmas&#305;ndan rahats&#305;zl&#305;k duyuyordu.</p><p>Komeito'nun derin k&#246;klere sahip oldu&#287;u ve Japonya Anayasal Demokrat Partisi'nin tarihsel olarak en zay&#305;f oldu&#287;u bat&#305; Japonya'da, CRA bir avu&#231; b&#246;lge temsilcisini elinde tutmay&#305; ba&#351;ard&#305;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png" width="870" height="735" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:735,&quot;width&quot;:870,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aPYx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F33e22ed3-7d23-47d1-b807-766d147f2fa7_870x735.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>Nispi Temsil Se&#231;im B&#246;lgeleri - 167 Sandalye</h2><p>Beklendi&#287;i gibi, tek sandalyeli se&#231;im b&#246;lgelerinde ya&#351;anan &#351;oktan sonra, &#252;lke genelinde d&#252;zenlenen ancak b&#246;lgesel bloklara da&#287;&#305;t&#305;lan nispi oylar farkl&#305; bir tablo &#231;iziyor. LDP'nin se&#231;imi kazand&#305;&#287;&#305; do&#287;rudur; fakat bunu Ba&#351;bakan Kishida'n&#305;n 2021'de kazand&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;nceki se&#231;imlere benzer destek seviyeleriyle ba&#351;ard&#305;.</p><p>Oylar&#305;n da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305; da b&#246;yle:</p><ul><li><p>LDP 21,026,139 (36.7%)<br>CDP 10,438,801 (18.2%)<br>DPP 5,572,951 (9.7%)<br>Ishin 4,943,331 (8.6%)<br>Sanseito 4,260,620 (7.4%)<br>Team Mirai 3,813,749 (6.7%)<br>JCP 2,519,807 (4.4%)<br>Reiwa 1,672,499 (2.9%)</p></li></ul><p>Kazan&#305;lan koltuk say&#305;lar&#305;: LDP 67, Ishin 16, CRA 42, DPFP 20, JCP 4, Reiwa 1, Sansei 15, Mirai 11.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xWqJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9ac0614-d352-4b4c-8a29-e4997ca4e8e1_991x692.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xWqJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd9ac0614-d352-4b4c-8a29-e4997ca4e8e1_991x692.png" width="991" height="692" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0JE4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F241a439a-6b59-43d5-8332-13281ea5c399_1071x359.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0JE4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F241a439a-6b59-43d5-8332-13281ea5c399_1071x359.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0JE4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F241a439a-6b59-43d5-8332-13281ea5c399_1071x359.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0JE4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F241a439a-6b59-43d5-8332-13281ea5c399_1071x359.png" width="1071" height="359" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><ul><li><p><strong>LDP (&#33258;&#27665;&#20826;):</strong> Ba&#351;bakan Ishiba'n&#305;n %26,7'lik oran&#305;ndan 10 puan art&#305;&#351; g&#246;sterdi (%36,7). &#214;nemli bir art&#305;&#351;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Merkezci Reform &#304;ttifak&#305; (CRA/&#20013;&#36947;&#25913;&#38761;&#36899;&#21512;): Oylar&#305;n</strong> %18&#8217;ini kazand&#305; fakat 2024'te sadece CDPJ %21 ve Komeito %11 alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ne b&#252;y&#252;k bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;: %32'den %18'e.</p></li><li><p><strong>Japonya Yenilik Partisi (Ishin no Kai/&#26085;&#26412;&#32173;&#26032;&#12398;&#20250;):</strong> 2024'te oylar&#305;n %9,36&#8217;s&#305;n&#305; alm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;, bu se&#231;imde %9,37&#8217;sini ald&#305;lar.</p></li><li><p><strong>DPFP (Halk i&#231;in Demokrat Parti/&#22269;&#27665;&#27665;&#20027;&#20826;):</strong> Sadece 1 koltuk art&#305;rmas&#305;na ra&#287;men 2024'teki %6,8'den %9,7'ye y&#252;kseldi.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sanseito(&#21442;&#25919;&#20826;):</strong> %3,4'ten %7'ye &#231;&#305;karak 2 olan sandalye say&#305;s&#305;n&#305; 15'e y&#252;kseltti. Takaichi Dalgas&#305;'ndan sa&#287; &#231;&#305;kmay&#305; ba&#351;aran Sanseito i&#231;in bu iyi bir sonu&#231;tu.</p></li><li><p><strong>JCP(&#26085;&#26412;&#20849;&#29987;&#20826;):</strong> Kom&#252;nistler %6'dan %4'e geriledi ve Temsilciler Meclisi&#8217;ndeki temsil g&#252;&#231;lerini yar&#305; yar&#305;ya (8'den 4'e) kaybetti. </p></li><li><p><strong>Team Mirai(&#12481;&#12540;&#12512;&#12415;&#12425;&#12356;):</strong> 2025 &#220;st Meclis se&#231;imlerinde s&#252;kse yapan "Gelecek Tak&#305;m&#305;", nispi temsil yoluyla 11 koltuk kazanarak harika bir sonu&#231; elde etti.</p></li><li><p><strong>Reiwa Shinsengumi(&#12428;&#12356;&#12431;&#26032;&#36984;&#32068;):</strong> Reiwa i&#231;in felaket bir se&#231;im; %7'den %3'e d&#252;&#351;erek neredeyse t&#252;m temsil g&#252;&#231;lerini kaybettiler. Temsiciler Meclisi&#8217;nde sadece tek bir &#252;yeleri olacak</p></li><li><p><strong>CPJ (&#26085;&#26412;&#20445;&#23432;&#20826;):</strong> Muhafazak&#226;rlar %2,5 ald&#305;, 2024'e g&#246;re hafif bir art&#305;&#351; ancak tek koltuklar&#305;n&#305; kaybettiler.</p></li><li><p>S<strong>DPJ(&#20844;&#26126;&#20826;):</strong> Sosyal Demokratlar (h&#226;l&#226; varlar m&#305;?) oylar&#305;n&#305; 700 binin &#252;zerinde tutarak bir koltuk korudular.</p></li></ul><p>Takaichi'nin galibiyetini k&#252;&#231;&#252;msemek gerek ama Japonya'n&#305;n se&#231;im sistemi, y&#305;llard&#305;r oldu&#287;u gibi bir kez daha LDP'yi kay&#305;rd&#305;. Zaferlerini katlayarak b&#252;y&#252;t&#252;yor (&#231;&#252;nk&#252; evet, ger&#231;ekten kazan&#305;yorlar).</p><p>LDP'nin tek sandalyeli b&#246;lgelerdeki oy oran&#305; %49,2 idi. Bu, 2021'deki %48,4'&#252;n &#252;zerinde ve 2024'teki %38,5'in &#231;ok &#252;st&#252;ndeydi. Ancak &#246;nemli olan &#351;ey, tek sandalyeli se&#231;im b&#246;lgerindeki koltuklar&#305;n %86,2'sini kazanm&#305;&#351; olmalar&#305;d&#305;r.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a></p><p>Se&#231;im sonu&#231;lar&#305; i&#231;in: https://news.web.nhk/senkyo/database/shugiin/</p><p>Se&#231;im sonu&#231;lar&#305; haritas&#305;: https://news.web.nhk/senkyo/database/shugiin/2026/kaihyomap/?detail=senk#4.83/38.2/138.95 <br></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Eski Ba&#351;bakan Shigeru Ishiba&#8217;n&#305;n istifas&#305;ndan sonra Liberal Demokrat Parti kendi i&#231;inde ba&#351;kan de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;ine gitti. LDP de h&#252;k&#251;mette oldu&#287;u i&#231;in Takaichi LDP&#8217;nin ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; al&#305;nca otomatik olarak Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;bakan&#305; oldu. Asl&#305;nda otomatik demem do&#287;ru de&#287;il &#231;&#252;nk&#252; h&#252;k&#251;met da&#287;&#305;ld&#305; ama se&#231;im olmadan LDP, Ishin no Kai ile koalisyon orta&#287;&#305; olarak Takaichi&#8217;yi Ba&#351;bakan se&#231;ti. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>LDP ve Komeito ilk koalisyon h&#252;k&#251;metini 1999 y&#305;l&#305;nda kurmu&#351;tur; 1999-2009 aras&#305; ve 2012-2025 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda Japonya&#8217;y&#305; birlikte y&#246;netmi&#351;lerdir. </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Japonya Ulusal Diyet&#8217;i nedir? https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Diyet </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bkz: https://thediplomat.com/2026/01/the-trial-of-abes-assassin-is-a-test-of-takaichis-appetite-for-political-reform/ https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/16173379</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bkz: https://eastasiaforum.org/2025/12/30/japans-komeito-exposes-the-logic-of-coalition-survival/ </p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>2017 se&#231;imlerinde LDP&#8217;nin Temsilciler Meclisi&#8217;ndeki koltuk say&#305;s&#305; 284, 2021 Se&#231;imlerinde 259 di, 2024 se&#231;imlerinde 191 idi.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>&#304;nsanlar, se&#231;imlerden &#246;nce Takaichi h&#252;k&#251;metini %70 oran&#305;nda onayl&#305;yordu/olumlu bak&#305;yordu. 18-29 ya&#351;aras&#305; gen&#231;lerin %90&#8217;&#305; h&#252;k&#251;metini destekliyordu. Bkz: https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOUA100TA0Q6A110C2000000/</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bkz: https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASV284FQ5V28TPOB002M.html?ref=tw_asahi</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Bkz: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2026/02/09/japan/politics/japan-2026-lower-house-election/?utm_source=chatgpt.com </p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[İnceller haklı mı? Kara Hap ve Çekicilik]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#304;deolojiler ve &#199;al&#305;&#351;malar]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/inceller-hakl-m-kara-hap-ve-cekicilik</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/inceller-hakl-m-kara-hap-ve-cekicilik</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Feb 2026 15:34:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>Giri&#351;</h2><p>Yaz&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305;ndaki soru biraz irite edici ve &#246;rt&#252;k olarak incelleri hakl&#305; &#231;&#305;karmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yor havas&#305; veriyor ve evet, inceller hakl&#305; ama sadece bir konuda. Bu konu da yanl&#305;&#351; kurgulad&#305;klar&#305; Black Pill&#8217;in temeli. Geri kalan konularda fikirlerini ve tutumlar&#305;n&#305; yanl&#305;&#351; buluyorum ve umursam&#305;yorum.</p><p>Manosphere (Erkekler K&#252;resi) tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda s&#305;kl&#305;kla birbirine kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lan iki kavram, asl&#305;nda bu k&#252;rede yer alan erkekler i&#231;in taban tabana z&#305;t iki &#231;&#246;z&#252;m sunar: <strong>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap (Red Pill)</strong> ve <strong>Kara Hap (Black Pill)</strong>. Bu iki d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce yap&#305;s&#305;, toplumun romantizm ve iktid&#226;r - buna ba&#287;l&#305; olarak feminizim, erkek &amp; kad&#305;n ili&#351;kileri, haklar &amp; sorumluluklar konular&#305; - dinamiklerine dair "yanl&#305;&#351; anlat&#305;lar" sundu&#287;u konusunda hemfikirdir; l&#226;kin bu "ger&#231;e&#287;i" sindirdikten sonra &#231;izdikleri yol haritalar&#305; birbirinden tamamen ayr&#305;l&#305;r. </p><p>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap ideolojisi, &#246;z&#252;nde <strong>proaktif</strong> bir d&#252;nya g&#246;r&#252;&#351;&#252;d&#252;r. Toplumun a&#351;k ve iktid&#226;r &#252;zerine kurdu&#287;u romantik anlat&#305;lar&#305;n birer ill&#252;zyon oldu&#287;unu savunur; k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; hap yutuldu&#287;unda bu ill&#252;zyonun arkas&#305;ndaki ger&#231;eklik ortaya &#231;&#305;kar ve uyan&#305;&#351; ba&#351;lar. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap, bu "uyan&#305;&#351;tan" bir umutsuzluk de&#287;il, bir strateji &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap i&#231;in d&#252;nya adaletsiz ve hiyerar&#351;iktir; o halde yap&#305;lmas&#305; gereken bu hiyerar&#351;ide yukar&#305; - alfa olmaya do&#287;ru - t&#305;rmanmakt&#305;r. Bu noktada ideoloji, bireyi kendi &#231;&#305;kar&#305;n&#305; maksimize etmeye &#231;a&#287;&#305;ran bir <strong>"ki&#351;isel geli&#351;im"</strong> manifestosuna d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;r. &#220;&#231; ana &#351;iar&#305; vard&#305;r: </p><ul><li><p><strong>Para:</strong> Ekonomik &#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;k ve stat&#252;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Kas:</strong> Fiziksel disiplin ve biyolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k.</p></li><li><p><strong>Oyun (Game):</strong> Sosyal dinamikleri ve psikolojiyi y&#246;netme becerisi - pickup artists*</p></li></ul><p>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap i&#231;in "ger&#231;ek", vazge&#231;ilmesi gereken bir muharebe alan&#305; de&#287;il; aksine fethedilmesi gereken bir mek&#226;nd&#305;r (Van Valkenburgh 2021).  Bu noktada erkekler kendi aralar&#305;nda kad&#305;nlara nas&#305;l yakla&#351;acaklar&#305;, i&#351; hayat&#305;nda nas&#305;l y&#252;kselecekleri, varolan hiyerar&#351;ileri nas&#305;l anayacaklar&#305; vb. konularda fikir al&#305;&#351;veri&#351;inde bulunur. Ama&#231; oyunda kalmakt&#305;r veya bir ba&#351;ka tabirle <strong>alfa</strong> olmakt&#305;r (Preston vd. 2021).</p><p>Kara Hap ise K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap'&#305;n sundu&#287;u "&#231;abalarsan kazan&#305;rs&#305;n" iyimserli&#287;ini k&#246;kten reddeder, bu nedenle bir aksiyon plan&#305;ndan ziyade bir <strong>kadercilik (fatalism)</strong> haline b&#252;r&#252;n&#252;r. Kara Hap'&#305;n merkezinde "Cinsel Se&#231;ilim" ve "Genetik Miras" vard&#305;r (Costello 2025). Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re; boyunuz, y&#252;z kemik yap&#305;n&#305;z veya sa&#231; &#231;izginiz gibi de&#287;i&#351;tirilemez fiziksel &#246;zellikleriniz, sosyal de&#287;erinizi daha siz a&#287;z&#305;n&#305;z&#305; a&#231;madan belirlemi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla spor yapmak, para kazanmak veya "oyunu" &#246;&#287;renmek, Kara Hap jargonundaki tabiriyle sadece birer <strong>"cope"</strong> (savunma mekanizmas&#305;) niteli&#287;indedir. Sonu&#231; ise ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz bir vazge&#231;i&#351;tir, m&#252;cadele etmemektir, topluma s&#305;rt&#305;n&#305; d&#246;nmektir, sosyal hayattan soyutlanmakt&#305;r. Bu noktada Kara Hap, K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap&#8217;&#305;n &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda durmakt&#305;r. &#304;ncel topluluklar&#305;nda s&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;r&#252;len, toplumdan izole olma ve "kaybetmi&#351;li&#287;i" kabullenme hali bununla ili&#351;kilidir. Zaten bu nedenle istemsiz bekarlard&#305;r. Bunu istememi&#351;lerdir ama el (genetik) &#246;yle gelmi&#351;tir. Bunu incellerin konu&#351;malar&#305;ndan da anlayabilirsiniz: &#8220;&#231;irkinim, tercih edilmiyorum&#8221;, &#8220;&#351;&#246;yleyim b&#246;yleyim tercih edilmiyorum, d&#305;&#351;lan&#305;yorum, yok say&#305;l&#305;yorum&#8221;.</p><p>Peki ama Kara Hap neye dayan&#305;yor? Bu fikirlere neden sahipler? Kara Hap'&#305;n bu kadar h&#305;zl&#305; yay&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n ve baz&#305; &#231;evrelerce "ikna edici" bulunmas&#305;n&#305;n arkas&#305;nda, asl&#305;nda g&#246;z ard&#305; edilemeyecek bir ampirik veri seti yatmaktad&#305;r (Lindsay 2022). 2015-2020 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda sosyal psikoloji ve davran&#305;&#351;sal ekonomi alan&#305;nda yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar &#231;ekici bireylerin i&#351;e al&#305;mlardan hukuki s&#252;re&#231;lere, sosyal kabulden romantik tercihlere kadar her alanda avantaja sahip oldu&#287;unu bilimsel olarak do&#287;rulamaktad&#305;r. Kara Hap'&#305;n "hakl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;", g&#246;zlemlenen bu ger&#231;ekli&#287;i (fiziksel &#231;ekicili&#287;in sosyal sermaye oldu&#287;u ger&#231;e&#287;ini) al&#305;p, onu mutlak ve de&#287;i&#351;tirilemez bir hapishaneye d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmesinden gelir. </p><p>&#214;zetlemek gerekirse: K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; Hap <strong>"Oyunun kurallar&#305;n&#305; &#246;&#287;ren ve basamaklar&#305; &#231;&#305;k"</strong> &#246;&#287;retisinin benimsenmesini &#246;&#287;&#252;tler. Kara Hap ise <strong>"el (genetik) &#246;yle gelmi&#351;, bu y&#252;zden &#231;abalan&#305;n anlam&#305; yok"</strong> &#246;&#287;retisinin benimsenmesini ister. &#304;lki sistemin i&#231;inde y&#252;kselmeyi &#246;&#287;&#252;tlerken, di&#287;eri sistemin d&#305;&#351;&#305;na kalmay&#305; bir kimlik haline getirir.</p><p>Peki, bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar nelerdir?</p><h2><strong>Hukuk</strong></h2><p>&#199;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; k&#305;saca &#246;zetlerken her alana de&#287;inme &#351;ans&#305;m yok ve de&#287;indi&#287;im alanlardaki b&#252;t&#252;n &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; s&#305;ralama l&#252;ks&#252;m yok &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu yaz&#305; i&#231;in okudu&#287;um b&#252;t&#252;n &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; (75+) dahil etmeye kalkarsam gere&#287;inden fazla uzar, siz de s&#305;k&#305;l&#305;rs&#305;n&#305;z.. Bu nedenle belirli alanlara odaklanaca&#287;&#305;m ve o alanlarda yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; en iyi &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; sunaca&#287;&#305;m. Benim g&#246;z&#252;mde en &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; bulgulardan biri insanlar&#305;n failleri nas&#305;l yarg&#305;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Beaver vd. (2019) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada &#231;ekicili&#287;in sadece mahkeme a&#351;amas&#305;nda de&#287;il, tutuklanmadan mahkumiyete kadar geni&#351; bir yelpazede nas&#305;l bir rol oynad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; boylamsal (longitudinal) verilerle incelenmi&#351;tir. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, 1990'lar&#305;n ortas&#305;ndan 2008'e kadar takip edilen yakla&#351;&#305;k 20.000 Amerikal&#305; genci kapsayan <em>National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health</em> (Add Health) verilerini kullanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;ekicilik puanlar&#305;, d&#246;rt farkl&#305; zaman diliminde g&#246;r&#252;&#351;meciler taraf&#305;ndan verilen puanlar&#305;n ortalamas&#305;yla belirlenmi&#351;tir. Bulgular, daha &#231;ekici ki&#351;ilerin tutuklanma ve mahkum edilme olas&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir; l&#226;kin hapis cezas&#305; veya denetimli serbestlik (probation) kararlar&#305; ile &#231;ekicilik aras&#305;nda anlaml&#305; bir ili&#351;ki bulunamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu durum &#246;zellikle kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in belirleyicidir: Daha &#231;ekici bulunan kad&#305;nlar&#305;n tutuklanma ve mahkumiyet ihtimali daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;r. </p><p>Waterbury (2024) yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada analiz birimini san&#305;klardan avukatlara &#231;evirerek, fiziksel &#231;ekicili&#287;in yarg&#305;&#231;lar&#305;n kararlar&#305;n&#305; "irrasyonel" bir &#351;ekilde etkileyip etkilemedi&#287;ini test etmi&#351;tir. 2017-2019 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda ABD Temyiz Mahkemeleri'nde s&#246;zl&#252; savunma yapan avukatlar&#305;n foto&#287;raflar&#305;n&#305; ve mahkeme videolar&#305;n&#305; kullanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu materyaller hem insanlar taraf&#305;ndan oylanm&#305;&#351; hem de bir yapay zeka algoritmas&#305; taraf&#305;ndan de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir. Veri seti &#252;zerinden yap&#305;lan analizlerde, daha &#231;ekici bulunan avukatlar&#305;n hem bireysel yarg&#305;&#231; oylar&#305;n&#305; hem de davay&#305; kazanma olas&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n istatistiksel olarak anlaml&#305; d&#252;zeyde daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u bulunmu&#351;tur. Bu avantaj; avukat&#305;n deneyimi, ideolojisi veya mezun oldu&#287;u okul gibi geleneksel ba&#351;ar&#305; kriterleri hesaba kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda bile korunmu&#351;tur. &#199;ekicilik puan&#305;ndaki her bir birimlik art&#305;&#351;&#305;n, bir yarg&#305;c&#305;n oyunu alma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;k 1,11 kat, davay&#305; kazanma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ise 1,13 kat art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; hesaplanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;, bu durumun "adalet k&#246;rd&#252;r" ilkesine ayk&#305;r&#305; oldu&#287;unu ve yarg&#305; sistemindeki e&#351;itlik konusunda normatif kayg&#305;lar do&#287;urdu&#287;unu belirtmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png" width="796" height="808" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AM8-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F10684587-22f6-4683-bfb6-52c7e1ca3a09_796x808.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Waterbury (2024)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Downs ve Lyons (1991) ger&#231;ek yarg&#305;&#231;lar&#305;n ger&#231;ek san&#305;klar hakk&#305;nda verdi&#287;i kararlar&#305; do&#287;rudan g&#246;zlemleyerek <strong>ge&#231;erlili&#287;i</strong> y&#252;ksek sonu&#231;lar elde etmeyi ama&#231;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, Teksas K&#246;rfez K&#305;y&#305;s&#305;'ndaki &#231;e&#351;itli topluluklarda 18 ayl&#305;k bir d&#246;nemde tutuklanan 915 kad&#305;n ve 1.320 erkek san&#305;&#287;&#305; kapsam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. San&#305;klar&#305;n &#231;ekicilik seviyeleri, &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n amac&#305;ndan haberdar olmayan polis memurlar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan 1 (en d&#252;&#351;&#252;k) ile 5 (en y&#252;ksek) aras&#305;ndaki bir &#246;l&#231;ekte oylanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n en &#246;nemli &#246;zelliklerinden biri, san&#305;klar&#305;n yarg&#305;&#231; kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;na &#231;&#305;kmadan &#246;nce d&#305;&#351; g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;&#351;lerini iyile&#351;tirme veya de&#287;i&#351;tirme f&#305;rsatlar&#305;n&#305;n olmamas&#305;d&#305;r. Bu durum, avukatlar&#305;n m&#252;vekkillerini daha &#231;ekici g&#246;sterme &#231;abalar&#305;n&#305;n etkisini devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ara&#351;t&#305;rma, san&#305;k &#231;ekicili&#287;inin yarg&#305;&#231;lar&#305;n belirledi&#287;i kefalet ve para cezas&#305; miktarlar&#305; &#252;zerinde <strong>sadece kabahat (misdemeanor) su&#231;lar&#305;nda</strong> etkili oldu&#287;unu ortaya koymu&#351;tur. &#199;ekicilik artt&#305;k&#231;a, verilen para cezas&#305; veya kefalet miktar&#305; anlaml&#305; &#351;ekilde azalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r; fakat cinayet veya a&#287;&#305;r yaralama gibi felony (a&#287;&#305;r su&#231;) kapsam&#305;nda de&#287;erlendirilen davalarda, san&#305;&#287;&#305;n &#231;ekicili&#287;i ile belirlenen kefalet miktar&#305; aras&#305;nda hi&#231;bir istatistiksel ili&#351;ki bulunamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu t&#252;r a&#287;&#305;r su&#231;larda temel belirleyici fakt&#246;r su&#231;un kendisi olmu&#351;tur.</p><h2>Do&#287;umda Ba&#351;layan Hiyerar&#351;i</h2><p>Kara Hap savunucular&#305;n&#305;n en temel arg&#252;man&#305;, "oyunun" biz daha kartlar&#305; elimize almadan &#231;ok &#246;nce (genetik) bitti&#287;idir.  Sosyal psikoloji alan&#305;nda yap&#305;lan birka&#231; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bu olguyu destekliyor gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir.</p><p>Bebekler, &#231;ekici y&#252;zlere daha uzun s&#252;re bakarlar. &#214;rne&#287;in, <strong>Samuels ve Ewy (1985) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada</strong> ya&#351;lar&#305; 3 ile 6 ay aras&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;en bebeklerin, yeti&#351;kinler taraf&#305;ndan "&#231;ekici" olarak puanlanan y&#252;zlere, daha az &#231;ekici bulunan y&#252;zlere k&#305;yasla anlaml&#305; derecede daha uzun s&#252;re bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. Langlois vd (1987) ise iki ayr&#305; deneyle 2-3 ayl&#305;k ve 6-8 ayl&#305;k bebekleri incelemi&#351;tir. Her iki ya&#351; grubunun da z&#305;t &#231;ekicilik seviyelerine sahip y&#252;zler (&#231;ekiciye kar&#351;&#305; &#231;ekici olmayan) yan yana sunuldu&#287;unda &#231;ekici y&#252;zleri tercih etti&#287;ini kan&#305;tlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Fakat, benzer &#231;ekicilikteki y&#252;zler e&#351;le&#351;tirildi&#287;inde (&#231;ekiciye kar&#351;&#305; &#231;ekici gibi), sadece 6-8 ayl&#305;k b&#252;y&#252;k bebeklerin &#231;ekici olanlara daha uzun s&#252;re bakt&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Langlois vd. (1991) bebeklerin &#231;ekicilik tercihinin sadece Beyaz kad&#305;n y&#252;zleriyle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;; Beyaz erkek, Siyah kad&#305;n ve hatta bebek y&#252;zlerini de kapsad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Bebeklerin farkl&#305; &#305;rk, cinsiyet ve ya&#351; gruplar&#305;ndaki &#231;ekici y&#252;zleri ay&#305;rt edebilmesi, g&#252;zellik alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n evrensel yap&#305;sal &#246;zelliklere dayand&#305;&#287;&#305; hipotezini desteklemektedir. Ayr&#305;ca, bebeklerin kendi annelerinin &#231;ekicilik seviyesinin bu tercihler &#252;zerinde herhangi bir etkisi olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; saptanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Van Duuren vd. (2003) taraf&#305;ndan 5 ile 15 ay aras&#305;ndaki bebeklerle yap&#305;lan bu ara&#351;t&#305;rma, bebeklerin di&#287;er bebek y&#252;zlerine bakarken de &#231;ekicilik etkisini s&#252;rd&#252;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; do&#287;rulam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Deneyler sonucunda, bebeklerin yeti&#351;kin benzeri morfolojiye sahip (cinsel olgunluk sinyalleri ta&#351;&#305;yan) bebek y&#252;zlerini, "sevimlilik" (bak&#305;m verme i&#231;g&#252;d&#252;s&#252;n&#252; tetikleyen) &#246;zelliklerine sahip y&#252;zlere tercih etti&#287;i &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. &#214;nemli bir teknik bulgu olarak, bu tercih etkisinin y&#252;zler ters &#231;evrildi&#287;inde (inversion effect) ortadan kalkt&#305;&#287;&#305;, bunun da &#231;ekicilik alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n tekil &#246;zelliklerden ziyade y&#252;zdeki yap&#305;sal b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n i&#351;lenmesine dayand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir.</p><p>Quinn vd. (2008) ise bebeklerdeki &#231;ekicilik tercihinin sadece kendi t&#252;rlerine (insanlara) &#246;zg&#252; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, evcil ve vah&#351;i kedi (kaplan) y&#252;zlerini de kapsad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koyarak literat&#252;r&#252; geni&#351;letmi&#351;tir. 3-4 ayl&#305;k bebeklerin dik duran &#231;ekici hayvan y&#252;zlerini tercih etti&#287;i, ancak y&#252;zler ters &#231;evrildi&#287;inde bu tercihin kayboldu&#287;u g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. Bu bulgular, bebeklerdeki estetik tercihin spesifik bir e&#351; se&#231;imi adaptasyonundan ziyade, memeli y&#252;zleri aras&#305;ndaki genel bilgi i&#351;leme mekanizmalar&#305;n&#305;n bir yan &#252;r&#252;n&#252; olabilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;rmektedir. Buraya kadar her &#351;ey kabul edilebilir g&#246;r&#252;lebilir ama bundan sonraki tart&#305;&#351;ma biraz moral bozucudur. </p><p>Langlois vd. (1995) yapt&#305;klar&#305; bu boylamsal &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, bir bebe&#287;in fiziksel &#231;ekicili&#287;inin annesinin ona kar&#351;&#305; davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; ve tutumlar&#305;n&#305; etkileyip etkilemedi&#287;ini ara&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, 173 yeni anne ve bebeklerini (do&#287;umdan sonraki ilk g&#252;nlerde ve bebekler 3 ayl&#305;kken) hastane ve ev ortam&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlemi&#351;tir. Bebeklerin &#231;ekicilik d&#252;zeyleri, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z g&#246;zlemciler taraf&#305;ndan verilen puanlarla belirlenmi&#351;tir. Ara&#351;t&#305;rma sonu&#231;lar&#305;, bebekleri daha &#231;ekici bulunan annelerin, bebeklerine kar&#351;&#305; daha fazla sevgi g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini, onlarla daha &#231;ok oyun oynad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve daha fazla sosyal etkile&#351;imde bulundu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. &#214;te yandan, bebekleri daha az &#231;ekici bulunan annelerin, bebeklerine kar&#351;&#305; "bak&#305;m odakl&#305;" (besleme, alt de&#287;i&#351;tirme gibi rutin i&#351;ler) davrand&#305;klar&#305;; l&#226;kin &#231;ocukla duygusal ve sosyal etkile&#351;ime girmekten ziyade di&#287;er insanlara veya i&#351;lere daha fazla odakland&#305;klar&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. &#199;ekicilik puan&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olan bebeklerin anneleri, bebeklerinin ya&#351;amlar&#305;n&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlad&#305;&#287;&#305;na dair daha fazla olumsuz tutum sergilemi&#351;lerdir. Bu durum, "&#231;ekicilik stereotipinin" (g&#252;zel olan iyidir alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n) ebeveyn-&#231;ocuk ba&#287;&#305;n&#305;n en erken evrelerinde bile i&#351;leyebilece&#287;ini ortaya koymu&#351;tur.</p><h2><strong>&#304;&#351; D&#252;nyas&#305; ve "G&#252;zellik Primi"</strong></h2><p>Bu konudaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, basit&#231;e, fiziksel &#231;ekicili&#287;in i&#351; hayat&#305;, akademik kariyer ve giri&#351;imcilik gibi farkl&#305; alanlardaki ekonomik sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; hem deneysel hem de g&#246;zlemsel verilerle incelemektedir. </p><p>&#304;lk &#246;rne&#287;imize akademiden ba&#351;layal&#305;m. Hale vd. (2023) ABD'deki prestijli ekonomi doktora programlar&#305;ndan mezun olan 752 ki&#351;inin kariyerlerini incelemi&#351;tir. Ekonomistlerin vesikal&#305;k foto&#287;raflar&#305;, ekonomiyle ilgisi olmayan <strong>241 &#252;niversite &#246;&#287;rencisi</strong> taraf&#305;ndan <strong>1 ile 10 aras&#305;</strong> bir &#246;l&#231;ekte puanlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Her foto&#287;raf en az 20 farkl&#305; ki&#351;i taraf&#305;ndan de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351; ve &#246;znel puanlama sapmalar&#305;n&#305; engellemek i&#231;in bu puanlar standardize edilmi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231;lar ise &#351;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305;d&#305;r. Daha &#231;ekici bulunan ekonomistlerin kariyer ba&#351;&#305;nda daha iyi okullara yerle&#351;ti&#287;i ve daha fazla at&#305;f ald&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. "G&#252;zellik primi"nin kariyer boyunca s&#246;n&#252;mlenmemesi, bu durumun sadece bir yetenek g&#246;stergesi de&#287;il, i&#351;verenlerin &#231;ekici insanlarla &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma iste&#287;inden (ayr&#305;mc&#305;l&#305;k) kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;rmektedir.</p><p>Mehic (2022) &#304;sve&#231;&#8217;teki m&#252;hendislik &#246;&#287;rencileri &#252;zerinde yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada &#246;&#287;rencilerin &#231;ekicili&#287;inin akademik ba&#351;ar&#305;ya (notlara) etkisini y&#252;z y&#252;ze ve uzaktan e&#287;itim d&#246;nemlerinde kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Y&#252;z y&#252;ze e&#287;itim d&#246;neminde hem erkek hem de kad&#305;nlarda &#231;ekici &#246;&#287;renciler, &#246;zellikle &#246;&#287;retmen-&#246;&#287;renci etkile&#351;iminin yo&#287;un oldu&#287;u say&#305;sal olmayan derslerde daha y&#252;ksek notlar alm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. E&#287;itim online platformlara ta&#351;&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, &#231;ekici <strong>kad&#305;n</strong> &#246;&#287;rencilerin notlar&#305;nda bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351; g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir; fakat &#231;ekici <strong>erkek</strong> &#246;&#287;renciler bu &#8220;g&#252;zellik primini&#8221; korumaya devam etmi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231; olarak, kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in g&#252;zellik avantaj&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k oranda &#246;&#287;retmenlerin ayr&#305;mc&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan (pozitif &#246;nyarg&#305;) kaynaklan&#305;rken; erkekler i&#231;in bu durum &#246;zg&#252;ven gibi ki&#351;ilik &#246;zellikleriyle ili&#351;kili g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir.</p><p>Brooks vd. (2014) ise giri&#351;imcileri incelemi&#351;tir. Yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n, giri&#351;imci sunumlar&#305;na (pitch) verdikleri tepkileri saha &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; ve deneylerle incelemi&#351;tir. Ger&#231;ek bir giri&#351;imcilik yar&#305;&#351;mas&#305;ndaki videolar kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351; ve 20 yeti&#351;kin puanlay&#305;c&#305;, giri&#351;imcileri 1-7 aras&#305; bir &#246;l&#231;ekte de&#287;erlendirmi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231; olarak yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar daha &#231;ekici puanlanan erkek giri&#351;imcileri kad&#305;nlara ve daha az &#231;ekici puanlanan erkeklere g&#246;re anlaml&#305; oranda daha fazla tercih etmektedir.</p><p>Nault vd. (2020) y&#305;llar i&#231;inde yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; y&#252;zlerce &#231;al&#305;&#351;may&#305; bir araya getiren kapsaml&#305; bir literat&#252;r taramas&#305;d&#305;r. Bu alanla ilgili bize &#351;unlar&#305; s&#246;yler:</p><p><strong>Y&#305;llard&#305;r yap&#305;lan </strong>&#231;al&#305;&#351;malardaki en yayg&#305;n y&#246;ntemin, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305; tan&#305;mayan <strong>ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z g&#246;zlemcilerin</strong> (strangers) foto&#287;raflar veya videolar &#252;zerinden yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;znel puanlamalar oldu&#287;u belirtilir. Baz&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda m&#252;lakat&#231;&#305;lar&#305;n (interviewer) verdi&#287;i anl&#305;k puanlar da veri olarak kabul edilir. &#199;ok &#231;ekici bireyler, ortalamaya g&#246;re %20 daha fazla kazan&#305;r ve daha s&#305;k terfi al&#305;r. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, karar vericilerin "g&#252;zel olan iyidir" &#246;nyarg&#305;s&#305;yla &#231;ekici insanlar&#305; daha yetkin (competent) sand&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; (istatistiksel ayr&#305;mc&#305;l&#305;k) vurgular. Ayr&#305;ca, &#231;ekici bireylerin sosyal sermaye (sosyallik, pop&#252;lerlik vb.) a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan belirgin bir avantaja sahip oldu&#287;u vurgulanmaktad&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png" width="1016" height="530" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:530,&quot;width&quot;:1016,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:103968,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/188461513?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5-5U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff852958d-af67-4241-8301-0ce22da20b8c_1016x530.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Nault vd. (2020)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Kukkonen vd. (2024), &#231;ekicili&#287;in i&#351; hayat&#305;ndaki getirisinin erkek ve kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in farkl&#305;la&#351;&#305;p farkl&#305;la&#351;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; sorgular. Literat&#252;rdeki farkl&#305; puanlama tekniklerini (foto&#287;raf puanlama, m&#252;lakat&#231;&#305; de&#287;erlendirmesi ve &#246;z-de&#287;erlendirme) kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmal&#305; olarak ele al&#305;r. D&#305;&#351; g&#246;zlemci puanlar&#305;n&#305;n, i&#351; ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rmede ki&#351;inin kendi kendine verdi&#287;i puandan &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;u sonucuna var&#305;r. &#199;ekicilik her iki cinsiyet i&#231;in avantajd&#305;r ama &#231;ekicili&#287;in avantaj&#305; erkekler i&#231;in daha tutarl&#305;d&#305;r. Kad&#305;nlarda &#231;ekicilik bazen "ciddiyetsizlik" veya "yetersizlik" &#246;nyarg&#305;s&#305;na (beauty is beastly) yol a&#231;arak dezavantaja d&#246;n&#252;&#351;ebilmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png" width="956" height="728" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:728,&quot;width&quot;:956,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:229973,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/188461513?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AcBQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F993a1022-bc40-4666-92df-ebd0bbc8636a_956x728.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kukkonen vd. (2024): Farkl&#305; k&#305;talarda farkl&#305; &#351;ekillerde (kesitsel, boylamsal, deneysel, saha) yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n &#246;zeti.</figcaption></figure></div><h2>Fiziksel &#199;ekicilik ve Ki&#351;ilik</h2><p>Fiziksel &#231;ekicilik sadece kariyer sahas&#305;nda de&#287;il ikili ili&#351;kilere de g&#252;&#231;l&#252; &#246;l&#231;&#252;de yans&#305;r. &#199;ekicili&#287;in/G&#252;zelli&#287;in etkisi ki&#351;ilik analizlerinin &#246;tesine ge&#231;erek, bireyin en temel insani niteli&#287;i olan ahlaki karakter alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305; da etkiler. &#8220;G&#252;zellik &#246;z&#252;ne iner" (Beauty goes down to the core) yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;yla yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, insanlar&#305;n y&#252;z g&#252;zelli&#287;ini do&#287;rudan bir ahlaki d&#252;r&#252;stl&#252;k g&#246;stergesi olarak kodlad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in, Klebl vd. (2022) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma y&#252;z g&#252;zelli&#287;inin ahlaki karakter alg&#305;s&#305; &#252;zerindeki se&#231;ici etkisini incelemi&#351;tir. Kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar, &#231;ekici insanlara d&#252;r&#252;stl&#252;k ve g&#252;venilirlik gibi <strong>ahlaki &#246;zellikleri</strong>, mizah veya d&#252;zenlilik gibi ahlaki olmayan olumlu &#246;zelliklere k&#305;yasla &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#351;ekilde atfetmi&#351;lerdir. Peki neden? &#304;nsanlar, sosyal etkile&#351;imlerde hayati &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yan ahlaki karakteri h&#305;zla de&#287;erlendirme e&#287;ilimindedir. Bu motivasyon, bilgi eksikli&#287;inde "g&#252;zellik" ipucuna a&#351;&#305;r&#305; g&#252;venilmesine neden olur. G&#252;zellik sadece genel bir "halo etkisi" (hale etkisi) yaratmakla kalmaz, &#246;zellikle ki&#351;inin <strong>ahlaki &#246;z&#252;ne</strong> dair alg&#305;y&#305; &#231;arp&#305;t&#305;r.</p><p>Bu bulgu belki de o kadar &#351;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305; de&#287;ildir ama insanlar &#231;ekici insanlar&#305; daha iyi alg&#305;lamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in bizi bir ba&#351;ka sonuca g&#246;t&#252;r&#252;r. Lorenzo vd. (2010) &#8220;g&#252;zel olan iyidir" bulgusunun &#246;tesine ge&#231;erek &#231;ekici insanlar&#305;n sadece daha olumlu de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda daha <strong>do&#287;ru</strong> (isabetli) alg&#305;lan&#305;p alg&#305;lanmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bunu ara&#351;t&#305;rmak i&#231;in daha &#246;nce birbirini tan&#305;mayan kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar 3 dakikal&#305;k k&#305;sa g&#246;r&#252;&#351;meler yapm&#305;&#351; ve birbirlerinin ki&#351;iliklerini de&#287;erlendirmi&#351;tir. &#199;ekici bireyler, genel olarak arzulanan ki&#351;ilik &#246;zelliklerine sahipmi&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351; (normatif do&#287;ruluk); l&#226;kin daha da &#246;nemlisi, &#231;ekici insanlar&#305;n <strong>ger&#231;ek ve &#246;zg&#252;n ki&#351;ilik &#246;zellikleri</strong> (ay&#305;rt edici do&#287;ruluk) di&#287;er kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan daha do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde analiz edilmi&#351;tir. Yani g&#252;zellik, bireyin hem daha olumlu de&#287;erlendirilmesine hem de karakterinin derinliklerine dair daha isabetli analizler yap&#305;lmas&#305;na olanak tan&#305;yan bir motivasyon kayna&#287;&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;mektedir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; insanlar &#231;ekici kabul ettikleri ki&#351;ilere daha dikkatli yakla&#351;arak onlar&#305;n ki&#351;iliklerini daha iyi tahlil etmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r.</p><h2>Sonu&#231;: Fiziksel &#199;ekicilik Yok Say&#305;labilir mi?</h2><p>Yukar&#305;daki veriler, Kara Hap savunucular&#305;n&#305;n haks&#305;z olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;; aksine, d&#252;nyan&#305;n fiziksel &#231;ekicilik ekseninde d&#246;nen ac&#305;mas&#305;z bir hiyerar&#351;iye sahip oldu&#287;unu bilimsel bir netlikle ortaya koyuyor. Zaten Kara Hap ideolojisinin ilk faydaland&#305;&#287;&#305; kaynaklar bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malard&#305;r. Do&#287;umdan yarg&#305;ya, i&#351; g&#246;r&#252;&#351;melerinden annelerin &#351;efkatine kadar "g&#252;zellik primi" hayat&#305;n her yerinde &#231;ekicili&#287;in bir avantaj oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir.</p><p>Fakat Kara Hap&#8217;&#305;n (ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla incel ideolojisinin) d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252; temel bir hata var: <strong>Betimsel (descriptive) olan&#305;, normatif (normative) bir kadere d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmek.</strong></p><p>&#214;ncelikle, Kara Hap savunucular&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252; en b&#252;y&#252;k metodolojik hata, bilimsel verileri birer &#8220;do&#287;a kanunu&#8221; gibi okumakt&#305;r. Oysa yukar&#305;da zikredilen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, toplumsal birer <strong>e&#287;ilimi</strong> ve <strong>olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong> ifade eder; bireysel bir <strong>zorunlulu&#287;u</strong> de&#287;il. &#304;statistiksel olarak &#231;ekicili&#287;in bir avantaj sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; do&#287;rudur ama bu etkinin katsay&#305;s&#305; hi&#231;bir zaman <strong>1.0 (tam korelasyon)</strong> de&#287;ildir. Yani fiziksel &#231;ekicilik, hayat ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n veya sosyal kabul&#252;n tek <strong>ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;keni (independent variable)</strong> de&#287;ildir. Literat&#252;rdeki etki b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kleri &#351;unu g&#246;stermektedir: G&#252;zellik bir &#8220;&#231;arpan&#8221;d&#305;r ama denklemin tamam&#305; de&#287;ildir, her &#351;eyi a&#231;&#305;klamaz. &#304;ncellerin bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; determinizmin kan&#305;t&#305; olarak sunmas&#305; tamamen yanl&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Ek olarak, incellerin sundu&#287;u &#8220;genetik determinizm&#8221;, belirli ampirik verileri kan&#305;t olarak sunarken, insan&#305;n bu veriler kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;ndaki <strong>fail olma (agency)</strong> kapasitesini yok sayar. Kara Hap&#8217;&#305;n hakl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;, belkli de varolan dezavantaj&#305; tespit etmesidir; yanl&#305;&#351;&#305; ise o dezavantaj&#305;n a&#351;&#305;lamaz oldu&#287;unu iddia ederek ki&#351;iyi bir &#8220;ma&#287;duriyet kimli&#287;ine&#8221; hapsetmesidir. Evet, genetiklerimizle belirlenen &#231;ekicili&#287;imizde dezavantajl&#305; olabilirz. Bu, hayat&#305;n adaletsizli&#287;idir. Fakat Kara Hap savunucular&#305;, bu dezavantaj sonucu tamamen ma&#287;lup kimli&#287;ini benimsemeyi savunurken asl&#305;nda kendi kendilerini ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiren bir kehanete mahk&#251;m ederler. Sosyal hayattan izole olmak, m&#252;cadeleyi b&#305;rakmak ve "&#231;irkinli&#287;ini" bir z&#305;rh gibi ku&#351;anmak; biyolojik dezavantaj&#305;, psikolojik bir y&#305;k&#305;mla ta&#231;land&#305;rmakt&#305;r. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; birer determinizm belgesi olarak kabul etmek, asl&#305;nda psikolojik bir savunma mekanizmas&#305;d&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; e&#287;er ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;zl&#305;k &#8220;genetik bir yazg&#305;ysa&#8221;, ki&#351;inin kendi geli&#351;imi i&#231;in &#231;aba sarf etme sorumlulu&#287;u da ortadan kalkar. &#8220;Do&#287;u&#351;tan dezavantajl&#305;y&#305;m&#8221; demek, sosyal hayattan izole olmak i&#231;in konforlu bir bahane sunar. Sorunlar da d&#305;&#351;salla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in ki&#351;iye harika bir ka&#231;&#305;&#351; sunar, sorumlulu&#287;unu ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;r. Ki&#351;i art&#305;k sorunlar&#305;n&#305; ba&#351;ka yerlerde arar, &#246;rne&#287;in kad&#305;nlarda, feminizmde, erkeklerde vb. </p><p>&#304;nceller ancak bu karamsar ruh halinden &#231;&#305;kt&#305;ktan ve sorunlar&#305;n&#305; d&#305;&#351;salla&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305; kestikten sonra sonra tespit ettikleri sorunlara &#231;&#246;z&#252;mler arayabilirler. Peki bu &#231;&#246;z&#252;mler nelerdir?</p><p>Benim incellerle konu&#351;tu&#287;um zaman tespit etti&#287;im ilk sorun sahip olduklar&#305; mental rahats&#305;zl&#305;klar oldu - otizm, ADHD, depresyon vb. (Tirkkonen ve Vespermann 2023) ve bu mental sorunlar i&#231;in yeterince yard&#305;m arad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;yorum. Sahip olduklar&#305; sorunlara &#231;&#246;z&#252;m aramak yerine sahip olduklar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nceleri hatal&#305; &#351;ekilde d&#305;&#351;salla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yorlar (bkz. kad&#305;n d&#252;&#351;manl&#305;&#287;&#305;) veya i&#231;selle&#351;tiriyorlar (bkz. ma&#287;lup kimli&#287;i). Mental sa&#287;l&#305;klar&#305;na gerekli &#246;zeni ve ilgiyi g&#246;sterdikten sonra fiziksel olarak kendilerine g&#246;sterecekleri minimum &#246;zenin onlar&#305; ileri ta&#351;&#305;yaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Daha da ilerisinin, yani en radikalinin, estetik ameliyat oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. &#214;rne&#287;in Zara Stone, <em><strong>Killer Looks </strong>kitab&#305;nda </em>estetik ameliyat olan su&#231;lular&#305;n ameliyat sonras&#305; sosyal hayatlar&#305;nda ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305; pozitif d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252; (kendilerini sevme, pozitif iyi olu&#351;, toplum taraf&#305;ndan kabul g&#246;rme, i&#351; bulma, entegrasyon) inceliyor. En dezavantajl&#305; olan bir toplumda, yani su&#231;lularda gayet i&#351;e yarayan bir y&#246;ntem. Evde s&#305;zlanmak yerine, neden ameliyat olmas&#305;nlar? </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg" width="1456" height="1456" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!23I_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F21f4868d-086b-4cf9-9fdc-e594528fdd0c_1500x1500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Kald&#305; ki tan&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m incellerin ger&#231;ekten &#231;ok &#231;irkin insanlar oldu&#287;unu g&#246;rmedim. </p><p><strong>KAYNAK&#199;A</strong></p><p>Ahola, Angela S., Sven &#197;. Christianson, ve &#197;. Hellstr&#246;m. 2009. &#8220;Justice Needs a Blindfold: Effects of Gender and Attractiveness on Prison Sentences and Attributions of Personal Characteristics in a Judicial Process&#8221;. <em>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law</em> 16 (sup1): S90-100. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13218710802242011">https://doi.org/10.1080/13218710802242011</a>.</p><p>Batres, Carlota, ve Victor Shiramizu. 2023. &#8220;Examining the &#8216;Attractiveness Halo Effect&#8217; across Cultures&#8221;. <em>Current Psychology</em> 42 (29): 25515-19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03575-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03575-0</a>.</p><p>Beaver, Kevin M., Cashen Boccio, Sven Smith, ve Chris J. Ferguson. 2019. &#8220;Physical attractiveness and criminal justice processing: results from a longitudinal sample of youth and young adults&#8221;. <em>Psychiatry, Psychology and Law</em> 26 (4): 669-81. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2019.1618750">https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2019.1618750</a>.</p><p>Brooks, Alison Wood, Laura Huang, Sarah Wood Kearney, ve Fiona E. Murray. 2014. &#8220;Investors prefer entrepreneurial ventures pitched by attractive men&#8221;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 111 (12): 4427-31. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321202111</a>.</p><p>Costello, William. 2025. &#8220;Incels (Involuntary Celibates): Diagnosing the Effects of the Black Pill&#8221;. &#304;&#231;inde <em>Sexual Crime and the Internet</em>, edit&#246;r Craig A. Harper, Rebecca Lievesley, Helen Swaby, vd. Springer Nature Switzerland. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-95844-1_6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-95844-1_6</a>.</p><p>Datta Gupta, Nabanita, Nancy L. Etcoff, ve Mads M. Jaeger. 2016. &#8220;Beauty in Mind: The Effects of Physical Attractiveness on Psychological Well-Being and Distress&#8221;. <em>Journal of Happiness Studies</em> 17 (3): 1313-25. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9644-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9644-6</a>.</p><p>Downs, A. Chris, ve Phillip M. Lyons. 1991. &#8220;Natural Observations of the Links between Attractiveness and Initial Legal Judgments&#8221;. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</em> 17 (5): 541-47. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175009">https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175009</a>.</p><p>Hale, Galina, Tali Regev, ve Yona Rubinstein. 2023. &#8220;Do looks matter for an academic career in economics?&#8221; <em>Journal of Economic Behavior &amp; Organization</em> 215 (Kas&#305;m): 406-20. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.09.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2023.09.022</a>.</p><p>Halim, May Ling D., Lyric N. Russo, Kaelyn N. Echave, Sachiko Tawa, Dylan J. Sakamoto, ve Miguel A. Portillo. 2024. &#8220;&#8216;She&#8217;s so Pretty&#8217;: The Development of Valuing Personal Attractiveness among Young Children&#8221;. <em>Child Development</em> 95 (5): 1659-75. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14104">https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.14104</a>.</p><p>Hamermesh, Daniel, ve Anwen Zhang. 2024. <em>The Economic Impact of Heritable Physical Traits: Hot Parents, Rich Kid?</em> Sy. W32086. National Bureau of Economic Research. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3386/w32086">https://doi.org/10.3386/w32086</a>.</p><p>Klebl, Christoph, Yin Luo, ve Brock Bastian. 2022. &#8220;Beyond Aesthetic Judgment: Beauty Increases Moral Standing Through Perceptions of Purity&#8221;. <em>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</em> 48 (6): 954-67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211023648">https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211023648</a>.</p><p>Klebl, Christoph, Joshua J. Rhee, Katharine H. Greenaway, Yin Luo, ve Brock Bastian. 2022. &#8220;Beauty Goes Down to the Core: Attractiveness Biases Moral Character Attributions&#8221;. <em>Journal of Nonverbal Behavior</em> 46 (1): 83-97. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-021-00388-w">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-021-00388-w</a>.</p><p>Kukkonen, Iida, Tero Pajunen, Outi Sarpila, ve Erica &#197;berg. 2024. &#8220;Is Beauty-Based Inequality Gendered? A Systematic Review of Gender Differences in Socioeconomic Outcomes of Physical Attractiveness in Labor Markets&#8221;. <em>European Societies</em> 26 (1): 117-48. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2210202">https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2210202</a>.</p><p>Langlois, Judith H., Jean M. Ritter, Lori A. Roggman, ve Lesley S. Vaughn. 1991. &#8220;Facial Diversity and Infant Preferences for Attractive Faces.&#8221; <em>Developmental Psychology</em> 27 (1): 79-84. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.79">https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.27.1.79</a>.</p><p>Langlois, Judith H., Lori A. Roggman, Rita J. Casey, Jean M. Ritter, Loretta A. Rieser-Danner, ve Vivian Y. Jenkins. 1987. &#8220;Infant Preferences for Attractive Faces: Rudiments of a Stereotype?&#8221; <em>Developmental Psychology</em> 23 (3): 363-69. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.363">https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.363</a>.</p><p>Langlois, Ritter, Casey, ve Sawin. 1995. &#8220;Infant attractiveness predicts maternal behaviors and attitudes.&#8221; <em>Developmental Psychology</em>, &#231;evrimi&#231;i erken g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;m. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.464">https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.31.3.464</a>.</p><p>Lindsay, Angus. 2022. &#8220;Swallowing the Black Pill: Involuntary Celibates&#8217; (Incels) Anti Feminism within Digital Society&#8221;. <em>International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy</em> 11 (1): 210-24. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2138">https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2138</a>.</p><p>Lindsay, Sad&#233; L., Dana L. Haynie, ve Story Edison. 2025. &#8220;An Attractive Target: Do Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness Shape Victimization Risks in Women&#8217;s Prisons?&#8221; <em>Victims &amp; Offenders</em> 20 (2): 276-98. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2356828">https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2356828</a>.</p><p>Lorenzo, Genevieve L., Jeremy C. Biesanz, ve Lauren J. Human. 2010. &#8220;What Is Beautiful Is Good and More Accurately Understood&#8221;. <em>Psychological Science</em> 21 (12): 1777-82. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610388048">https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610388048</a>.</p><p>Mehic, Adrian. 2022. &#8220;Student beauty and grades under in-person and remote teaching&#8221;. <em>Economics Letters</em> 219 (Ekim): 110782. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110782">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110782</a>.</p><p>Mocan, Naci, ve Erdal Tekin. 2006. <em>Ugly Criminals</em>. Sy. W12019. National Bureau of Economic Research. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3386/w12019">https://doi.org/10.3386/w12019</a>.</p><p>Nault, Kelly A., Marko Pitesa, ve Stefan Thau. 2020. &#8220;The Attractiveness Advantage At Work: A Cross-Disciplinary Integrative Review&#8221;. <em>Academy of Management Annals</em> 14 (2): 1103-39. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0134">https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0134</a>.</p><p>Preston, Kayla, Michael Halpin, ve Finlay Maguire. 2021. &#8220;The Black Pill: New Technology and the Male Supremacy of Involuntarily Celibate Men&#8221;. <em>Men and Masculinities</em> 24 (5): 823-41. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211017954">https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X211017954</a>.</p><p>Quinn, Paul C., David J. Kelly, Kang Lee, Olivier Pascalis, ve Alan M. Slater. 2008. &#8220;Preference for Attractive Faces in Human Infants Extends beyond Conspecifics&#8221;. <em>Developmental Science</em> 11 (1): 76-83. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00647.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00647.x</a>.</p><p>Samuels, Curtis A., ve Richard Ewy. 1985. &#8220;Aesthetic Perception of Faces during Infancy*&#8221;. <em>British Journal of Developmental Psychology</em> 3 (3): 221-28. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1985.tb00975.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-835X.1985.tb00975.x</a>.</p><p>Tirkkonen, Sanna K., ve Daniel Vespermann. 2023. &#8220;Incels, autism, and hopelessness: affective incorporation of online interaction as a challenge for phenomenological psychopathology&#8221;. <em>Frontiers in Psychology</em> 14 (Aral&#305;k): 1235929. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235929">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1235929</a>.</p><p>Van Duuren, Mike, Linda Kendell-Scott, ve Natalie Stark. 2003. &#8220;Early Aesthetic Choices: Infant Preferences for Attractive Premature Infant Faces&#8221;. <em>International Journal of Behavioral Development</em> 27 (3): 212-19. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000218">https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250244000218</a>.</p><p>Van Valkenburgh, Shawn P. 2021. &#8220;Digesting the Red Pill: Masculinity and Neoliberalism in the Manosphere&#8221;. <em>Men and Masculinities</em> 24 (1): 84-103. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18816118">https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X18816118</a>.</p><p>Waterbury, Nicholas W. 2024. &#8220;Justice Isn&#8217;t Blind: Attorney Attractiveness and Success in US Federal Court&#8221;. <em>Journal of Law and Courts</em> 12 (2): 413-34. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/jlc.2024.2">https://doi.org/10.1017/jlc.2024.2</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[2025 Yılında Okuduğum En İyi Antropoloji Çalışmaları]]></title><description><![CDATA[2025 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n Haziran ay&#305;nda evrimsel antropolojiye merak sard&#305;m ve &#246;zellikle sava&#351;, evlilik, cinsellik ve ataerki konular&#305;n&#305;n antropoloji disiplininde nas&#305;l ele al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; incelemek istedim.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/2025-ylnda-okudugum-en-iyi-antropoloji</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/2025-ylnda-okudugum-en-iyi-antropoloji</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 31 Dec 2025 18:47:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>2025 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n Haziran ay&#305;nda evrimsel antropolojiye merak sard&#305;m ve &#246;zellikle sava&#351;, evlilik, cinsellik ve ataerki konular&#305;n&#305;n antropoloji disiplininde nas&#305;l ele al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; incelemek istedim. Evrimsel antropoloji &#231;al&#305;&#351;an William Buckner&#8217;&#305;n <em><strong><a href="http://traditionsofconflict.com/blog/2018/12/11/academic-resources">akademik kaynaklar</a></strong></em><a href="http://traditionsofconflict.com/blog/2018/12/11/academic-resources"> </a>ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; alt&#305;nda y&#252;kledi&#287;i &#231;al&#305;&#351;malardan g&#246;z&#252;me kestirdiklerimi okumaya ba&#351;lad&#305;m. Ho&#351;uma giden &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n bir &#246;zetini Twitter/X&#8217;e yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;m; 2025 y&#305;l&#305; biterken buraya da yazmak istedim. Sadece 5 &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma payla&#351;aca&#287;m, aksi halde bu liste &#231;ok uzar. </p><h2>1)  From Bachelor Threat to Fraternal Security: Male Associations and Modular Organization in Human Societies</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg" width="1456" height="2207" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2207,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xIEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e1db1-2f12-4f35-87a7-6c602624f7d8_1831x2776.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k insan topluluklar&#305; genelde mod&#252;ler ve organizasyonlar&#305; genelde iki seviyede ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyor: Conjugal family yani evlilikle olu&#351;mu&#351; aileler ve bu ailelerin bir araya gelmesiyle olu&#351;an yerel topluluk. (devlet &#246;ncesi k&#252;&#231;&#252;k topluluklardan bahsediyoruz)</p><p>Bu yap&#305;n&#305;n getirdi&#287;i birka&#231; sorun var: Bir&#231;ok memeli t&#252;r&#252;nde gen&#231; erkekler bekar gruplar olu&#351;turur ve bask&#305;n erkeklere meydan okurlar (&#246;r. zebralar, goriller). Bu "bek&#226;r tehdidi" olarak adland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. &#304;nsanlarda gen&#231; erkekler toplumdan do&#287;rudan d&#305;&#351;lanmaz; l&#226;kin &#231;o&#287;unlukla sosyal olarak marjinalle&#351;tirilirler veya kontrol alt&#305;na al&#305;n&#305;rlar. Bunu ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmenin &#231;e&#351;itli yollar&#305; vard&#305;r. Erkeklerin birlikte kald&#305;&#287;&#305; yerler  (dormitory) kurulur ve erkekler orada ya&#351;amaya zorlan&#305;r. Bunlar basit&#231;e sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lardan olu&#351;an k&#246;yler ya da erkek evleridir. Rodseth&#8217;e (2012) g&#246;re, ya&#351;l&#305; evli erkekler, gen&#231; erkekleri bast&#305;rmak ve kendi stat&#252;lerini korumak i&#231;in bu t&#252;r kurumlar&#305; kullan&#305;r.</p><p>Bu fenomeni anlamak i&#231;in Rodseth (2012) birka&#231; etnografik &#246;rnek kullan&#305;yor:</p><p><strong>Tiwi (Avustralya)</strong> &#246;rne&#287;i, d&#305;&#351;sal tehditlerin tamamen yok oldu&#287;u kapal&#305; bir toplumda ya&#351;l&#305; erkeklerin mutlak egemenli&#287;inin nas&#305;l peki&#351;ebildi&#287;ini g&#246;sterir. Ada izolasyonu nedeniyle gen&#231; erkeklerin ka&#231;abilece&#287;i ya da ba&#351;ka gruplarla ittifak kurabilece&#287;i bir alan yoktur. Bu ko&#351;ullar alt&#305;nda ya&#351;l&#305; erkekler kad&#305;nlar&#305;n neredeyse t&#252;m&#252; &#252;zerinde denetim kurar; gen&#231; erkekler ise uzun s&#252;re evlenemez, s&#252;rekli bask&#305; alt&#305;nda tutulur. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla burada erkek dayan&#305;&#351;mas&#305; d&#305;&#351; tehditlere kar&#351;&#305; de&#287;il, ya&#351;l&#305;lar&#305;n gen&#231;leri kontrol etmesi &#252;zerinden &#351;ekillenir.</p><p><strong>Samburu ve Maasai (Do&#287;u Afrika)</strong> toplumlar&#305;nda gen&#231; erkekler sava&#351;&#231;&#305; olarak &#246;rg&#252;tlenir ve ayr&#305; &#8220;sava&#351;&#231;&#305; k&#246;ylerinde&#8221; ya&#351;arlar. Toplumu koruyan ilk savunma hatt&#305;d&#305;rlar; l&#226;kin evlenmeleri ve siyasal karar s&#252;re&#231;lerine kat&#305;lmalar&#305; k&#305;s&#305;tlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu durum gen&#231;lerle ya&#351;l&#305;lar aras&#305;nda toplumsal bir gerilim yarat&#305;r. Fakat buna ra&#287;men sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lar toplumun d&#305;&#351;&#305;na at&#305;lan d&#252;&#351;man de&#287;il, sistemin zorunlu ve me&#351;ru bir par&#231;as&#305;d&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UlWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4e11f402-0e60-4001-a515-424d31d1e726_1500x1000.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Samburu ve Maasai (Do&#287;u Afrika)</strong>; https://franceleclerc.com/2016/07/31/a-glimpse-at-two-kenyan-tribes/</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>Etoro (Papua Yeni Gine)</strong> ise erkek k&#252;lt&#252;n&#252;n evlilik ba&#287;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;ne ge&#231;ti&#287;i daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#246;rnek sunar. Cinsellik ve toplumsal roller s&#305;k&#305; bi&#231;imde d&#252;zenlenmi&#351;tir; e&#351;ler aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiler s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;yken erkekler aras&#305;ndaki rit&#252;el ba&#287;lar (&#246;rne&#287;in e&#351;cinsellik) kutsal kabul edilir. Erkek evi yaln&#305;zca fiziksel bir mek&#226;n de&#287;il, erkek dayan&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n ruhsal ve toplumsal merkezidir.</p><p>Amazon havzas&#305; ve Melanezya: Erkeklerin kad&#305;nlardan tamamen ayr&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;, kutsal erkek rit&#252;ellerinin yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;, kad&#305;nlara kar&#351;&#305; kolektif &#351;iddet tehdidinin oldu&#287;u toplumlar. &#8220;Erkek evi&#8221; erkek egemenli&#287;inin sembol&#252; ve fiziksel mek&#226;n&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Bu &#246;rneklerin en u&#231; bi&#231;imi <strong>Amazon havzas&#305; ve Melanezya</strong> toplumlar&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r. Burada erkekler kad&#305;nlardan b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r; erkeklerin ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;i rit&#252;eller yaln&#305;zca erkeklere aittir ve kad&#305;nlar&#305;n bu alanlara yakla&#351;mas&#305; a&#287;&#305;r cezalarla bast&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. &#8220;Erkek evi&#8221; hem erkek egemenli&#287;inin sembol&#252; hem de onun kurumsal altyap&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Bu kurumsal yap&#305;lar iki temel dinamik &#252;zerinden a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;r:</p><p><strong>Bek&#226;r Tehdidi Hipotezi</strong>, gen&#231; erkeklerin hem toplumsal d&#252;zeni hem de ya&#351;l&#305; erkeklerin stat&#252;s&#252;n&#252; tehdit eden bir potansiyel ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; savunur. Toplumlar bu &#8220;bek&#226;r bask&#305;s&#305;&#8221; ile ba&#351;a &#231;&#305;kmak i&#231;in onlar&#305; ya marjinalle&#351;tirir ya kontrol alt&#305;na al&#305;r ya da belirli kurumlara entegre eder.</p><p><strong>Karde&#351;&#231;e G&#252;venlik (Fraternal Security) Hipotezi</strong> ise d&#305;&#351;sal tehditlerin &#8212;sava&#351;, sald&#305;r&#305; riski, kaynaklar&#305;n savunulmas&#305; gibi&#8212; artt&#305;&#287;&#305; durumlarda erkek dayan&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n ya&#351;amsal bir g&#252;venlik mekanizmas&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; vurgular. B&#246;yle durumlarda erkek birliktelikleri toplumun temel savunma yap&#305;s&#305; haline gelir ve kimi zaman evlilik ba&#287;lar&#305;ndan daha merkezi bir konuma yerle&#351;ir. Tiwi &#246;rne&#287;inde bu dinamik yoktur; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; d&#305;&#351; tehdit de yoktur.</p><p>Bu iki s&#252;re&#231; birlikte d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde erkek birliklerinin tek bir bi&#231;imi olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; anla&#351;&#305;l&#305;r: baz&#305; toplumlarda yaln&#305;zca bek&#226;rlar ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;rken, baz&#305; toplumlarda t&#252;m erkekler g&#252;&#231;l&#252; k&#252;lt ve kurumlar etraf&#305;nda birle&#351;ir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla erkek birlikleri, kimi durumlarda evlilik kurumunun gerisinde, kimi durumlarda ise evlilikten daha merkezi bir konuma yerle&#351;ir. Devletin g&#252;&#231;lenmesi ve sava&#351;&#305;n sona ermesi gibi durumlarda bu erkek k&#252;ltlerinin h&#305;zla &#231;&#246;z&#252;lmesi ise bu yap&#305;lar&#305;n, &#246;zellikle stat&#252;s&#252;z ve g&#252;vencesiz ortamlarda geli&#351;ti&#287;ini g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bi&#231;imde g&#246;sterir.</p><p></p><h2>2) Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg" width="1456" height="2229" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2229,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LD7g!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f487535-15a0-453b-9cb5-a557eec68702_1764x2700.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Sahlins (1963), Pasifik Adalar&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n farkl&#305; k&#252;lt&#252;rel sistemler bar&#305;nd&#305;rmas&#305; nedeniyle antropolojik kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalar i&#231;in ideal bir &#8220;laboratuvar&#8221; sundu&#287;unu iddia ediyor. Bu b&#246;lgede, hiyerar&#351;ik &#246;rg&#252;tlenmeyen topluluklardan merkezi &#351;efliklere kadar uzanan geni&#351; bir siyasal yap&#305; yelpazesi mevcuttur. Makale, iki b&#246;lgeyi kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r:</p><p>Melanezya (Yeni Gine, Solomon Adalar&#305;, Bismarck Tak&#305;madalar&#305;, vb.)</p><p>Polinezya (Havai, Yeni Zelanda, Tonga, Tahiti, vb.)</p><p>Her iki b&#246;lge benzer tar&#305;m sistemlerine sahip olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men, siyasal &#246;rg&#252;tlenme bi&#231;imleri olduk&#231;a farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Sahlins bu farklar&#305; iki liderlik modeliyle a&#231;&#305;klar: Melanezyal&#305; &#8220;<strong>b&#252;y&#252;k adam</strong>&#8221; ve Polinezyal&#305; &#8220;<strong>&#351;ef</strong>&#8221;</p><p>Bu iki yap&#305; &#351;&#246;yle ortaya &#231;&#305;kar.</p><p>Melanezya&#8217;daki topluluklar siyasi b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252; zay&#305;f olan, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k, birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve akraba ili&#351;kilerine dayal&#305; topluluklardan olu&#351;urtur. Polinezya ise farkl&#305; ailelerin bir araya gelmesinden olu&#351;an, say&#305;ca fazla ve  hiyerar&#351;ik toplumlardan olu&#351;mu&#351;tur. Polinezya&#8217;daki topluluklarda merkezi &#351;eflikler vard&#305;r ve &#231;&#305;kar gruplar&#305; merkezi &#351;eflik &#252;zerinden iktidar ili&#351;kilerini s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;r. Sadece Polinezyal&#305;lar s&#246;m&#252;rgecili&#287;e kar&#351;&#305; koyabilecek siyasi &#246;rg&#252;tlenmeler (&#246;rne&#287;in Havai ve Tonga) geli&#351;tirebilmi&#351;tir. Bu durum, Polinezya&#8217;daki siyasal yap&#305;lar&#305;n daha geli&#351;mi&#351; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir. Melanezya&#8217;daki topluluklar ise Bat&#305; s&#246;m&#252;rgecili&#287;ine kar&#351;&#305; koyamam&#305;&#351; ve hemen &#231;&#246;z&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Peki neden b&#246;yledir?</p><p>Yazarlar&#305;n cevab&#305; siyasi &#246;rg&#252;tlenmede yat&#305;yor.</p><p>Melanezya&#8217;daki B&#252;y&#252;k Adam&#305;n (Big-Man) resm&#238; bir makam yoktur; b&#252;y&#252;k adam stat&#252;s&#252; kazan&#305;larak elde edilir. Di&#287;er akrabalarla kurulan ili&#351;kiler, zor kullan&#305;m&#305;, kaynak da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m&#305; veya karizma gerektirir. B&#252;y&#252;k adamlar biriktirdikleri kaynaklar&#305; akraba ailelere da&#287;&#305;tarak itibar/etki alan&#305; kazan&#305;r. Kurduklar&#305; iktid&#226;rlar ki&#351;iseldir ve rekabete dayan&#305;r; s&#252;rekli ba&#351;ar&#305; g&#246;stermek zorundad&#305;r. B&#252;y&#252;k adam&#305;n iktidar&#305;na meydan okuyan potansiyel b&#252;y&#252;k adamlar s&#252;rekli bast&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. &#304;ktid&#226;r, b&#252;y&#252;k adam&#305;n etraf&#305;nda toplad&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir sad&#305;k grup (fraksiyon) &#252;zerinden kendini g&#246;sterir. Liderlik istikrars&#305;zd&#305;r; b&#252;y&#252;k adam&#305;n &#246;l&#252;m&#252; veya ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z olmas&#305; gibi durumlarda siyasi yap&#305; (liderlik) kolayca da&#287;&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>Polinezya&#8217;daki &#350;ef stat&#252;s&#252; soy (erkek soyu) yoluyla aktar&#305;l&#305;r; tanr&#305;sal k&#246;ken ve mana (kutsal g&#252;&#231;) ile me&#351;rula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. B&#252;y&#252;k adam&#305;n aksine olduk&#231;a kurumsalla&#351;m&#305;&#351; bir makamd&#305;r; bireyden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r. &#350;ef&#8217;in iktid&#226;r&#305; toplumun kabul&#252;ne, ideolojiye, dine ve hiyerar&#351;iye dayan&#305;r. &#350;ef, emek (labor) ve kaynaklar (toprak ve &#252;r&#252;nler) &#252;zerinde yasal-dinsel haklara sahiptir. Geni&#351; &#246;l&#231;ekli projeleri organize etme ve toplumsal d&#252;zeni s&#252;rd&#252;rme kapasitesi daha fazlad&#305;r.</p><p>Bu iki siyasi yap&#305;n&#305;n &#231;e&#351;itli &#231;eli&#351;kileri vard&#305;r:</p><p>B&#252;y&#252;k adamlar, daha fazla sayg&#305;nl&#305;k kazanmak ve iktid&#226;rlar&#305;n&#305; peki&#351;tirmek i&#231;in takip&#231;ilerinden daha &#231;ok kaynak talep eder. Bu da sadakati zedeler. B&#252;y&#252;k adam&#305;n iktid&#226;r&#305;ndan ka&#231;mak isteyenler olabilir, isyanlar ve hatta s&#252;ikastler ger&#231;ekle&#351;ebilir. B&#252;y&#252;k adam, kendi iktid&#226;r&#305;n&#305; peki&#351;tirmek ve otoritesini sa&#287;lamla&#351;t&#305;rmak i&#231;in takip&#231;ilerinden kaynak talep ederken dikkatli olmal&#305;d&#305;r. G&#252;&#231;l&#252; iktid&#226;r ve takip&#231;ilerin sadakati aras&#305;nda bir denge vard&#305;r. Sistem do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i istikrars&#305;zd&#305;r; s&#252;rekli de&#287;i&#351;en liderlik ve da&#287;&#305;lganl&#305;k g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r.</p><p>&#350;efler, zenginli&#287;i kendi elit &#231;evrelerine kayd&#305;rd&#305;k&#231;a halkta memnuniyetsizlik olu&#351;ur. Bu durum, isyana ya da &#351;efli&#287;in b&#246;l&#252;nmesine yol a&#231;abilir. Yine de Polinezya&#8217;daki sistemler, yap&#305;sal olarak daha dayan&#305;kl&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Basit&#231;e &#350;efler: Daha b&#252;y&#252;k toplumlar&#305; y&#246;netebilir, kal&#305;c&#305; askeri ve dini organizasyonlar kurabilir, toplumdaki eme&#287;i y&#246;netebilir. </p><p><strong>B&#252;y&#252;k adam ki&#351;iseldir, &#351;eflik kurumsald&#305;r.</strong></p><h2>3) Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg" width="1456" height="1949" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1949,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hUhK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbf35d481-8dc0-4b72-a878-61e69ff156a5_2437x3262.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Glowachki ve Wrangham (2015), Do&#287;u Afrika&#8217;daki g&#246;&#231;ebe yaylac&#305;l&#305;k yapan Nyangatom toplumunda gen&#231; erkeklerin evlenebilmek i&#231;in ba&#351;l&#305;k paras&#305; biriktirme zorunlulu&#287;undan yola &#231;&#305;karak, sava&#351;&#305;n (&#246;zellikle hayvan ka&#231;&#305;rma bask&#305;nlar&#305;n&#305;n) uzun vadede ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir &#252;reme ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;/e&#351; bulma stratejisi olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg" width="800" height="450" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:450,&quot;width&quot;:800,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;The Nyangatom people-2-1&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="The Nyangatom people-2-1" title="The Nyangatom people-2-1" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ivbU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc598e7e4-9e97-4c6b-8123-2029d87eab38_800x450.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Nyangatom; https://www.aishatoursethiopia.com/en/ethnicity/the-nyangatom-people</figcaption></figure></div><p>Nyangatom toplumunda gen&#231; erkeklerin kendi s&#252;r&#252;s&#252; yoktur; bask&#305;nla elde edilen ganimeti akrabalar&#305;na verip &#8220;ilerideki evlilik pay&#305;n&#305;&#8221; garantilerler. K&#305;saca, bask&#305;nlarda ele ge&#231;irilen hayvanlar, genellikle sava&#351;&#231;&#305;n&#305;n baba taraf&#305; erkek akrabalar&#305;na verilmektedir. Sava&#351;&#231;&#305; daha sonra bu hayvanlar &#252;zerindeki <strong>hakk&#305;</strong>n&#305; talep edebilmekte ya da miras yoluyla hak iddia edebilmektedir. B&#246;ylece evlili&#287;ini garanti alt&#305;na al&#305;r.</p><p>Sonu&#231;lar ne peki?</p><p>K&#305;sa vadede bask&#305;nlara kat&#305;lan gen&#231; erkeklerin, kat&#305;lmayanlara k&#305;yasla daha fazla e&#351;e veya &#231;ocu&#287;a sahip olmad&#305;klar&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r ama gen&#231;li&#287;inde yo&#287;un olarak bask&#305;na kat&#305;lan ya&#351;l&#305; erkeklerin, daha az bask&#305;na kat&#305;lanlara g&#246;re daha fazla e&#351;e ve &#231;ocu&#287;a sahip oldu&#287;u tespit edilmi&#351;tir. </p><h2>4) Hunter-gatherers and human evolution</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg" width="1456" height="1941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qpPB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a8240e5-b94e-4dfe-9c83-e14bc8eddde3_2475x3300.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Marlowe (2005), bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada modern avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar ile tarih &#246;ncesi atalar&#305;m&#305;z aras&#305;nda birebir bir benzerlik kurman&#305;n zor oldu&#287;unu belirtiyor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; modern avc&#305; toplay&#305;c&#305;lar olduk&#231;a karma&#351;&#305;k teknolojilere sahip. Yine de, tar&#305;m &#246;ncesi ya&#351;am tarz&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan g&#246;zlemleyebildi&#287;imiz tek &#246;rnek olmalar&#305; nedeniyle insan davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n evrimsel k&#246;kenlerini anlamada vazge&#231;ilmez bir konuma sahipler.</p><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma i&#231;in Marlowe (2005) 478 avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305; incelemi&#351;. &#304;ncelenen her &#351;eyi anlatmam ger&#231;ekten &#231;ok zor, bu nedenle sadece ilgimi &#231;eken yerleri payla&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m. A&#231;&#305;k eri&#351;im: https://www.academia.edu/12030949/Hunter_gatherers_and_human_evolution</p><p>Y&#252;ksek enlemlerde bitki azl&#305;&#287;&#305; nedeniyle avc&#305;l&#305;k ve bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetleri art&#305;yor. Bunu yapanlar da genelde erkekler. Sonu&#231; olarak erkeklerin topluluktaki beslenmeye katk&#305;s&#305; daha y&#252;ksek. &#304;lgin&#231; bir &#351;ey: Erkeklerin ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305; toplumdaki beslenmeye daha fazla katk&#305; yapmas&#305; daha y&#252;ksek do&#287;urganl&#305;kla ili&#351;kiliymi&#351; (yani y&#252;ksek enlemler). </p><p>En yayg&#305;n ya&#351;ama alan&#305; olan kamplarda medyan 30 ki&#351;i bulunuyormu&#351;. B&#252;y&#252;k gruplar&#305;n olu&#351;ma nedeni ise bulunduklar&#305; habitat&#305;n verimlili&#287;iyle de&#287;il sava&#351;larla alakal&#305;ym&#305;&#351;. </p><p>Avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar ergenlikten sonra hangi gruplarda ya&#351;&#305;yor? Di&#287;er primatlarda g&#246;zlemlenen durum &#351;u: &#350;empanzelerde genellikle di&#351;iler do&#287;duklar&#305; grubu terk ederler, gorillalarda ise erkekler terk eder. Bunun en &#246;nemli nedeni akraba evlili&#287;ini engellemek. Benzer bir mekanizma avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;larda da var ama daha karma&#351;&#305;k &#231;&#252;nk&#252; avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar kamplarda ya&#351;&#305;yorlar ve s&#252;rekli yer de&#287;i&#351;tiriyorlar. Bu nedenle avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;larda hem erkekler hem kad&#305;nlar do&#287;duklar&#305; toplulu&#287;u terk edebiliyor. Bunun ba&#351;at nedeni evlilik. Evlenen &#231;iftler, ya kad&#305;n&#305;n ya da erke&#287;in ailesinin oldu&#287;u toplulukta ya&#351;amay&#305; tercih ediyor. </p><p>Avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;larda soy takibi (matrilineal/anasoy &amp; babasoy/patrilineal) hem anne hem baba &#252;zerinden yap&#305;l&#305;yor veya dayand&#305;r&#305;yorlar. Tar&#305;m toplumlar&#305;nda ise babasoy bask&#305;n.</p><p>Daha &#246;nceden ilgimi &#231;eken bir durum vard&#305;: Evliliklerin &#231;o&#287;u tek e&#351;li. Yani dominant olan evlilik bi&#231;imi monogami. &#199;ok e&#351;lilik hi&#231;bir zaman avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305; topluluklardaki toplam evliliklerin <strong>yar&#305;s&#305;ndan fazlas&#305;n&#305;</strong> olu&#351;turmuyor. &#199;ok e&#351;li evlilikler ise genelde <strong>ya&#351;l&#305; erkeklerle</strong> s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;.</p><p>Kamplarda ise durum &#351;&#246;yle:</p><p>Avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar toplad&#305;klar&#305;/avlad&#305;klar&#305; yiyeceleri merkezi bir kampa ta&#351;&#305;y&#305;p payla&#351;&#305;yorlar. G&#305;da payla&#351;&#305;m&#305;; &#246;l&#252;mlerin azalmas&#305;, ya&#351;am beklentisinin artmas&#305; ve grup i&#231;i i&#351;birli&#287;inin geli&#351;mesi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan evrimsel olarak &#246;nemli.</p><p>Marlowe, insan evriminde &#246;nemli etkileri olan teknolojik geli&#351;meleri de &#351;&#246;yle &#246;zetliyor: Yay, zehirli oklar, bal&#305;k tuzaklar&#305;, a&#287;lar gibi ara&#231;lar erkek avc&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; verimini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Teknolojiler yaln&#305;zca &#252;retimi de&#287;il, hareketlilik ve sosyal yap&#305;y&#305; da d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p>Avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n bir&#231;ok &#246;zelli&#287;i (&#246;rne&#287;in: merkezi kamp, i&#351; b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;, g&#305;da payla&#351;&#305;m&#305;, kad&#305;n/erkeklerin ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305; yeri terk etmesi/evlilikle birlikte kad&#305;n/erkek taraf&#305;nda ya&#351;amas&#305;, soylar&#305;n&#305;n takibini nas&#305;l yapt&#305;klar&#305;) primat akrabalar&#305;m&#305;zdan &#231;ok sosyal et&#231;ilere <strong>(&#246;r. kurtlar, aslanlar)</strong> benzer (s. 63). Bu durum, insan evriminin &#246;zg&#252;n yolunu vurgular: a&#231;&#305;k alanlara, y&#252;ksek kaliteli ama seyrek kaynaklara ve kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;kl&#305; ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;l&#305;&#287;a dayal&#305; bir ya&#351;am tarz&#305;.</p><p>Avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305; toplumlara dair veriler, ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305; &#231;evre ile toplumsal &#246;rg&#252;tlenmeleri aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi incelememize ve insanlar&#305; di&#287;er t&#252;rlerle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmam&#305;za imk&#226;n tan&#305;yor. Bu veriler, fosil ve arkeolojik kay&#305;tlarla birlikte kullan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, atalar&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n farkl&#305; d&#246;nemlerde nas&#305;l davrand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; modellemeye yard&#305;mc&#305; olabilir; fakat buradaki esas problem ne avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n tar&#305;m toplumlar&#305;yla ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;i temas, ne iklim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i ne de marjinal b&#246;lgelerde ya&#351;ama yanl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. As&#305;l sorun <strong>teknolojidir</strong>: Etnografik verilerde kay&#305;tl&#305; t&#252;m avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar, ge&#231;mi&#351;teki atalar&#305;m&#305;zla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda olduk&#231;a <strong>geli&#351;mi&#351; ve karma&#351;&#305;k teknolojilere </strong>sahiptir. Bu da do&#287;rudan &#8220;atalar&#305;m&#305;z b&#246;yle ya&#351;&#305;yordu&#8221; demeyi zorla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r.</p><h2>5) Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees and War in Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers: Evaluating the Chimpanzee Model</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg" width="1456" height="2207" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2207,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Resim&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Resim" title="Resim" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Gb2c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fa528af-f3b8-42d8-9e4c-836f2ae3d7e7_1831x2776.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada Wrangham &amp; Glowacki (2012), &#351;empanzeleri ve avc&#305; toplay&#305;c&#305;lar&#305; gruplar aras&#305; &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar &#252;zerinden k&#305;yasl&#305;yor. </p><p>Wrangham &amp; Glowacki (2012) hem &#351;empanzelerde hem de g&#246;&#231;ebe avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305; insan topluluklar&#305;nda grup d&#305;&#351;&#305; &#246;ld&#252;r&#252;c&#252; sald&#305;rganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n benzer i&#351;levsel ilkelere dayand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yleyen &#351;empanze modelini &#246;zetliyor:</p><p>Sald&#305;rganl&#305;k stratejiktir: D&#252;&#351;&#252;k riskli f&#305;rsatlar tercih edilir. Sald&#305;r&#305; yap&#305;l&#305;rken sald&#305;ran taraf i&#231;in d&#252;&#351;&#252;k riskli olan durumlar se&#231;ilir.</p><p>Sald&#305;rganl&#305;k adaptiftir: Sald&#305;ran grup, kaynak ve &#252;reme a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan avantaj elde eder.</p><p>Evrimsel olarak se&#231;ilmi&#351;tir: Grup lehine &#8220;g&#252;venli&#8221; &#246;ld&#252;rme davran&#305;&#351;&#305; genetik olarak desteklenmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu model, &#8220;g&#252;&#231; dengesizli&#287;i hipotezi&#8221; (Wrangham 1999) ile a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;r: grup &#252;yeleri, a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a g&#252;&#231;l&#252; olduklar&#305;nda sald&#305;r&#305;r; b&#246;ylece sald&#305;rganlar daha az zarar g&#246;r&#252;r. &#350;empanzelerin sald&#305;rganl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n baz&#305; temel noktalar&#305; var:</p><p>S&#252;rekli D&#252;&#351;manl&#305;k: &#350;empanze gruplar&#305;, kom&#351;u gruplara kar&#351;&#305; genel olarak d&#252;&#351;manca davran&#305;r.</p><p>G&#252;venli Sald&#305;r&#305;lar: Sald&#305;r&#305;lar, sadece rakibin a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a zay&#305;f oldu&#287;u durumlarda yap&#305;l&#305;r (&#246;rne&#287;in bir erkek yaln&#305;z yakaland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda)</p><p>Asimetrik &#350;iddet: Sald&#305;rganlar ciddi &#351;ekilde yaralanmaz &#231;&#252;nk&#252; sald&#305;racaklar&#305; ko&#351;ullar&#305; se&#231;erler (&#246;rne&#287;in pusu kurmak). Sald&#305;r&#305;ya u&#287;rana taraf ise a&#287;&#305;r bi&#231;imde zarar g&#246;r&#252;r.</p><p>Topluluk Kazan&#305;mlar&#305;: Sald&#305;ran gruplar, daha fazla di&#351;i, daha geni&#351; alan ve daha fazla &#252;reme ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; elde eder.</p><p>Toplumsal &#214;d&#252;l Yok: Kat&#305;l&#305;m g&#246;n&#252;ll&#252;d&#252;r; &#351;empanzeler &#246;d&#252;l veya ceza almaz.</p><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada &#351;empanzelerde g&#246;r&#252;len <strong>&#231;at&#305;&#351;ma modelini</strong> insanlarda test etmek i&#231;in 6 farkl&#305; b&#246;lgedeki avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar incelenmi&#351;tir (Andaman Adalar&#305;, Avustralya, Kanada, Alaska, Yeni Gine, Tierra del Fuego). <strong>Ortak olan &#351;eyler nelerdir?</strong></p><p>Kom&#351;u avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305; toplumlar genelde birbirine d&#252;&#351;mand&#305;r. &#8220;D&#305;&#351; sava&#351;lar&#8221; gruplar i&#231;in s&#252;rekli olarak tehdittir. &#199;at&#305;&#351;malar genellikle tuzak veya pusu &#351;eklindedir. Sald&#305;r&#305;lar, say&#305;ca &#252;st&#252;n olunan durumlarda yap&#305;l&#305;r. Yani, y&#252;z y&#252;ze sava&#351; olduk&#231;a nadirdir. Benzer &#351;ekilde bask&#305;nlarda sald&#305;ran taraf daha az zarar g&#246;r&#252;r. Ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar sonucu toprak kazan&#305;m&#305; olur. &#304;nsanlar&#305;n yapt&#305;klar&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lardaki sebepler &#231;e&#351;itlidir: intikam, g&#252;venlik, bazen de e&#351;/kad&#305;n elde etme.</p><p>&#350;empanzelerin aksine insanlarda sava&#351;&#231;&#305;lar onurland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r, &#246;d&#252;llendirir, cezaland&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r veya endoktrinasyona maruz kal&#305;r. Sava&#351;&#231;&#305;l&#305;k kutsanan ve te&#351;vik edilen bir kurumdur. &#304;nsanlar uzun s&#252;reli bar&#305;&#351;&#231;&#305;l ittifaklar kurabilir (evlilik, ticaret vb. yollarla). &#304;nsan topluluklar&#305;n&#305;n kurdu&#287;u k&#252;lt&#252;rel sistemler sava&#351; esnas&#305;ndaki kabul edilebilir davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305; d&#252;zenler. En &#246;nemli fark ise <strong>grup i&#231;i</strong> (parochial) <strong>fedak&#226;rl&#305;kt&#305;r</strong> (&#246;zgecilik). &#304;nsanlar, ait olduklar&#305; gruplar i&#231;in fedak&#226;rl&#305;k yaparlar. Bu davran&#305;&#351; &#351;empanzelerde yoktur. </p><p>&#8220;Parochial altruism&#8221; modeli, &#351;empanze modeline meydan okuyabilecek birka&#231; yakla&#351;&#305;mdan biridir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; insanlar&#305;n, &#351;empanzelerde bulunmayan sava&#351;la ilgili psikolojik &#246;zellikleri evrimsel olarak geli&#351;tirmi&#351; olabilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rer. &#214;rne&#287;in, <strong>intikam alma arzusu</strong>, avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar aras&#305;nda sava&#351;&#305;n ba&#351;l&#305;ca motivasyonlar&#305;ndan biridir ve bu t&#252;r bir davran&#305;&#351; &#351;empanzelerde g&#246;zlemlenmemi&#351;tir (Boehm 2011). E&#287;er &#8216;parochial altruism&#8217; ya da intikam gibi &#246;zellikler, insanlar&#305; &#351;empanzelerden ay&#305;ran evrimsel karakteristikler olarak do&#287;rulan&#305;rsa, &#351;empanze modeli do&#287;rudan avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lara uygulanamaz. Yine de insan sava&#351; psikolojisinin biyolojik evrimini anlamak a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan yararl&#305; bir ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; noktas&#305; olmaya devam edebilir.</p><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar makaleyi &#351;unu s&#246;yleyerek sonland&#305;r&#305;yor:</p><p>&#350;empanze modeli, insan sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n evrimsel temellerini anlamak i&#231;in yararl&#305; bir ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; noktas&#305;d&#305;r. G&#246;&#231;ebe avc&#305;-toplay&#305;c&#305;lar aras&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlenen sava&#351; bi&#231;imleri bu modele b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de uyar: d&#252;&#351;&#252;k riskli, stratejik sald&#305;r&#305;lar ve topluluk &#231;&#305;kar&#305;na y&#246;nelik davran&#305;&#351;lar. &#304;nsanlar k&#252;lt&#252;rel olarak bu davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305; y&#246;nlendirme, &#351;ekillendirme ve bazen bast&#305;rma kapasitesine sahiptir. Bu nedenle hem biyolojik hem de k&#252;lt&#252;rel etkenler birlikte analiz edilmelidir.</p><h1>KAYNAK&#199;A</h1><p>Glowacki, L., &amp; Wrangham, R. (2015). Warfare and reproductive success in a tribal population. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, <em>112</em>(2), 348-353. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412287112">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412287112</a></p><p>Marlowe, F. W. (2005). Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. <em>Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews</em>, <em>14</em>(2), 54-67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20046">https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20046</a></p><p>Rodseth, L. (2012). From Bachelor Threat to Fraternal Security: Male Associations and Modular Organization in Human Societies. <em>International Journal of Primatology</em>, <em>33</em>(5), 1194-1214. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9593-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9593-4</a></p><p>Sahlins, M. D. (1963). Poor Man, Rich Man, Big-man, Chief: Political Types in Melanesia and Polynesia. <em>Comparative Studies in Society and History</em>, <em>5</em>(3), 285-303. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500001729">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500001729</a></p><p>Wrangham, R. W., &amp; Glowacki, L. (2012). Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees and War in Nomadic Hunter-Gatherers: Evaluating the Chimpanzee Model. <em>Human Nature</em>, <em>23</em>(1), 5-29. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9132-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-012-9132-1</a></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Zekâ Sabit mi Değişken mi? Veya Her İkisi mi?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Wilson etkisi, inovasyon ve amplifikasyon]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/zeka-sabit-mi-degisken-mi-veya-her</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/zeka-sabit-mi-degisken-mi-veya-her</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Nov 2025 06:13:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#199;ocuklar aras&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlenen bili&#351;sel yetenekteki farklardan bahsedilirken ilk duyaca&#287;&#305;n&#305;z &#351;ey &#8220;zeki &#231;ocuk&#8221;. Bu konuda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de ilk akl&#305;ma gelen ve yak&#305;ndan takip etti&#287;im &#246;rnek Yal&#305;n Alpay: </p><div id="youtube2-B1ugMM3m6NU" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;B1ugMM3m6NU&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/B1ugMM3m6NU?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><p>Bu r&#246;portajda Yal&#305;n Alpay&#8217;a uygulanan IQ testinden ve bildikleri &#351;eylerden bahsediliyor. Uzun uzun incelemeyece&#287;im &#231;&#252;nk&#252; r&#246;portaj&#305;n ilgi &#231;ekici k&#305;sm&#305; ba&#351;&#305;. Mete Akyol, Yal&#305;n Alpay&#8217;&#305;n zek&#226; katsay&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n (IQ) 157 oldu&#287;undan bahsediyor (01:03&#8217;e kadar izleyeyebilirsiniz). Videoda ilk dikkatimi &#231;eken &#351;ey Yal&#305;n Alpay&#8217;&#305;n bir &#231;ocu&#287;a g&#246;re ne kadar d&#252;zg&#252;n c&#252;mleler kurdu&#287;u oldu. &#304;kincisi, videoda psikoloji Profes&#246;r&#252; Doktor Feriha Baymur&#8217;un kitab&#305;ndan bir pasaj okunuyor: &#8220;Tan&#305;nm&#305;&#351;, hayatta b&#252;y&#252;k ba&#351;ar&#305;lar elde etmi&#351; ki&#351;ilerin &#231;o&#287;u bu grup i&#231;inden &#231;&#305;kar. Bunlar&#305;n bir&#231;o&#287;u zek&#226;s&#305;n&#305; erken ya&#351;ta g&#246;sterir. &#214;rne&#287;in bunlar 3 ya&#351;&#305;nda okuma-yazma &#246;&#287;renmeye ba&#351;larlar (3:17-3:42).&#8221; </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik sizin sayenizde var. Abone olursan&#305;z sevinirim :)</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>&#8220;Bunlar&#305;n bir&#231;o&#287;u zek&#226;s&#305;n&#305; erken ya&#351;ta g&#246;sterir.&#8221; c&#252;mlesini dinledi&#287;imizde d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z &#351;ey zek&#226;n&#305;n do&#287;u&#351;tan geldi&#287;i ve bu &#231;ocuklar&#305;n kendilerinde var olan y&#252;ksek zek&#226;y&#305; erken ya&#351;ta d&#305;&#351;salla&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. B&#246;yle oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek i&#231;in de g&#252;&#231;l&#252; nedenlerimiz vard&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in, bu (Yal&#305;n Alpay gibi) &#231;ocuklar&#305;n kitaplara daha d&#252;&#351;k&#252;n oldu&#287;unu, haf&#305;zalar&#305;n&#305;n daha iyi oldu&#287;unu, belirli kavramlar&#305; daha h&#305;zl&#305; i&#351;lediklerini ve s&#305;n&#305;flar&#305;nda ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; olduklar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;r&#252;z. Fakat, g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z bu k&#252;&#231;&#252;k farklar zek&#226;n&#305;n do&#287;umdan itibaren sabit oldu&#287;unu ve bu &#231;ocuklar&#305;n hayatlar&#305; boyunca zeki olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir mi? Veya tam tersi, &#231;ocuklar&#305;n do&#287;u&#351;tan &#8220;ortalama zek&#226;l&#305;&#8221; oldu&#287;unu ve b&#246;yle devam edece&#287;ini? K&#305;saca hay&#305;r.</p><p>&#199;ocuklarda g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z zek&#226; sabit de&#287;il, aksine zek&#226; &#231;ocuklar&#305;n ya&#351;la birlikte geli&#351;tirdikleri bir &#246;zellik. Bu geli&#351;im sadece ailelerinin katk&#305;lar&#305;yla de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda &#231;ocuklar&#305;n tercihleri ve tercihlerine etki eden genleriyle ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyor. Akademik jargonu kullanmak istersem: gen-&#231;evre korelasyonu (rGE) ile.</p><p>Son 20 y&#305;ld&#305;r, davran&#305;&#351; geneti&#287;i &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma alanlar&#305;nda g&#246;zlemledikleri bir etkiden bahsediyor: Wilson Etkisi. Wilson etkisi basit&#231;e zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesinin, <strong>yani bireyler aras&#305;nda zek&#226;da g&#246;r&#252;len farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n ne kadar&#305;n&#305;n genetik farkl&#305;l&#305;klarla a&#231;&#305;kland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n katsay&#305;s&#305;</strong>, ya&#351;la birlikte art&#305;&#351; g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini belgeliyor (Bouchard 2013). Daha sade bir dille &#351;u anlama geliyor: &#199;ocuklar&#305; inceledi&#287;imizde &#231;ocuklar aras&#305;nda g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z zek&#226; farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; &#231;o&#287;unlukla &#231;ocuklar&#305;n genetik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;ndan kaynaklanm&#305;yor; aksine &#231;evre etkilerinden kaynaklan&#305;yor. &#199;ocuklar ya&#351;land&#305;k&#231;a &#231;evrenin etkisi azal&#305;yor ve genetik etkiler a&#287;&#305;r bas&#305;yor.</p><p>&#214;l&#231;&#252;len IQ skorlar&#305; zamanla genetik etkilerden daha fazla etkileniyor, daha az de&#287;il. Bu bulgu sezgilerimize biraz ters d&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. Sonu&#231;ta ya&#351;&#305;m&#305;z ilerledik&#231;e DNA&#8217;m&#305;z ne kadar de&#287;i&#351;ebilir ki zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi arts&#305;n? Bilakis, ya&#351;&#305;m&#305;z ilerledik&#231;e farkl&#305; insanlarla tan&#305;&#351;&#305;yoruz, farkl&#305; kitaplar okuyoruz, farkl&#305; insanlar&#305; kendimize ilham al&#305;yoruz, farkl&#305; okullara gidiyoruz. Basit&#231;e, &#231;evrenin daha etkili olmas&#305; gerekmez mi? Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar g&#246;steriyor ki tersi do&#287;ru. </p><h1>Zek&#226;n&#305;n Geli&#351;imini &#304;ncelemek</h1><p>Yukar&#305;da zek&#226;n&#305;n ya&#351;la beraber kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesinin artt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steren Wilson Etkisinden bahsettim ama bu etkinin tam &#8220;neden&#8221; ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti&#287;inden bahsetmedim. Bu sorunun cevab&#305; son b&#246;l&#252;mde, &#246;nce ya&#351;am boyunca IQ skorlar&#305;n&#305;n stabilitesini, yani sabitli&#287;ini/istikrar&#305;n&#305; inceleyece&#287;iz (yaz&#305; boyunca stabilite kelimesini kullanaca&#287;&#305;m) </p><p>&#304;lk inceleyece&#287;imiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma Breit ve di&#287;erleri (2024) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan meta-analiz. Bu meta-analiz i&#231;in Breit vd. (2024) toplam &#246;rneklemi 87.408 ki&#351;i olan 205 boylamsal &#231;al&#305;&#351;may&#305; analiz ediyor. &#199;al&#305;&#351;madaki ama&#231; ki&#351;ilerin t&#252;m ya&#351;am s&#252;resi boyunca &#8220;s&#305;ra-d&#252;zen stabilitesini&#8221; (rank-order stability) &#231;&#305;kartmak. &#8220;S&#305;ra-d&#252;zen stabilitesi&#8221; basit&#231;e &#351;u soruyu soruyor: 100 &#231;ocu&#287;u test puanlar&#305;na g&#246;re s&#305;raya dizseniz, y&#305;llar sonra kabaca ayn&#305; s&#305;rada olurlar m&#305;? r=1.0 stabilitesi m&#252;kemmel bir uyum anlam&#305;na gelir (herkes ayn&#305; s&#305;rada kal&#305;r). r=0.0 stabilitesi ise tam bir karma&#351;a demektir</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png" width="1279" height="864" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!U8Pt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F073aff4c-bb92-4f61-a444-10a61217247b_1279x864.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(Breit vd. 2024, s. 27)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n sonucu asl&#305;nda yukar&#305;daki grafik. Buray&#305; detayl&#305; okumak istemezseniz paragraf&#305; atlay&#305;n!:</p><p>Fig&#252;r neyi a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor: <strong>Eksenler:</strong> Fig&#252;r, yatay eksende <strong>Ya&#351; (Age)</strong> ve dikey eksende <strong>Aral&#305;k (Interval)</strong> (testler aras&#305;ndaki y&#305;l say&#305;s&#305;) aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi g&#246;sterir. Grafik, renkler &#252;zerinden belirli b&#246;lge g&#246;sterir: <strong>Ye&#351;il B&#246;lge (rtt&#8203;&gt;0.8):</strong> <strong>Y&#252;ksek Stabilite.</strong> Bu, bir test sonucunun bireysel tan&#305; kararlar&#305; i&#231;in yeterince g&#252;venilir kald&#305;&#287;&#305; &#8220;raf &#246;mr&#252;&#8221;d&#252;r; <strong>Sar&#305; B&#246;lge (rtt&#8203;=0.7&#8722;0.8):</strong> <strong>Orta D&#252;zey Stabilite.</strong> Grup d&#252;zeyindeki kararlar i&#231;in yeterli olabilir; l&#226;kin bireysel d&#252;zeyde risklidir; K<strong>&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; B&#246;lge (rtt&#8203;&lt;0.7):</strong> <strong>D&#252;&#351;&#252;k Stabilite.</strong> Test sonucunun art&#305;k g&#252;venilir bir &#351;ekilde mevcut durumu yans&#305;tmad&#305;&#287;&#305; b&#246;lgedir.</p><p>D&#252;&#351;&#252;k Stabilite (&#199;ocukluk): Okul &#246;ncesi &#231;ocuklarda stabilite d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;r. 2 ya&#351;&#305;nda yap&#305;lan bir test, 6 ya&#351;&#305;nda yap&#305;lacak bir testi tahmin etmede &#231;ok zay&#305;ft&#305;r. K&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir &#231;ocu&#287;un (&#246;rn. 6 ya&#351;) zeka testinin &#8220;raf &#246;mr&#252;&#8221; (ye&#351;il b&#246;lge) &#231;ok k&#305;sad&#305;r, sadece yakla&#351;&#305;k 1-2 y&#305;l.</p><p>Artan Stabilite (&#199;ocukluk): &#199;ocuklar b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;k&#231;e, stabilite &#8220;h&#305;zla artar&#8221;. S&#305;ralamalar adeta al&#231;&#305; gibi &#8220;sertle&#351;meye&#8221; ba&#351;lar. &#199;ocuk b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;k&#231;e (&#246;rn. 12 ya&#351;), skorun &#8220;raf &#246;mr&#252;&#8221; uzar (yakla&#351;&#305;k 4 y&#305;l).</p><p>Y&#252;ksek Stabilite (Yeti&#351;kinlik): Ge&#231; ergenlikten ileri ya&#351;lara kadar, stabilite y&#252;ksek ve &#8220;tutarl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde y&#252;ksek&#8221; bir platoya ula&#351;&#305;r. Yeti&#351;kinlikte (&#246;rn. 18 ya&#351; ve sonras&#305;), skorun &#8220;raf &#246;mr&#252;&#8221; &#231;ok daha uzundur (yakla&#351;&#305;k 6 y&#305;l).</p><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, 20 ya&#351;&#305;nda bir yeti&#351;kinin 5 y&#305;l sonra tekrar test edildi&#287;inde &#961;=.76 gibi y&#252;ksek bir ortalama s&#305;ra-d&#252;zen stabilitesi buldular.</p><p>Daha kolay bir dilde anlatmak gerekirse, bir IQ skoru i&#231;in bir &#8220;raf &#246;mr&#252;&#8221; &#231;izelgesi olu&#351;turdular. Bireysel d&#252;zeyde tan&#305;sal kararlar almak i&#231;in gereken minimum stabiliteyi rtt&#8203;=.80 olarak tan&#305;mlad&#305;lar.</p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in: K&#252;&#231;&#252;k &#231;ocuklarda, bu stabilite sadece 7 ya&#351;&#305;ndan sonra ve &#8220;k&#305;sa zaman aral&#305;klar&#305;&#8221; i&#231;in beklenir. &#214;rne&#287;in, 6 ya&#351;&#305;nda, bir test skoru bu r=.80 e&#351;i&#287;ini yaln&#305;zca yakla&#351;&#305;k bir y&#305;ll&#305;k bir test-tekrar test aral&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;yor. <strong>Daha b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;ocuklarda,</strong> skor daha stabil hale gelir. <strong>12 ya&#351;&#305;nda,</strong> skor yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>d&#246;rt y&#305;l</strong> boyunca &#8216;ge&#231;erli&#8217; say&#305;l&#305;r. <strong>Yeti&#351;kinlerde</strong> stabilite &#231;ok y&#252;ksektir. Bu rtt&#8203;=.80 kriteri 5 y&#305;l&#305; a&#351;an aral&#305;klar i&#231;in kar&#351;&#305;lan&#305;r. <strong>18 ya&#351;&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde,</strong> bir skor bu seviyede <strong>alt&#305; y&#305;ldan fazla</strong> bir s&#252;re boyunca stabil kal&#305;r. </p><p>&#304;kinci &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma Gustavson ve di&#287;erleri (2025) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan bir ikiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;. Gustavson vd., 205 &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n <em>ortalamas&#305;na</em> bakmak yerine, <em>tek bir boylamsal &#231;al&#305;&#351;may&#305;</em> (Colorado Boylamsal &#304;kiz &#199;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;) kullanarak <strong>ayn&#305; 1.098 ki&#351;ilik grubu</strong> bebeklikten ba&#351;lay&#305;p yeti&#351;kinli&#287;e kadar (29 ya&#351;&#305;na kadar) takip etti. Breit vd. (2024) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya t&#252;m pop&#252;lasyonun 10.000 metreden &#231;ekilmi&#351; bir foto&#287;raf olarak bakabilirsiniz; Gustavson vd. (2025) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya ise bir grup insan&#305; inceleyen bir video. </p><p>Yap&#305;lan bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma genetik bilgilerin bulundu&#287;u bir ikiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; oldu&#287;u i&#231;in, bize &#8220;neden&#8221; hakk&#305;nda da ilk ipu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; veriyor:</p><p>Bir bebe&#287;in yeti&#351;kinlikteki IQ&#8217;sunu tahmin edebilir misiniz? Evet ama m&#252;tevaz&#305; bir d&#252;zeyde. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, hen&#252;z <strong>7 ila 9 ayl&#305;kken</strong> al&#305;nan iki &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;n (&#8221;nesne yenili&#287;i&#8221; [bir bebe&#287;in yeni bir nesneye ne kadar s&#252;re bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;] ve &#8220;test&#231;inin de&#287;erlendirdi&#287;i g&#246;rev y&#246;nelimi&#8221; [bir bebe&#287;in odaklanmas&#305;]) neredeyse 30 y&#305;l sonra, 29 ya&#351;&#305;nda, genel bili&#351;sel yeteneklerini (GCA) m&#252;tevaz&#305; ama anlaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; buldular (s&#305;ras&#305;yla <strong>r=0.16</strong> ve <strong>r=0.18</strong>)</p><p><strong>Stabilite k&#305;sm&#305; ise biraz daha ilgin&#231;.</strong> Gustavson vd. Breit ve arkada&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n tan&#305;mlad&#305;&#287;&#305; <em>tam olarak ayn&#305;</em> stabilizasyon modelini kendi tek &#246;rneklemlerinde replike ediyor. Farkl&#305; ya&#351;lardaki GCA puanlar&#305;n&#305; 29 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki nihai yeti&#351;kinlik puan&#305;yla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yorlar.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Y&#305;l 1-2</strong> vs. <strong>Y&#305;l 29</strong> GCA&#8217;s&#305;: <strong>r &#8776;  0.31</strong>&#8216;l&#305;k m&#252;tevaz&#305; bir korelasyon.</p></li><li><p><strong>Y&#305;l 7</strong> vs. <strong>Y&#305;l 29</strong> GCA&#8217;s&#305;: <strong>r &#8776; 0.72</strong>&#8216;lik g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir korelasyon.</p></li><li><p><strong>Y&#305;l 16</strong> vs. <strong>Y&#305;l 29</strong> GCA&#8217;s&#305;: <strong>r &#8776; 0.86</strong>&#8216;lik &#231;ok g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir korelasyon.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png" width="696" height="401.06043956043953" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vSbJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6836ee29-a5e2-479c-8c28-1ea39af2d0e9_3351x1932.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(Gustavson et al. 2025, Appendix)</figcaption></figure></div></li></ul><p></p><p>Yukar&#305;da bahsedilen iki &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bir grubun <em>ortalamas&#305;na</em> bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda zek&#226;n&#305;n ergenlikle birlikte b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de &#8220;stabil&#8221; hale geldi&#287;ini g&#246;steriyor. Fakat bu bulgu, hikayenin tamam&#305; de&#287;il. &#8220;Y&#252;ksek stabilite&#8221; demek, &#8220;herkesin ayn&#305; kald&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8221; anlam&#305;na gelmez.</p><p>Blanch vd. (2025) taraf&#305;ndan yak&#305;n zamanda yap&#305;lan bu ara&#351;t&#305;rma Morris vd. taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma gibi, devasa <strong>TEDS (&#304;kizler Erken Geli&#351;im &#199;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;)</strong> veri setini kulland&#305;. Bu kez odak noktas&#305; farkl&#305;yd&#305;: Erken ya&#351;ta (4 ve 7 ya&#351;) &#8220;ortalama &#252;st&#252; zek&#226;ya sahip&#8221; olarak tan&#305;mlanan &#231;ocuklara ne oldu&#287;unu ara&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;lar. Bu &#231;ocuklar y&#252;ksek puanlar&#305;n&#305; korudular m&#305;, yoksa zamanla &#8220;normale&#8221; mi d&#246;nd&#252;ler?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png" width="1456" height="986" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:601177,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/178149862?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!t7NI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F91e45112-2789-4fcb-b7cb-7ecde351df77_1984x1343.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(Blanch vd. 2025, Fig&#252;r 1)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Bulgular&#305; &#351;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305;: &#8220;Bili&#351;sel hareketlilik&#8221; (cognitive mobility) normun kendisiydi. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, 7 ya&#351;&#305;nda &#8216;ortalama &#252;st&#252; zek&#226;ya&#8217; (genel bili&#351;sel yetenek skoru, yani tam &#246;l&#231;ekli IQ &gt; 115) sahip olarak tan&#305;mlanan &#231;ocuklar&#305;n <strong>sadece %16&#8217;s&#305;n&#305;n</strong> 16 ya&#351;&#305;na geldiklerinde bu durumu koruyabildiklerini buldu. &#199;o&#287;unluk, ortalamaya do&#287;ru geri <strong>(regression to mean)</strong> &#231;ekilmi&#351;ti. Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde, 7 ya&#351;&#305;nda ortalama (GCA100) grupta olanlar&#305;n %8&#8217;i 16 ya&#351;&#305;na geldiklerinde &#8216;ortalama &#252;st&#252; zek&#226;ya sahip&#8217; grubuna <em>y&#252;kselmi&#351;ti</em>. Bu sonu&#231;lar bize bili&#351;sel hareketlilik oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steriyor. Erken ya&#351;ta &#8220;&#252;st&#252;n zekal&#305;&#8221; tan&#305;s&#305; almak, &#246;m&#252;r boyu &#252;st&#252;n zek&#226;l&#305; oldu&#287;unuz anlam&#305;na gelmiyor.</p><p>Peki, bu &#8216;hareketlili&#287;i&#8217; (kimin y&#252;kselip kimin d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;) ne yorduyordu? Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, ev ortam&#305;, davran&#305;&#351; sorunlar&#305; veya ya&#351;am olaylar&#305; gibi &#8220;durumsal fakt&#246;rlerin&#8221; bu de&#287;i&#351;imi a&#231;&#305;klamakta (&#246;zellikle ortalama &#252;st&#252; zek&#226;) b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de <em>ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z</em> oldu&#287;unu buldular. De&#287;i&#351;imi yordayan ana fakt&#246;rler daha &#231;ok ki&#351;isel fakt&#246;rlerdi, yani &#231;ocuklar&#305;n <strong>poligenik skorlar&#305; (genetik inovasyon ve amplifikasyon!)</strong> ve ebeveynlerinin e&#287;itim/meslek durumu. Sonu&#231; olarak zek&#226;n&#305;n stabil hale geldi&#287;ini de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bu stabiliteye ra&#287;men bireylerin genetik potansiyellerine do&#287;ru &#8220;&#231;ekildi&#287;ini&#8221; de biliyoruz. </p><p>Bebeklik ve yeti&#351;kinlik aras&#305;nda <em>ne oluyor da</em> istikrarl&#305; olmayan bu psikolojik &#246;zellik neredeyse oldu&#287;u yere &#231;ak&#305;l&#305;yor? Genler (do&#287;a) bu i&#351;i <em>nas&#305;l</em> yap&#305;yor? Genetik etki, ya&#351;la birlikte nas&#305;l bu kadar bask&#305;n hale geliyor?</p><h1>Nas&#305;l? </h1><p>Bu konudaki en &#246;nemli &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma yak&#305;n zamanda Damien Morris ve meslekta&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n 2024 tarihli <strong>&#8220;Zeka &#252;zerindeki genetik ve &#231;evresel etkilerdeki geli&#351;imsel de&#287;i&#351;imin mekanizmalar&#305;&#8221;</strong> ba&#351;l&#305;kl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, eksik olan &#8220;nas&#305;l&#8221;&#305; a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor.</p><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada &#304;kizler Erken Geli&#351;im &#199;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;&#8217;ndan (TEDS) <strong>10.535 ikiz &#231;iftinden</strong> olu&#351;an devasa bir boylamsal &#246;rneklemi kulland&#305;lar ve onlar&#305; <strong>2 ya&#351;&#305;ndan 16 ya&#351;&#305;na kadar 9 kez</strong> test ettiler. B&#246;ylece Wilson Etkisini test ettiler. Basit bir ACE modeli &#252;zerinden bulduklar&#305; sonu&#231;lar &#351;&#246;yle:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Kat&#305;ksal Genetik (A):</strong> Bu, insanlar aras&#305;ndaki <em>farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n</em> <em>genleriyle</em> a&#231;&#305;klanan oran&#305;d&#305;r.</p><ul><li><p><strong>2 ya&#351;&#305;nda</strong> kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi sadece <strong>%24</strong> idi.</p></li><li><p><strong>16 ya&#351;&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde,</strong> kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi <em>iki kat&#305;na &#231;&#305;karak</em> <strong>%48-52</strong>&#8216;ye ula&#351;t&#305;.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evre (C):</strong> Bu, bir evdeki karde&#351;leri <em>benzer</em> k&#305;lan her &#351;eyin etkisidir (ailenin sosyoekonomik durumu, ebeveynlik tarz&#305;, mahalle).</p><ul><li><p><strong>2 ya&#351;&#305;nda</strong> bu, <strong>%65</strong> ile <em>bask&#305;n</em> etken haline geldi. </p></li><li><p><strong>16 ya&#351;&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde,</strong> etkisi <strong>%9-13</strong>&#8216;e kadar <em>&#231;&#246;kt&#252;</em>.</p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#199;evre (E):</strong> Bu, karde&#351;leri <em>farkl&#305;</em> k&#305;lan her &#351;eydir (benzersiz arkada&#351;lar, farkl&#305; &#246;&#287;retmenler, rastgele ya&#351;am olaylar&#305;).</p><ul><li><p>Bu etki <em>b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;</em>, 2 ya&#351;&#305;nda <strong>%11</strong> iken 16 ya&#351;&#305;nda <strong>~%39-40</strong>&#8216;a <em>y&#252;kseldi</em>.</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>&#214;zet olarak g&#246;zlemlenen olgu &#351;u: &#199;ocuklar b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;k&#231;e ve benzersiz deneyimlerle dolu bir hayat ya&#351;ad&#305;k&#231;a (okul, arkada&#351;lar, hobiler), payla&#351;&#305;lan aile &#231;evrelerinin etkisi <em>h&#305;zla azal&#305;rken</em>, genlerinin etkisi <em>iki kat&#305;na &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor</em>. Bu konuda iki a&#231;&#305;klama var. &#304;lki inovasyon, ikincisi amplifikasyon.</p><h2>Teori 1: Genetik &#304;novasyon (Genlerin &#8220;Devreye Girmesi&#8221;)</h2><p>Bu, Ronald Wilson taraf&#305;ndan &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;len orijinal teoriydi. Fikir basit&#231;e &#351;udur: DNA&#8217;n&#305;z devasa bir taslakt&#305;r; fakat tamam&#305; ayn&#305; anda aktif de&#287;ildir. Bili&#351;sel geli&#351;im a&#351;amal&#305; bir s&#252;re&#231;tir ve farkl&#305; gen setleri yeni sistemler in&#351;a etmek i&#231;in farkl&#305; a&#351;amalarda &#8220;devreye girer&#8221; veya &#8220;inovasyon&#8221; (yenilik) yapar.</p><p>En bariz analoji ergenliktir. Ergenlik geli&#351;iminden sorumlu genler 5 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki bir &#231;ocukta &#8220;uykudad&#305;r&#8221;. Devreye girdiklerinde, daha &#246;nce orada olmayan <em>yeni</em> genetik etkiler sunarlar.</p><p>Morris vd. taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bunun <strong>kesinlikle do&#287;ru oldu&#287;unu buldu, &#246;zellikle de erken &#231;ocuklukta.</strong> Kal&#305;tsall&#305;ktaki art&#305;&#351;&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;, beyin geli&#351;tik&#231;e devreye giren yeni genetik fakt&#246;rlerden kaynaklan&#305;yor. Fakat her &#351;eyi a&#231;&#305;klam&#305;yor.</p><h2>Teori 2: Genetik Amplifikasyon</h2><p>Davran&#305;&#351; genetik&#231;isi Robert Plomin taraf&#305;ndan savunulan bu ikinci teori, daha incelikli ve bana g&#246;re daha derindir.</p><p>Bu teori, en ba&#351;&#305;ndan beri sahip oldu&#287;unuz genlerin sadece yerinde durmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, etkilerinin <em>daha g&#252;r&#252;lt&#252;l&#252;/g&#252;&#231;l&#252;</em> hale geldi&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rer. Zamanla <strong>amplifiye edilirler</strong> (g&#252;&#231;lendirilirler) ve ya&#351;land&#305;k&#231;a varyans&#305;n <em>daha fazlas&#305;n&#305;</em> a&#231;&#305;klarlar.</p><p>4 ya&#351;&#305;nda bir &#231;ocu&#287;u <strong>i&#351;lemleme h&#305;z&#305;nd</strong>a (processing speed) <em>birazc&#305;k</em> daha iyi yapan k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir genetik &#8220;avantaj&#8221; hayal edin. Kendi ba&#351;&#305;na bu k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir etkidir. Ama o &#231;ocu&#287;a ne olur? Okumay&#305; biraz daha kolay bulur. Bundan biraz daha fazla keyif al&#305;r. <em>Keyif i&#231;in okumaya</em> ba&#351;lar. Bu <em>davran&#305;&#351;</em> (okuma), bili&#351;sel becerilerini geli&#351;tirir, bu da onu okumada <em>daha iyi</em> yapar, bu da ondan <em>daha fazla keyif almas&#305;n&#305;</em> sa&#287;lar.</p><p>4 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki o k&#252;&#231;&#252;c&#252;k genetik avantaj, 14 ya&#351;&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde deneyimle <em>amplifiye edilerek</em> b&#252;y&#252;k bir entelekt&#252;el avantaja d&#246;n&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Genin &#8220;sesi&#8221; a&#231;&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Morris &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; bunun <strong>da do&#287;ru oldu&#287;unu buldu, &#246;zellikle de ileri &#231;ocukluk ve ergenlik d&#246;neminde</strong>. IQ&#8217;nun stabilizasyonu iki b&#246;l&#252;ml&#252; bir s&#252;re&#231;tir: yeni genler devreye girer (inovasyon) ve eski genler amplifiye edilir (g&#252;&#231;lenir).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png" width="1200" height="407.14285714285717" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:494,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:1266955,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/178149862?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-large" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FSav!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe099b338-16d2-4118-94a4-c20816d4674c_4276x1452.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(Morris vd. 2024, Tablo 1 &amp;2).</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><h1>Amplifikasyon Nedir?</h1><p>Yaz&#305;y&#305; kavramlara bo&#287;du&#287;umu biliyorum ama amplifikasyon kavram&#305;n&#305; kavramak i&#231;in modern psikolojide kullan&#305;lan bir kavrama da de&#287;inmemiz gerekiyor: Gen-&#199;evre Korelasyonu (rGE). Bir di&#287;er kavram da gen-&#231;evre etkile&#351;imi (GxE) ama bu ba&#351;ka bir zaman&#305;n konusu.</p><p>Gen-&#231;evre korelasyonu basit&#231;e genlerinizin sadece <strong>&#246;zelliklerinizi</strong> (trait) belirlemedi&#287;i, ayn&#305; zamanda <em>deneyimledi&#287;iniz &#231;evreleri</em> de aktif olarak etkiledi&#287;i fikridir. Morris vd., bunu amplifikasyonun birincil motoru olarak &#246;nermektedir.</p><p><strong>Aktif rGE: </strong>Bu kavram asl&#305;nda Plomin&#8217;in bahsetti&#287;i &#8220;amplifikat&#246;r&#8221;d&#252;r. &#304;nsanlar kendi genetik e&#287;ilimlerine uyan &#231;evreleri (&#8221;ni&#351;leri&#8221;) <em>aktif olarak aramay&#305;, se&#231;meyi ve yaratmay&#305; tercih eder</em>. &#214;rne&#287;in, soyut/felsefi kavramlar&#305; daha kolay anlad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in (at&#305;yorum daha iyi s&#246;zel yetene&#287;i sayesinde) kendisini bu a&#231;&#305;dan geli&#351;tirecek &#231;evrelere aktif olarak y&#246;nelen ki&#351;inin eylemini <strong>aktif rGE</strong> olarak kodlayabiliriz. Buna <strong>ni&#351; se&#231;imi</strong> (niche-picking) denir.</p><p>Pasif rGE: Bebeklikte, ebeveynlerinizden <em>hem genlerin hem de &#231;evrelerin</em> pasif bir al&#305;c&#305;s&#305;s&#305;n&#305;z. Daha zeki ebeveynler sadece genlerini aktarmakla kalmaz, ayn&#305; zamanda &#231;ocuklar&#305;n&#305;n zek&#226;s&#305;n&#305; geli&#351;tirebilecekleri bir &#231;evre sa&#287;lama olas&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; da daha y&#252;ksektir (kitaplarla dolu bir ev, karma&#351;&#305;k dil kullan&#305;m&#305;, e&#287;itici oyuncaklar, daha az dikkat da&#287;&#305;n&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;na neden olan bir &#231;evre).  Morris vd. (2024), yapt&#305;klar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada (<strong>2 ya&#351;&#305;nda %65</strong>) devasa bir <strong>Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evre (C)</strong> etkisi olarak <em>g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z</em> &#351;eyin bu oldu&#287;unu tart&#305;&#351;&#305;yor. Bu <em>sadece</em> &#231;evre de&#287;ildir; &#231;ocu&#287;un genleriyle <em>pasif olarak ili&#351;kili</em> bir &#231;evredir.</p><p>Evokatif rGE: Genetik e&#287;ilimleriniz d&#252;nyadan belirli tepkiler <em>uyand&#305;r&#305;r</em> (evoke eder) veya k&#305;&#351;k&#305;rt&#305;r. Do&#287;u&#351;tan daha merakl&#305; ve ilgili olan bir &#231;ocuk, yeti&#351;kinlerden daha fazla ilgi ve karma&#351;&#305;k yan&#305;tlar alarak bili&#351;sel geli&#351;imini <em>g&#252;&#231;lendirir</em>. Bu durum erken ba&#351;lar ve &#8220;aile&#8221; etkisinin neden t&#252;m karde&#351;ler i&#231;in ayn&#305; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamaya yard&#305;mc&#305; olur.</p><h1>Sonu&#231;</h1><p>B&#252;t&#252;n bunlar&#305; okudu&#287;umuzda giri&#351;te bahsedilen Wilson etkisine geri d&#246;nm&#252;&#351; oluyoruz. Yani ya&#351;&#305;m&#305;z ilerledik&#231;e genetik etkilerin zek&#226;y&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamadaki g&#252;c&#252; art&#305;yor. Bu ger&#231;ekli&#287;e nas&#305;l yakla&#351;mal&#305;y&#305;z? D&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim.</p><p>Maksimum de&#287;i&#351;kenlik d&#246;nemi erken &#231;ocukluktur. Bu, ni&#351; se&#231;iminin aktif amplifikasyon motoru devralmadan &#246;nce, &#8220;Payla&#351;&#305;lan &#199;evre&#8221;nin bask&#305;n fakt&#246;r oldu&#287;u zamand&#305;r (2 ya&#351;&#305;nda %65). Gustavson &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; bu noktay&#305; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a vurgulayarak, bulgular&#305;n&#305;n &#8220;erken &#231;ocukluk &#231;evresinin kal&#305;c&#305; sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; vurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;&#8221; ve 1-2 ya&#351;lar&#305;ndaki payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evresel etkilerin 29 ya&#351;&#305;nda bile GCA&#8217;daki varyans&#305;n %10&#8217;unu a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtiyor. &#304;lk 5 y&#305;lda zengin, te&#351;vik edici ve destekleyici &#8220;payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evreler&#8221; yaratan m&#252;dahaleler, bir &#231;ocu&#287;u daha iyi bir bili&#351;sel y&#246;r&#252;ngeye oturtmak i&#231;in en iyi &#351;ansa sahiptir. Dahas&#305;, &#351;unu da hat&#305;rlamakta fayda var: Zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesini art&#305;ran &#351;ey sadece devreye yeni giren genler (genetik inovasyon) de&#287;il , ayn&#305; zamanda genetik amplifikasyondur. Bu, aktif rGE (aktif gen-&#231;evre korelasyonu) &#252;zerinden sizin ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;iniz bir &#351;eydir. D&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;nden ve y&#252;kseli&#351;inden belirli bir oranda siz (ailenizle birlikte) sorumlusunuz.</p><p>Giri&#351; k&#305;sm&#305;nda Yal&#305;n Alpay&#8217;dan bahsetmi&#351;tim. Yal&#305;n Alpay&#8217;&#305;n ald&#305;&#287;&#305; IQ skorunu ve &#252;st&#252;n zek&#226;l&#305; tan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; korudu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum; l&#226;kin Yal&#305;n Alpay binlerce &#246;rnekten sadece biri. Yukar&#305;daki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n da g&#246;sterdi&#287;i gibi bu d&#246;nemde belirli bir zamanda yap&#305;lan IQ testi sonraki zamandaki IQ testlerini iyi derecede &#246;ng&#246;rmez. &#199;ocuklar&#305;n IQ skorlar&#305; belirli tan&#305;lar koymak i&#231;in yeterli de&#287;ildir. Dahas&#305; &#252;st&#252;n zek&#226;l&#305; veya ortalama zek&#226;l&#305; tan&#305;s&#305; almak da sabit bir durumu ifade etmez, bili&#351;sel hareketlili&#287;e tabidir. Blanch vd. (2025) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;may&#305; hat&#305;rlayal&#305;m. 7 ya&#351;&#305;nda &#252;st&#252;n yetenekli (GCA &gt; 115) olarak tan&#305;mlananlar&#305;n sadece %16&#8217;s&#305;n&#305;n 16 ya&#351;&#305;nda bu stat&#252;y&#252; korudu&#287;u g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. Bu nedenle &#231;ocuklar sonradan tekrar &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmelidir.</p><p>Son olarak, bu e&#287;ilimlerin veya a&#231;&#305;klanan varyans&#305;n bir &#231;e&#351;it genetik determinizmin (kadercili&#287;in) olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; da hat&#305;rlamak gerekiyor. Genleriniz kaderiniz de&#287;il, hi&#231;bir zaman olmad&#305;. Onlar sizin e&#287;ilimlerinizdir. Bu e&#287;ilimler sizi zorla bir yere s&#252;r&#252;klemez, sadece sizin bir yere yakla&#351;man&#305;zdaki &#8220;d&#252;rt&#252;&#8221;d&#252;r (nudge). Sizi matematikten uzakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;p m&#252;zi&#287;e veya spordan uzakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;p kitaplara y&#246;nlendirmi&#351; olabilirler. Nihayetinde siz, bu d&#252;rt&#252;lere yan&#305;t olarak yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z se&#231;imlerin bile&#351;ik etkisiyle, yani se&#231;ti&#287;iniz &#231;evreyle (aktif rGE veya &#8220;ni&#351; se&#231;imi&#8221;), bug&#252;nk&#252; ki&#351;i oldunuz.</p><h1>Kaynak&#231;a</h1><p>Blanch, Angel, Sergio Escorial, ve Roberto Colom. 2025. &#8220;Developmental changes in high cognitive ability children: The role of nature and nurture&#8221;. <em>Intelligence &amp; Cognitive Abilities</em>, Eyl&#252;l 16. <a href="https://icajournal.scholasticahq.com/article/144062-developmental-changes-in-high-cognitive-ability-children-the-role-of-nature-and-nurture">https://icajournal.scholasticahq.com/article/144062-developmental-changes-in-high-cognitive-ability-children-the-role-of-nature-and-nurture</a>.</p><p>Breit, Moritz, Vsevolod Scherrer, Elliot M. Tucker-Drob, and Franzis Preckel. 2024. &#8216;The Stability of Cognitive Abilities: A Meta-Analytic Review of Longitudinal Studies&#8217;. <em>Psychological Bulletin</em> (US) 150 (4): 399&#8211;439. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000425">https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000425</a>.</p><p>Gustavson, Daniel E., Giulia A. Borriello, Mohini A. Karhadkar, et al. 2025. &#8216;Stability of General Cognitive Ability from Infancy to Adulthood: A Combined Twin and Genomic Investigation&#8217;. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 122 (21): e2426531122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2426531122">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2426531122</a>.</p><p>Morris, Damien Matthew, Stuart James Ritchie, ve Robert Plomin. 2024. &#8220;Mechanisms of developmental change in genetic and environmental influences on intelligence&#8221;. Preprint, PsyArXiv, Ekim 15. <a href="https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uqybg">https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/uqybg</a>.</p><p>Bouchard, Thomas J. 2013. &#8220;The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age&#8221;. <em>Twin Research and Human Genetics</em> 16 (5): 923-30. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54">https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54</a>.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik  is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Animasyonlu Grafikler Üzerinden Nedensel Çıkarımları Anlamak]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kontrol Etme, E&#351;le&#351;tirme, Ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;keni vb. y&#246;ntemleri anlamak]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/animasyonlu-grafikler-uzerinden-nedensel</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/animasyonlu-grafikler-uzerinden-nedensel</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Sep 2025 11:01:18 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu yaz&#305;, Nick Huntington-Klein&#8217;in <strong>animasyonlu grafiklerle nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mlar&#305;</strong> anlatt&#305;&#287;&#305; sayfan&#305;n T&#252;rk&#231;e yeniden anlat&#305;m&#305;d&#305;r. Bu nedenle &#231;ok &#246;zg&#252;n &#351;eyler yazmayaca&#287;&#305;m. Sadece &#252;&#231; &#351;ey yapaca&#287;&#305;m: 1) Ekstra bir b&#246;l&#252;m eklemek, 2) Birebir &#231;evirmek yerine T&#252;rk&#231;e &#246;zetlemek, 3) Animasyonlu grafiklerdeki a&#351;amalar&#305; T&#252;rk&#231;e anlatmak</p><p>Sayfan&#305;n orjinalini bu linkten bulabilirsiniz: https://nickchk.com/causalgraphs.html#post-treatment-controls</p><p>Ayn&#305; zamanda Nick Huntington-Klein&#8217;in <em>The Effect: An Introduction to Research Design and Causality</em> kitab&#305; internette eri&#351;ime a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r ve harika bir kitapt&#305;r. Lisans &#246;&#287;rencisiyseniz &#351;imdiden okuman&#305;z&#305; tavsiye ederim &#231;&#252;nk&#252; zamans&#305;z bir kitap. &#304;&#231;inde yazan &#351;eyler y&#305;llar sonra tekrar tekrar okunabilir. </p><p>Link: https://theeffectbook.net/</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik sizin sayenizde var. Arkada&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;z&#305; da abone ederseniz sevinirim :P </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h1>Giri&#351;</h1><p>Basit istatistik &#246;&#287;renip ekonometri ve psikometri alanlar&#305;na ge&#231;ti&#287;imizde bu alanlarda kullan&#305;lan y&#246;ntemler genellikle pe&#351; pe&#351;e s&#305;ralan&#305;yor:</p><p>    - &#199;ok de&#287;i&#351;kenli OLS,</p><p>    - Farklar&#305;n fark&#305; tahmincisi (Difference-in-Differences),</p><p>    - Ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;kenler (Instrumental Variables).</p><p>Bu y&#246;ntemlerin nas&#305;l uygulanaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve bu y&#246;ntemleri kullan&#305;rken hangi varsay&#305;mlara ba&#351;vuruldu&#287;unu &#246;&#287;reniyoruz; fakat &#231;o&#287;u zaman ger&#231;ekte ne yapt&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; pek g&#246;rm&#252;yoruz.</p><p>Bu yaz&#305;da, <em><strong>g&#246;zlemsel</strong></em> verilerden nedensel etki &#231;&#305;karmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;an pop&#252;ler y&#246;ntemleri, Nick Huntington-Klein&#8217;in haz&#305;rlad&#305;&#287;&#305; animasyonlu grafiklerle anlatmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m. B&#246;ylece bu y&#246;ntemlerin &#8220;ne&#8221; yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rece&#287;iz.</p><p>&#214;ncelikle:</p><p>&#8220;Bir de&#287;i&#351;kendeki (A) varyasyonun ba&#351;ka bir de&#287;i&#351;ken (B) taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanmas&#305;&#8221; ifadesi &#351;u anlama geliyor:<br>B farkl&#305; de&#287;erler ald&#305;&#287;&#305;nda A&#8217;n&#305;n ortalamas&#305;na bak&#305;yoruz. &#214;rne&#287;in, Alice&#8217;in boyu <strong>163 cm</strong>, Bob&#8217;un boyu <strong>183 cm</strong>, kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ortalama boyu <strong>168 cm</strong>, erkeklerin ortalama boyu <strong>175 cm</strong> olsun. Bu durumda Alice&#8217;in boyunun 168 cm&#8217;si, Bob&#8217;un boyunun 175 cm&#8217;si cinsiyet taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;yor. Geri kalan (163 &#8211; 168 = <strong>-5 cm</strong>) ve (183 &#8211; 175 = <strong>+8 cm</strong>) ise cinsiyetle a&#231;&#305;klanam&#305;yor.</p><p>Not:</p><p>Grafikler en iyi uygulama y&#246;ntemlerini g&#246;stermekten &#231;ok sezgisel bir anlay&#305;&#351; vermek i&#231;in tasarlanm&#305;&#351;. &#214;zellikle e&#351;le&#351;tirme (matching) ve regresyon s&#252;reksizli&#287;i (RDD) &#246;rneklerinde sadece bir y&#246;ntemi veya zay&#305;f bir versiyonunu g&#246;steriyorlar.</p><h1>Kontrol Etmek Ne Demek?</h1><p>Bir ara&#351;t&#305;rmada X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerinde etkisi olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlamak istiyoruz. &#304;lk bak&#305;&#351;ta sadece X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye bakmak yeterli gibi g&#246;r&#252;nebilir ama &#231;o&#287;u zaman de&#287;i&#351;kenler aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kileri incelemek bu kadar basit de&#287;ildir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; X ve Y&#8217;yi ayn&#305; anda etkileyen &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; bir de&#287;i&#351;ken (W) olabilir.</p><p>Bunu bir nedensel diyagramda &#351;&#246;yle g&#246;rebiliriz:</p><ul><li><p>As&#305;l g&#246;rmek istedi&#287;imiz yol <strong>X &#8594; Y</strong> (X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki do&#287;rudan etkisi).</p></li></ul><p>Fakat W hem X&#8217;i hem Y&#8217;yi etkiliyorsa, <strong>X &#8592; W &#8594; Y</strong> diye bir &#8220;gizli&#8221; (back-door path) olu&#351;ur. Bu yol, g&#246;zlemledi&#287;imiz X&#8211;Y ili&#351;kisinin i&#231;ine istenmeyen bir etki katar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png" width="312" height="312" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:312,&quot;width&quot;:312,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5873,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M-GH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff89f719e-2fba-44bf-b555-3e80070a0652_312x312.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#214;rnek:</p><p>    X = E&#287;itim d&#252;zeyi</p><p>    Y = Gelir</p><p>    W = Zek&#226;</p><p>E&#287;itimli insanlar&#305;n daha &#231;ok kazand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;zlemledik. Bunun bir k&#305;sm&#305; ger&#231;ekten e&#287;itimden kaynaklan&#305;yor ama bir k&#305;sm&#305; da zeki insanlar&#305;n hem daha &#231;ok e&#287;itim alma ihtimalinin y&#252;ksek olmas&#305; hem de zek&#226;lar&#305; sayesinde zaten daha &#231;ok kazanabilmesi y&#252;z&#252;nden ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Yani g&#246;zledi&#287;imiz ili&#351;ki <em><strong>salt </strong></em>e&#287;itim etkisini yans&#305;tm&#305;yor. Bu sorunu nas&#305;l &#231;&#246;zebiliriz?</p><p>Burada ortaya &#231;&#305;kan gizli yolu kapatmak i&#231;in W&#8217;yi kontrol etmek gereklidir. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye bakarken W&#8217;nin etkisini &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r&#305;z. Bunu da &#351;u &#351;ekilde yapar&#305;z:</p><ul><li><p> X&#8217;in W taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r&#305;z.</p></li><li><p> Y&#8217;nin W taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r&#305;z.</p></li></ul><p>Geriye kalan X ve Y, W&#8217;den ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z h&#226;le gelir. B&#246;ylece sadece X &#8594; Y etkisi kal&#305;r.</p><p>&#214;zetle: Kontrol etmek, ayn&#305; W seviyesine sahip ki&#351;iler aras&#305;nda X ile Y&#8217;nin ili&#351;kisine bakmakt&#305;r. Bu sayede kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; (confounder) olan de&#287;i&#351;kenin etkisini ay&#305;r&#305;r ve daha do&#287;ru bir nedensel yorum yapar&#305;z.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF&#8217;i okuyal&#305;m.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!q2w4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F774e4ba8-5895-470c-b626-ca0e4a227451_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta grafikte X ve Y aras&#305;ndaki ham ili&#351;ki g&#246;steriliyor (GIF&#8217;teki 1, 2 ve 3 &#351;eklinde devam edene a&#351;amalara dikkatli bak&#305;n). Burada W ad&#305;nda ikili (0 veya 1) bir de&#287;i&#351;ken var ve siyah ile turuncu noktalar bu iki farkl&#305; W de&#287;erini temsil ediyor. &#304;lk bak&#305;&#351;ta X ile Y aras&#305;nda pozitif bir korelasyon var (0.319).</p><p>Bu ili&#351;ki iki &#351;eyin kar&#305;&#351;&#305;m&#305;:</p><ul><li><p>    X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki ger&#231;ek etkisi (ilgilenilen k&#305;s&#305;m).</p></li><li><p>    W&#8217;nin hem X&#8217;i hem Y&#8217;yi etkilemesinden do&#287;an sahte ili&#351;ki (istemedi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m).</p></li></ul><p>GIF&#8217;te &#351;u i&#351;lemler yap&#305;l&#305;yor:</p><p>    &#214;nce X&#8217;in W taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;yor (2 ve 3)</p><p>    Sonra Y&#8217;nin W taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;yor (4 ve 5)</p><p>    Yani, her iki de&#287;i&#351;kenden de W&#8217;nin pay&#305; temizleniyor ve inceleniyor (6)</p><p>B&#246;ylece W &#252;zerinden ortaya &#231;&#305;kan gizl yol (X &#8592; W &#8594; Y) kapan&#305;yor ve elimizde sadece X &#8594; Y ili&#351;kisi kal&#305;yor. Yani art&#305;k korelasyon, W&#8217;nin etkisinden ar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; h&#226;lde ger&#231;ekten X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini g&#246;steriyor. Kontrol etmek dedi&#287;imiz &#351;ey asl&#305;nda X ve Y&#8217;den W&#8217;nin pay&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;karmak ve onlar&#305; ayn&#305; W seviyesinde k&#305;yaslamakt&#305;r. B&#246;ylece g&#246;zlemlenen ili&#351;kiyi daha g&#252;venilir bi&#231;imde nedensel yorumlayabiliriz.</p><h1>E&#351;le&#351;tirme (Matching) Ne Demek?</h1><p>Bir i&#351;lemin/uygulaman&#305;n <strong>(Treatment)</strong> Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini &#246;l&#231;mek istedi&#287;imizde, en basit yol Treatment alanlarla almayanlar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmak gibi g&#246;r&#252;nebilir. Yani sadece &#8220;<strong>&#304;&#351;lemin/Treatment</strong><em><strong>&#305;n</strong></em><strong> uyguland&#305;&#287;&#305; </strong>&#351;ehirler ne kadar b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;, kontrol &#351;ehirleri ne kadar b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;?&#8221; diye bakar&#305;z. Fakat bu yakla&#351;&#305;m yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olabilir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; <strong>&#304;&#351;lem </strong>ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ham ili&#351;ki genellikle ba&#351;ka fakt&#246;rlerden de etkilenir. </p><p>Buradaki temel sorun, &#304;&#351;lem&#8217;i uygulayan ve uygulamayan gruplar&#305;n birbirine benzememesidir. E&#287;er &#304;&#351;lem ile Y aras&#305;nda ba&#351;ka bir de&#287;i&#351;ken (X) ortak olarak rol oynuyorsa, bu durumda gizli yol (back-door path) olu&#351;ur. Yani Y &#252;zerindeki farklar yaln&#305;zca &#304;&#351;lemin etkisinden de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda X&#8217;in hem &#304;&#351;lemi&#8217;i hem de Y&#8217;yi etkilemesinden kaynaklan&#305;r</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png" width="420" height="301" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:301,&quot;width&quot;:420,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8843,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4bE2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F96819a22-7fea-4496-8f5a-927e6beadd45_420x301.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Somut bir &#246;rne&#287;i inceleyelim:</p><p><strong>Treatment</strong>: 2014&#8217;te yol altyap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; geli&#351;tiren &#351;ehirler; <strong>Y</strong>: 2015&#8217;teki ekonomik b&#252;y&#252;me oran&#305;; <strong>X</strong>: 2014 &#246;ncesindeki b&#252;y&#252;me e&#287;ilimi.</p><p>Burada g&#246;zlenen <strong>fark</strong> &#351;udur: Yolunu geli&#351;tiren &#351;ehirler sonraki y&#305;l daha h&#305;zl&#305; b&#252;y&#252;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bunun bir k&#305;sm&#305; ger&#231;ekten yol yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n ekonomiyi canland&#305;rmas&#305;ndan gelir ama bir k&#305;sm&#305; da zaten &#246;nceden h&#305;zl&#305; b&#252;y&#252;yen &#351;ehirlerin bu yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; <strong>yapacak maddi imk&#226;nlara sahip</strong> olmas&#305;ndan gelir. Yani asl&#305;nda g&#246;zlenen fark&#305;n tamam&#305;n&#305; yollara ba&#287;lamak hatal&#305; olur.</p><p>&#304;&#351;te bu nedenle devreye <strong>matching (e&#351;le&#351;tirme) y&#246;ntemi</strong> girer. Matching, Treatment alan &#351;ehirleri, sadece benzer X de&#287;erlerine sahip kontrol &#351;ehirleriyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmam&#305;z&#305; sa&#287;lar. Yani &#8220;&#246;nceden ayn&#305; b&#252;y&#252;me e&#287;ilimine sahip &#351;ehirler&#8221; aras&#305;nda k&#305;yaslama yapar&#305;z. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m, <strong>Treatment &#8592; X &#8594; Y</strong> gizli yolu kapat&#305;r ve geriye yaln&#305;zca <strong>Treatment &#8594; Y</strong> kal&#305;r. </p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF &#252;zerinden bakal&#305;m.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Ham veriyle ba&#351;l&#305;yoruz:</strong> &#304;lk karede ham veriyi g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. Turuncu noktalar Treatment alan g&#246;zlemleri, siyah noktalar ise kontrol grubunu temsil ediyor. Burada g&#246;zlenen farklar hem &#304;&#351;lemin ger&#231;ek etkisini hem de X&#8217;in kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etkisini i&#231;eriyor.</p></li><li><p><strong>X &#252;zerinden e&#351;le&#351;tiriyoruz:</strong> Sonraki ad&#305;mda Treatment grubundaki g&#246;zlemler, benzer X de&#287;erlerine sahip kontrol grubundaki g&#246;zlemlerle e&#351;le&#351;tiriliyor. B&#246;ylece kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalar &#8220;ayn&#305; X ko&#351;ullar&#305;nda&#8221; yap&#305;labiliyor.</p></li><li><p><strong>K&#246;t&#252; e&#351;le&#351;meler&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;yoruz:</strong> E&#351;le&#351;tirmede benzer X de&#287;erine sahip uygun kontrol bulunamayan baz&#305; Treatment g&#246;zlemleri eleniyor. Bu sayede daha adil bir k&#305;yaslama zemini sa&#287;lan&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p><strong>E&#351;le&#351;tirilmi&#351; olanlar&#305; k&#305;yasl&#305;yoruz:</strong> Art&#305;k her Treatment g&#246;zlemi yaln&#305;zca kendisine benzeyen kontrol g&#246;zlemleriyle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;yor. B&#246;ylece Treatment &#8592; X &#8594; Y gizli yolu kapan&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p><strong>Treatment/&#304;&#351;lem* etkisini &#246;l&#231;&#252;yoruz:</strong> Bu e&#351;le&#351;tirilmi&#351; gruplardan elde edilen fark,  &#304;&#351;lemin Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini daha temiz bi&#231;imde yans&#305;t&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p><strong>Yorumluyoruz:</strong> Sonu&#231;ta elde edilen ili&#351;ki, X&#8217;in etkisinden ar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;, nedensel yoruma daha yak&#305;n bir etki &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252; oluyor.</p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:265510,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k2sq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F64051d75-3369-4fe8-93ac-ba700edaf281_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ba&#351;ka bir ifadeyle, matching yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;en s&#252;re&#231; &#351;u &#351;ekildedir:</p><ul><li><p>&#304;&#351;lemin etkisini g&#246;rmek isterken, X&#8217;in pay&#305;n&#305; denk gruplar olu&#351;turarak elimine ederiz.</p></li><li><p>Kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rma &#8220;ayn&#305; &#246;zelliklere sahip &#351;ehirler&#8221; &#252;zerinden yap&#305;l&#305;r, tek fark yol yat&#305;r&#305;m&#305; yap&#305;p yapmamalar&#305;d&#305;r.</p></li></ul><p>B&#246;ylece g&#246;zledi&#287;imiz ili&#351;ki nedensel yoruma daha &#231;ok yakla&#351;&#305;r. Matching, nedensel analizde en s&#305;k kullan&#305;lan y&#246;ntemlerden biridir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; sadece Treatment ile Control aras&#305;ndaki farklara bakmak yerine, onlar&#305; benzer &#246;zelliklere g&#246;re e&#351;le&#351;tirir ve kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305; adil bir zemine ta&#351;&#305;r. Bu y&#246;ntem, &#246;zellikle g&#246;zlemsel verilerde (deney yapamad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z durumlarda) politikalar&#305;n ya da i&#351;lemlerin etkisini &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in &#231;ok &#246;nemlidir.</p><h1>Ara&#231; De&#287;i&#351;keni (Instrumental Variable) Nedir?</h1><p>X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerinde etkisini &#246;l&#231;mek istiyoruz ama bu ili&#351;kiyi do&#287;rudan g&#246;zlemlemek yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olabilir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki farklara ayn&#305; anda etki eden ba&#351;ka bir de&#287;i&#351;ken (<strong>W</strong>) olabilir. Bu durumda g&#246;zledi&#287;imiz ili&#351;ki iki par&#231;adan olu&#351;ur:</p><ul><li><p><strong>X &#8594; Y&#8217;nin ger&#231;ek etkisi</strong> (bizim &#246;&#287;renmek istedi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m),</p></li><li><p><strong>W&#8217;nin hem X hem de Y &#252;zerindeki etkilerinden gelen sahte ili&#351;ki</strong> (g&#246;rmek istemedi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m).</p></li></ul><p>Bu durumda X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ham korelasyon yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olur &#231;&#252;nk&#252; gizli yol (X &#8592; W &#8594; Y) a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r.</p><p>&#304;&#351;te bu noktada <strong>ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;ken (instrumental variable, IV)</strong> devreye girer. E&#287;er elimizde X&#8217;i etkileyen ama Y &#252;zerinde do&#287;rudan bir etkisi olmayan bir de&#287;i&#351;ken (<strong>Z</strong>) varsa, bu de&#287;i&#351;keni &#8220;ara&#231;&#8221; olarak kullanabiliriz. Z&#8217;nin Y &#252;zerindeki tek etkisi, X &#252;zerinden ge&#231;er. Bu nedenle Z ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki W&#8217;den ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r. B&#246;ylece yaln&#305;zca Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; X k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; kullanarak, X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki nedensel etkisini elde edebiliriz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png" width="423" height="295" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:295,&quot;width&quot;:423,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8167,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NKvC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F163147f5-4976-4313-bc9a-9fa07296285f_423x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#214;rnek &#252;zerinden d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim:</strong></p><ul><li><p>X = Ebeveyn geliri</p></li><li><p>Y = &#199;ocu&#287;un sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305;</p></li><li><p>W = Ebeveyn sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305; (hem gelirle hem &#231;ocuk sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ili&#351;kili, yani gizli yolu a&#231;&#305;yor)</p></li><li><p>Z = Ebeveynlere &#231;ocuklar&#305; i&#231;in verilen bir sosyal yard&#305;m program&#305; (ebeveynin gelirini art&#305;r&#305;yor ama ebeveyn sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla hi&#231;bir ilgisi yok).</p></li></ul><p>Burada ebeveyn geliri ile &#231;ocuk sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ham ili&#351;ki kar&#305;&#351;&#305;k bir tablo sunar &#231;&#252;nk&#252; hem gelir hem sa&#287;l&#305;k ayn&#305; anda etkilidir. Fakat &#231;ocuklar i&#231;in verilen sosyal yard&#305;m program&#305; (Z) tamamen rastgele verildi&#287;i i&#231;in ebeveyn sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; de&#287;ildir. Z yaln&#305;zca geliri de&#287;i&#351;tirir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; gelir art&#305;&#351;&#305; k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; izole etti&#287;imizde, bunun &#231;ocuk sa&#287;l&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisi saf bir &#351;ekilde X &#252;zerinden gelmektedir.</p><p><strong>&#214;nemli nokta &#351;udur:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Kontrol etme</strong> y&#246;nteminde, X ve Y&#8217;den belirli bir de&#287;i&#351;kenin (&#246;rne&#287;in W) a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#305;sm&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r&#305;z ve geriye kalan k&#305;s&#305;mlarla inceleriz.</p></li><li><p><strong>Instrumental variables</strong> y&#246;nteminde ise tam tersini yapar&#305;z: X ve Y&#8217;nin sadece <strong>Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;</strong> al&#305;r&#305;z, geri kalan t&#252;m varyasyonu atar&#305;z.</p></li></ul><p>Yani kontrol etme, veriden istenmeyen k&#305;sm&#305; temizlemeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken; ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;ken y&#246;ntemi, veriden yaln&#305;zca g&#252;venilir kayna&#287;&#305; (Z&#8217;nin etkisini) &#231;ekip al&#305;r.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak, e&#287;er Z ger&#231;ekten iyi bir ara&#231;sa (Y&#8217;yi yaln&#305;zca X &#252;zerinden etkiliyorsa), IV sayesinde X &#8594; Y&#8217;nin nedensel etkisini, W gibi kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n bozucu etkisinden ar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; &#351;ekilde tahmin edebiliriz.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF&#8217;i okuyal&#305;m:</p><ol><li><p>&#304;lk karede X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ham ili&#351;ki g&#246;steriliyor. Noktalar&#305;n rengi Z&#8217;nin (ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;ken) iki de&#287;erini (0 = siyah, 1 = turuncu) temsil ediyor. Burada g&#246;r&#252;len korelasyon (0.282), X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki ger&#231;ek etkisini tam olarak yans&#305;tm&#305;yor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenlerin (W) etkisi de i&#351;in i&#231;inde.</p></li><li><p>&#304;kinci a&#351;amada X&#8217;in Z taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;yor. Yani Z=0 ve Z=1 gruplar&#305;na g&#246;re X&#8217;teki sistematik farklar&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. Bu, X&#8217;in &#8220;ara&#231; de&#287;i&#351;kene ba&#287;l&#305; varyasyonu&#8221; oluyor.</p></li><li><p>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; a&#351;amada X de&#287;i&#351;keni, &#8220;Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#305;s&#305;m&#8221; ve &#8220;di&#287;er her &#351;ey&#8221; diye ayr&#305;&#351;&#305;yor. IV mant&#305;&#287;&#305;nda yaln&#305;zca Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305; bu temiz k&#305;s&#305;m kullan&#305;l&#305;yor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; di&#287;er k&#305;s&#305;mlar kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305;larla ili&#351;kili olabilir.</p></li><li><p>D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; a&#351;amada, Y sadece X&#8217;in Z taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;sm&#305;yla ili&#351;kilendiriliyor. Burada gizli yol  (X &#8592; W &#8594; Y) kapan&#305;yor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Z&#8217;nin W ile ba&#287;lant&#305;s&#305; yok.</p></li><li><p>Be&#351;inci a&#351;amada elde edilen ili&#351;ki, X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki nedensel etkisini temsil ediyor. Yani art&#305;k g&#246;zlenen korelasyon kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n etkisinden ar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; hale geliyor.</p></li><li><p>Alt&#305;nc&#305; a&#351;amada, IV y&#246;ntemi sayesinde yaln&#305;zca Z&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;klayabildi&#287;i X varyasyonu &#252;zerinden Y&#8217;ye giden etkiyi &#246;l&#231;m&#252;&#351; oluyoruz. Bu da daha nedensel ili&#351;ki tahmini yapmam&#305;za olanak tan&#305;yor.</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:257070,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XHN1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71484cfa-3c0c-4624-9e5e-6c8f3f2be12b_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>Sabit Etkiler (Fixed Effects) Y&#246;ntemi</h1><p>X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini incelemek isterken kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z en b&#252;y&#252;k sorunlardan biri, g&#246;zlemledi&#287;imiz bireylerin (veya firmalar&#305;n, &#351;ehirlerin, &#252;lkelerin) kendilerine &#246;zg&#252;, <strong>zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;meyen &#246;zellikleridir</strong>. Bu &#246;zellikler (bazen &#8220;g&#246;r&#252;lmeyen heterojenlik&#8221; denir), hem X&#8217;i hem de Y&#8217;yi etkiledi&#287;i i&#231;in X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi bozabilir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png" width="423" height="303" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:303,&quot;width&quot;:423,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8393,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-7ry!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5e601bb-daac-4823-b8cf-76dc88cca24a_423x303.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>B&#246;yle bir durumda g&#246;zlenen ili&#351;ki iki par&#231;aya ayr&#305;l&#305;r:</p><ol><li><p><strong>X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki ger&#231;ek etkisi</strong> &#8594; ilgilendi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m.</p></li><li><p><strong>Birey/firmaya &#246;zg&#252; sabit &#246;zelliklerin etkisi</strong> &#8594; istemedi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m.</p></li></ol><p>&#214;rnek &#252;zerinden d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim:</p><p>X = CEO&#8217;nun e&#287;itim d&#252;zeyi, Y = firman&#305;n y&#305;ll&#305;k k&#226;r&#305; olsun.</p><ul><li><p>Daha prestijli ve b&#252;y&#252;k firmalar hem daha k&#226;rl&#305;d&#305;r hem de daha y&#252;ksek e&#287;itimli CEO&#8217;lar se&#231;er.</p></li><li><p>Bu durumda &#8220;y&#252;ksek e&#287;itimli CEO &#8594; daha &#231;ok k&#226;r&#8221; ili&#351;kisi asl&#305;nda firmaya <strong>&#246;zg&#252;</strong> (yani CEO&#8217;nun kendisi de&#287;il) &#246;zelliklerden kaynaklan&#305;yor olabilir.</p></li></ul><p>&#304;&#351;te <strong>Fixed Effects</strong> y&#246;ntemi burada devreye girer. Bu y&#246;ntem, farkl&#305; bireyleri birbirleriyle k&#305;yaslamak yerine, <strong>ayn&#305; bireyin zaman i&#231;indeki de&#287;i&#351;imlerini</strong> kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r.</p><p>Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, her firmay&#305; kendi ge&#231;mi&#351;iyle k&#305;yaslar&#305;z:</p><ul><li><p>Firma A&#8217;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k e&#287;itimli CEO&#8217;su oldu&#287;u y&#305;llardaki k&#226;r&#305;,</p></li><li><p>Ayn&#305; firma A&#8217;n&#305;n y&#252;ksek e&#287;itimli CEO&#8217;su oldu&#287;u y&#305;llardaki k&#226;r&#305; ile k&#305;yaslan&#305;r.</p></li></ul><p>B&#246;ylece firmaya &#246;zg&#252; de&#287;i&#351;meyen &#246;zellikler (sekt&#246;r, co&#287;rafya vb.) sabit kal&#305;r ve analizden &#8220;&#231;&#305;kar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;&#8221; olur.</p><p>Birey/Firma sabit etkilerini (fixed effects) kullanarak, her bireyi birden fazla kez g&#246;zlemledi&#287;imiz s&#252;rece, &#8220;Individual&#8221; &#252;zerinden ge&#231;en gizli yolu kapatabiliriz. Buradaki fikir, X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye her bireyin kendi i&#231;inde bakmakt&#305;r. Bunu ba&#351;ka bir &#351;ekilde s&#246;ylemek gerekirse, her bireyin kim oldu&#287;unu &#8220;kontrol alt&#305;na alm&#305;&#351;&#8221; oluruz. Bunu yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda, X &#8592; Individual &#8594; Y yolu kapan&#305;r ve elimizde yaln&#305;zca X &#8594; Y kal&#305;r; bu da ilgilendi&#287;imiz ili&#351;kidir. Bireyi kontrol ettikten sonra, X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki kalan ili&#351;ki nedenseldir (tabii tek gizli yolu Individual &#252;zerinden ge&#231;iyorsa).</p><p>Peki X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye bireyin kendi i&#231;inde nas&#305;l bakabiliriz? Bunu kontrol ederek yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z &#351;ey, X ve Y&#8217;nin bireysel kimlikler taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;karmakt&#305;r. X ve Y&#8217;nin birey kimlikleriyle tahmin edilebilecek t&#252;m k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;r, b&#246;ylece bu arka kap&#305;/gizli yol kapanm&#305;&#351; olur ve X ile Y&#8217;yi sadece birey i&#231;i kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalarla incelemi&#351; oluruz.</p><p>Sabit etkiler modeli genellikle &#351;u &#351;ekilde yaz&#305;l&#305;r:</p><div class="latex-rendered" data-attrs="{&quot;persistentExpression&quot;:&quot;Yit&#8203;=&#945;i&#8203;+&#946;Xit&#8203;+&#1013;it&#8203;\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;HDBBSAOPRH&quot;}" data-component-name="LatexBlockToDOM"></div><ul><li><p>Yit&#8203;: birey/firman&#305;n <em>t</em> d&#246;nemindeki &#231;&#305;kt&#305; de&#287;eri (&#246;rne&#287;in k&#226;r),</p></li><li><p>X<strong>it</strong>&#8203;: ayn&#305; bireyin/firmadaki ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;ken (&#246;rne&#287;in CEO e&#287;itim d&#252;zeyi),</p></li><li><p>&#945;i: bireye &#246;zg&#252;, <strong>zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;meyen sabit etki</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in firman&#305;n genel k&#226;rl&#305;l&#305;k yap&#305;s&#305;),</p></li><li><p>&#946;: X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki nedensel etkisi (bulmak istedi&#287;imiz),</p></li><li><p>&#1013;it&#8203;: hata terimi.</p></li></ul><p>Bu modelde &#945;i&#8203; sabit etkileri temsil eder. Tahmin s&#305;ras&#305;nda bu sabit etkiler &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;r, yani bireylerin sabit &#246;zellikleri otomatik olarak kontrol alt&#305;na al&#305;n&#305;r. B&#246;ylece analiz yaln&#305;zca <strong>zaman i&#231;indeki de&#287;i&#351;imlere</strong> dayan&#305;r.</p><p>Bir de a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF &#252;zerinden bakal&#305;m:</p><ol><li><p>Grafikte X ve Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki g&#246;steriliyor. Farkl&#305; renkler farkl&#305; bireyleri (&#246;rne&#287;in firmalar&#305;) temsil ediyor. Bu a&#351;amada ili&#351;ki hem ger&#231;ekten X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini hem de bireylere &#246;zg&#252; sabit &#246;zellikleri (&#246;rne&#287;in sekt&#246;r, b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;k, co&#287;rafi konum gibi hi&#231; de&#287;i&#351;meyen &#351;eyleri) i&#231;eriyor. Yani g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z ili&#351;ki yan&#305;lt&#305;c&#305; olabilir.</p></li><li><p><strong>Her bireyin zaman i&#231;indeki ortalama X ve ortalama Y de&#287;eri d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;l&#252;yor. Bu, bireyler aras&#305;ndaki sabit farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; g&#246;steriyor. &#214;rne&#287;in baz&#305; firmalar s&#252;rekli daha k&#226;rl&#305;, baz&#305;lar&#305; s&#252;rekli daha az k&#226;rl&#305; olabilir. Bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar X&#8211;Y ili&#351;kisinin i&#231;inde gizli duruyor.</strong></p></li><li><p>Her birey i&#231;in &#8220;o bireyin ortalama X de&#287;erini&#8221; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;yoruz. B&#246;ylece X yaln&#305;zca zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;en k&#305;sm&#305;yla kal&#305;yor. Yani art&#305;k X&#8217;in i&#231;inde bireylere &#246;zg&#252; sabit farklar yok.</p></li><li><p>Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde, Y&#8217;den de her bireyin kendi ortalama de&#287;erini &#231;&#305;kar&#305;yoruz. B&#246;ylece Y de sadece bireyin zaman i&#231;inde g&#246;sterdi&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;imlerden olu&#351;uyor, bireyler aras&#305; sabit farklar temizlenmi&#351; oluyor.</p></li><li><p>Art&#305;k elimizde sadece &#8220;birey i&#231;indeki de&#287;i&#351;imler&#8221; var. Yani ayn&#305; bireyin X&#8217;i artt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda Y&#8217;si nas&#305;l de&#287;i&#351;iyor sorusunu yan&#305;tl&#305;yoruz. Bireyler aras&#305; farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; hesaba katm&#305;yoruz. Bu yeni ili&#351;ki sabit etkiler (fixed effects) ile elde edilen tahmin oluyor.</p></li><li><p>Sonu&#231;ta, bireylerin kim olduklar&#305;n&#305; ve onlar&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;meyen &#246;zelliklerini kontrol etmi&#351; oluyoruz. B&#246;ylece X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi daha do&#287;ru ve nedensel bir &#351;ekilde &#246;l&#231;ebiliyoruz. Tabii bunun &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; i&#231;in ayn&#305; bireyi birden fazla zaman g&#246;zlemlememiz (panel veri) gerekiyor. Ayr&#305;ca birey i&#231;inde zamanla de&#287;i&#351;en ba&#351;ka etkenler varsa, bunlar&#305; da ayr&#305;ca d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek gerekebilir.</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:314517,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RGYU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8e82ddbf-9370-4f44-a94b-66b36fe9aecd_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>Farklar&#305;n fark&#305; tahmincisi (Difference-in-Differences) Nedir?</h1><p>Bir grup insana (<strong>Treated, i&#351;lem uygulanm&#305;&#351;</strong>) belirli bir zamanda yeni bir i&#351;lem uygulan&#305;yor. Bu grubu hem <strong>&#246;ncesinde (Before)</strong> hem de <strong>sonras&#305;nda (After)</strong> g&#246;zlemleyebiliyoruz. Amac&#305;m&#305;z, i&#351;lemin <strong>Y</strong> &#252;zerindeki etkisini &#246;l&#231;mek.</p><p>&#304;lk akla gelen y&#246;ntem, Treated grubunda i&#351;lem &#246;ncesi ve sonras&#305; aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305; almakt&#305;r. Ama sorun &#351;u: Y, ayn&#305; d&#246;nemde herkeste artm&#305;&#351; olabilir. Yani g&#246;zlenen de&#287;i&#351;im hem i&#351;lemin etkisini hem de <strong>zaman&#305;n genel etkilerini</strong> i&#231;erir. Bu durumda &#8220;zaman&#8221; bir arka kap&#305; yolu veya <em><strong>gizli yol</strong></em> (back-door path) yarat&#305;r:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png" width="423" height="292" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/df89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:292,&quot;width&quot;:423,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:8736,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrrD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdf89485b-e17d-4a01-b6d4-76356ce39e85_423x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ul><li><p>&#304;stedi&#287;imiz yol: Treatment/&#304;&#351;lem &#8594; Y</p></li><li><p>&#304;stemedi&#287;imiz yol: Treatment &#8592; Time &#8594; Y</p></li></ul><p>Burada tek ba&#351;&#305;na &#8220;zaman&#305; kontrol etmek&#8221; de i&#351;e yaramaz, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Treated grubunda zaman ile treatment tamamen &#246;rt&#252;&#351;&#252;r: &#214;nce = &#304;&#351;lem yok, Sonra = &#304;&#351;lem var. Bu durumda Treatment ile Time birbirinden ayr&#305;lamaz.</p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in, Treatment belirli bir ofisin b&#246;lmeli ofisten a&#231;&#305;k ofise ge&#231;mesi olsun ve Y de verimlilik olsun. Ge&#231;i&#351; 1 Ocak 2017&#8217;de yap&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu durumda <strong>Before Treatment</strong> 2016 y&#305;l&#305;, <strong>After Treatment</strong> ise 2017 y&#305;l&#305; olabilir. Fakat 2016 ve 2017 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305; ekonomi iyile&#351;mi&#351; olabilir, bu y&#252;zden verimlilikteki art&#305;&#351;&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k ofise ge&#231;i&#351;le hi&#231;bir ilgisi olmayabilir.</p><p>Bu durumda, i&#351;lem uygulanan grupta (Treated) Y&#8217;nin i&#351;lem &#246;ncesi ve sonras&#305; fark&#305; iki &#351;eyi yans&#305;tacakt&#305;r:</p><ol><li><p>&#304;&#351;lemin Y &#252;zerindeki etkisi (ilgilendi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m),</p></li><li><p>Y&#8217;nin, &#304;&#351;lemle ilgisi olmayan nedenlerle, zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351; olabilece&#287;i etkiler (ilgilenmedi&#287;imiz k&#305;s&#305;m).</p></li></ol><p>Zaman (Time), &#304;&#351;lem&#8217;den Y&#8217;ye bir gizli yol olu&#351;turur. Yani &#304;&#351;lemden Y&#8217;ye, 1) &#304;&#351;lem &#8594; Y yolu &#252;zerinden (istedi&#287;imiz yol), veya 2) &#304;&#351;lem &#8592; Zaman &#8594; Y yolu &#252;zerinden (istemedi&#287;imiz yol) gidilebilir.</p><p>Daha da k&#246;t&#252;s&#252;, e&#287;er sadece <strong>&#304;&#351;lem uygulanm&#305;&#351;/Treatment</strong> grubuna bakarsak, Zaman de&#287;i&#351;kenini kontrol ederek bu arka kap&#305;y&#305;/gizli yolu kapatamay&#305;z &#231;&#252;nk&#252; <strong>Zaman</strong>, &#304;&#351;lemi (Treatment) tamamen &#246;ng&#246;rebilir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, &#304;&#351;lemin, Zaman taraf&#305;ndan a&#231;&#305;klanan t&#252;m k&#305;s&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;rsak elimizde hi&#231;bir &#351;ey kalmaz.</p><p>Peki ne yapabiliriz? Hi&#231; i&#351;lem uygulanmayan bir <strong>Kontrol grubu</strong> ekleyebiliriz (&#246;rne&#287;imizde, 2016 ve 2017 boyunca b&#246;lmeli ofisi koruyan bir ba&#351;ka ofis). Bu, Zaman&#8217;&#305; kontrol etmemizi sa&#287;lar; l&#226;kin bu kez de ba&#351;ka bir gizli yol sorunu ortaya &#231;&#305;kar &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Kontrol ve Treated (&#304;&#351;lem Uygulanm&#305;&#351;)gruplar&#305; <strong>birbirinden</strong> farkl&#305; olabilir. </p><ul><li><p>Treatment &#8592; In_Treated_Group (Treated vs Control) &#8594; Y</p></li></ul><p>Yani Treated ve Control gruplar&#305; zaten farkl&#305; olabilir:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png" width="423" height="281" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:281,&quot;width&quot;:423,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:11211,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!T6bM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6f6b895-5746-4b4c-aad1-51681bf2d801_423x281.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Difference-in-Differences mant&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;u &#351;ekilde i&#351;liyor:</strong></p><ul><li><p>&#214;nce Treated/&#304;&#351;lem Uygulanan grubunun Y&#8217;deki Before&#8211;After fark&#305;n&#305; hesaplar&#305;z.</p></li><li><p>Sonra Kontorl grubunun Y&#8217;deki Before&#8211;After fark&#305;n&#305; hesaplar&#305;z.</p></li><li><p>&#304;ki fark&#305; birbirinden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r&#305;z: (Treated&#8217;in fark&#305; &#8211; Control&#8217;&#252;n fark&#305;).</p></li></ul><p>B&#246;ylece:</p><ul><li><p>Kontrol grubunun Before&#8211;After fark&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in <strong>zaman&#305;n genel etkisi</strong> kontrol edilmi&#351; olur.</p></li><li><p>Treated ile Kontrol k&#305;yasland&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in <strong>gruplar aras&#305;ndaki sabit farkl&#305;l&#305;klar</strong> da kontrol edilmi&#351; olur.</p></li></ul><p>Sonu&#231;ta geriye sadece <strong>i&#351;lemin (Treatment&#8217;in) Y &#252;zerindeki nedensel etkisi</strong> kal&#305;r.</p><p>GIF &#252;zerinden bakal&#305;m:<br>Grafikte deney (turuncu) ve kontrol grubu (siyah) var. &#304;ki grup da &#8220;&#304;&#351;lem &#214;ncesi&#8221; ve &#8220;&#304;&#351;lem Sonras&#305;&#8221; d&#246;nemlerinde g&#246;zleniyor. Bu ham farklar, hem i&#351;lemin etkisini hem de zamana ba&#287;l&#305; genel de&#287;i&#351;imleri i&#231;eriyor.</p><p><strong>&#304;&#351;lem grubundaki de&#287;i&#351;im: </strong>&#304;&#351;lem grubunda &#214;nce &#8594; Sonra fark&#305;na bak&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu fark hem i&#351;lemin etkisini hem de d&#246;neme &#246;zg&#252; (zaman&#305;n) de&#287;i&#351;imi kaps&#305;yor.</p><p><strong>Kontrol grubundaki de&#287;i&#351;im: </strong>Kontrol grubunda &#214;nce &#8594; Sonra fark&#305; hesaplan&#305;yor. Burada i&#351;lem uygulanmad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in fark yaln&#305;zca zamana ba&#287;l&#305; genel de&#287;i&#351;imden kaynaklan&#305;yor.</p><p><strong>&#304;&#351;lem Uygulanan gruptaki</strong> de&#287;i&#351;im ile Kontrol grubundaki de&#287;i&#351;im yan yana konuluyor. B&#246;ylece i&#351;lemin etkisi ile zaman&#305;n etkisi birbirinden ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmaya haz&#305;rlan&#305;yor.</p><p><strong>Difference-in-Differences (Farklar&#305;n fark&#305;)</strong><br>Kontrol/&#304;&#351;lem grubu farkllar&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;yor:<br>(&#304;&#351;lem Uygulanan Sonra &#8211; &#304;&#351;lem Uygulanan &#214;nce) &#8211; (Kontrol Sonra &#8211; Kontrol &#214;nce).<br>B&#246;ylece zaman&#305;n etkisi elimine ediliyor.</p><p><strong>Yorum:</strong></p><p>Sonu&#231;ta elde edilen de&#287;er, i&#351;lemin (treatment&#8217;in) Y &#252;zerindeki net, nedensel etkisini g&#246;steriyor. Zaman&#305;n ve gruplar aras&#305; sabit farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n etkisi temizlenmi&#351; oluyor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Eqrq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2f642490-4165-4340-b89f-9fca92b029ad_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>Regresyon S&#252;reksizli&#287;i (Regression Discontinuity)</h1><p>Bir i&#351;lemin (<strong>Treatment</strong>) Y &#252;zerinde etkisi olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek istiyoruz ama Treatment hi&#231;bir &#351;ekilde rastgele da&#287;&#305;lmam&#305;&#351;/rastgele verilmemi&#351;; bir <strong>&#304;&#351;leyi&#351; De&#287;i&#351;keni (Running Variable)</strong> &#252;zerinden belirleniyor. E&#287;er bu de&#287;i&#351;ken belirli bir <strong>e&#351;ik de&#287;erinin (Cutoff)</strong> &#252;st&#252;ndeyse Treatment al&#305;n&#305;yor, alt&#305;ndaysa al&#305;nm&#305;yor.</p><p>Buradaki sorun &#351;u: &#304;&#351;leyi&#351; De&#287;i&#351;keni (RV) hem Treatment&#8217;i (i&#351;lemi) belirliyor, hem de kendi ba&#351;&#305;na Y&#8217;yi etkiliyor olabilir. Yani g&#246;zlenen ili&#351;ki iki &#351;eyin kar&#305;&#351;&#305;m&#305;d&#305;r:</p><ol><li><p>Treatment &#8594; Y (g&#246;rmek istedi&#287;imiz etki),</p></li><li><p>Running Variable &#8594; Y (istemedi&#287;imiz, kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etki).</p></li></ol><p>Treatment hem do&#287;rudan Y&#8217;yi etkiliyor, hem de Running Variable &#252;zerinden dolayl&#305; bir yol var:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png" width="423" height="292" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4i6t!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19d49de0-8cfa-4d74-8b7e-168036a084ec_423x292.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#214;rnek &#252;zerinden d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim.</strong></p><p><strong>&#214;rnek:</strong><br>Diyelim ki bir &#351;ehirde &#246;&#287;renciler i&#231;in <strong>&#220;st&#252;n Yetenekliler Program&#305;</strong> var. Bu programa kabul edilmek (Treatment), &#246;&#287;rencinin gelecekte &#252;niversiteye girme ihtimalini (Y) art&#305;rabilir. Fakat programa kabul edilmek, &#246;&#287;rencilerin s&#305;navdan ald&#305;&#287;&#305; <strong>puan</strong>a (Running Variable) g&#246;re belirleniyor.</p><p>Kural &#351;u:</p><ul><li><p>S&#305;nav puan&#305; <strong>90 ve &#252;zeri</strong> olanlar programa kabul ediliyor (i&#351;lem ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyor).</p></li><li><p><strong>90&#8217;&#305;n alt&#305;ndakiler</strong> ise programa giremiyor (i&#351;lem ger&#231;ekle&#351;miyor).</p></li></ul><p>Buradaki sorun &#351;udur:</p><ul><li><p>Zaten y&#252;ksek puan alan &#246;&#287;renciler, programa girseler de girmeseler de, &#252;niversiteye gitme ihtimali daha y&#252;ksektir.</p></li><li><p>Yani g&#246;zlenen fark&#305;n bir k&#305;sm&#305; program&#305;n etkisinden de&#287;il, <strong>y&#252;ksek puanl&#305; &#246;&#287;rencilerin zaten ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; olmas&#305;ndan</strong> kaynaklan&#305;r.</p></li></ul><p>Tam da bu y&#252;zden <strong>90 puan e&#351;i&#287;inin hemen alt&#305;nda ve hemen &#252;st&#252;nde</strong> kalan &#246;&#287;renciler kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in:</p><ul><li><p>89 puan alan bir &#246;&#287;renci programa giremez.</p></li><li><p>90 puan alan bir &#246;&#287;renci programa girer.</p></li></ul><p>Aradaki fark sadece 1 puand&#305;r, yani &#246;&#287;rencilerin ba&#351;ar&#305; d&#252;zeyleri neredeyse ayn&#305;d&#305;r. Bu durumda &#252;niversiteye gitme oranlar&#305;ndaki fark, b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de program&#305;n etkisinden kaynaklan&#305;r.</p><p>Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, <strong>e&#351;ik de&#287;erin (cutoff) hemen &#231;evresinde</strong> yap&#305;lan kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rma bize program&#305;n Y &#252;zerindeki nedensel etkisini verir.</p><h2>&#199;&#246;z&#252;m: E&#351;ik De&#287;eri &#231;evresine odaklanmak</h2><p>S&#305;nav puan&#305; 90 e&#351;i&#287;inde, &#246;&#287;rencilerin programa kabul edilip edilmemesi neredeyse rastgele say&#305;labilir:</p><ul><li><p>89 alan &#246;&#287;renci ile 90 alan &#246;&#287;renci aras&#305;nda ger&#231;ek bir yetenek fark&#305; yoktur ama sadece biri programa girer, di&#287;eri giremez.</p></li></ul><p>Bu durumda, iki &#246;&#287;renci grubu aras&#305;ndaki fark bize program&#305;n &#252;niversiteye gitme ihtimalini ne kadar art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir. Yani e&#351;ik de&#287;erin hemen &#231;evresine odaklanarak, <strong>y&#252;ksek puanl&#305; &#246;&#287;rencilerin zaten &#252;niversiteye gitme olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;ksek</strong> olmas&#305;ndan kaynaklanan kar&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ortadan kald&#305;rm&#305;&#351; oluruz.</p><p>E&#287;er biz t&#252;m puan aral&#305;&#287;&#305;na bakarak kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rma yaparsak, 60 alan &#246;&#287;rencilerle 95 alan &#246;&#287;rencileri k&#305;yaslamak zorunda kal&#305;r&#305;z. Bu durumda fark&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305; zaten <strong>s&#305;nav ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n &#252;niversiteye gitme ihtimaliyle olan ili&#351;kisini</strong> yans&#305;t&#305;r, program&#305;n etkisini ay&#305;rmak zorla&#351;&#305;r.</p><p>Ama e&#351;ik de&#287;erin hemen &#231;evresinde (&#246;rne&#287;in 88&#8211;92 puan band&#305;) &#246;&#287;rencilerin akademik kapasitesi &#231;ok benzerdir. Tek belirleyici fark, program&#305;n uygulan&#305;p uygulanmamas&#305;d&#305;r. Bu nedenle e&#351;ik de&#287;ere yak&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalar, adeta &#8220;do&#287;al bir deney&#8221; ortam&#305; yarat&#305;r ve program&#305;n nedensel etkisini temiz &#351;ekilde ortaya &#231;&#305;kar&#305;r.</p><h2>Neden E&#351;ik De&#287;eri &#231;evresi &#246;nemli?</h2><p>Normal bir kontrol yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;, Running Variable&#8217;&#305;n her yerdeki etkisini ay&#305;rmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r ama ba&#351;ka kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; yollar (&#246;rne&#287;in W gibi bilinmeyen de&#287;i&#351;kenler) varsa yine sorun olabilir. Fakat e&#351;ik de&#287;eri &#231;evresine odakland&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda, i&#351;lemin ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesi neredeyse rastgele hale geldi&#287;i i&#231;in bilinmeyen ba&#351;ka gizli yollar da kapanm&#305;&#351; olur.</p><p><strong>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki fig&#252;r</strong> bunu g&#246;steriyor: Running Variable yan&#305;nda ba&#351;ka bir de&#287;i&#351;ken W de Y&#8217;yi etkiliyor olabilir, ama e&#351;ik de&#287;eri &#231;evresinde kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rma yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda bu yol da kapan&#305;r ve izole edilmi&#351; yol Treatment &#8594; Y kal&#305;r</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjc8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F166db06a-1fae-42ea-9455-52a266a629d2_423x287.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjc8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F166db06a-1fae-42ea-9455-52a266a629d2_423x287.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjc8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F166db06a-1fae-42ea-9455-52a266a629d2_423x287.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjc8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F166db06a-1fae-42ea-9455-52a266a629d2_423x287.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hjc8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F166db06a-1fae-42ea-9455-52a266a629d2_423x287.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>GIF &#252;zerinden bakal&#305;m:</p><p>Grafikte Running Variable (&#246;r. s&#305;nav puan&#305;) yatay eksende, Y (&#246;r. &#252;niversiteye gitme) dikey eksende. E&#351;ik de&#287;eri &#231;izgisi (dikey kesikli &#231;izgi) e&#351;ik de&#287;erini g&#246;steriyor. E&#351;ik de&#287;erin solundakiler i&#351;lemi/treatment alm&#305;yor, sa&#287;&#305;ndakiler al&#305;yor. Ham veride hem Running Variable&#8217;&#305;n hem de Treatment&#8217;in etkileri i&#231; i&#231;e ge&#231;mi&#351; durumda.</p><p>Running Variable&#8217;&#305;n Y &#252;zerindeki genel e&#287;ilimi g&#246;steriliyor. Yani puan y&#252;kseldik&#231;e Y de do&#287;al olarak art&#305;yor. Bu, program&#305;n etkisini (yani i&#351;lemi/treatment) do&#287;rudan ay&#305;rt etmeyi zorla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yor</p><p>Analiz &#246;zellikle e&#351;ik de&#287;erin hemen &#246;ncesi ve sonras&#305;ndaki g&#246;zlemlere indirgeniyor. Burada &#246;&#287;renciler (ya da bireyler) neredeyse ayn&#305; Running Variable de&#287;erine sahip, tek fark e&#351;ik de&#287;erinin sa&#287;&#305;nda olanlar&#305;n i&#351;leme maruz kalmas&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>E&#351;ik de&#287;erin solundaki (Untreated) ve sa&#287;&#305;ndaki (Treated) g&#246;zlemler i&#231;in ayr&#305; regresyon do&#287;rular&#305; &#231;iziliyor. B&#246;ylece her iki tarafta Running Variable&#8217;&#305;n kendi trendi kontrol edilmi&#351; oluyor.</p><p>E&#351;ik de&#287;eri &#231;izgisinin hemen solundaki ve sa&#287;&#305;ndaki regresyon do&#287;rular&#305; aras&#305;ndaki dikey fark hesaplan&#305;yor. Bu s&#305;&#231;rama, Treatment&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisini g&#246;steriyor.</p><p>Sonu&#231;ta RD y&#246;ntemi, Running Variable&#8217;&#305;n genel etkisini kontrol ederek, e&#351;ik de&#287;eri &#231;evresindeki neredeyse rastgele ayr&#305;m&#305; kullan&#305;yor. B&#246;ylece program&#305;n/i&#351;lemlerin nedensel etkisi izole edilmi&#351; oluyor</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:260844,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GHgX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F36f144d5-0dec-40b7-8382-6e45c2a3ecf5_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>Peki Ne Zaman Kontrol Uygulamak Yanl&#305;&#351;t&#305;r?</h1><h3>&#199;arp&#305;&#351;an De&#287;i&#351;kenler (Collider Variables)</h3><p>De&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol etmek genelde faydal&#305;d&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; gizli yollar&#305; kapat&#305;p nedensel etkiyi daha do&#287;ru tahmin etmemizi sa&#287;lar ama her durumda de&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol etmek hatal&#305; bir yakla&#351;&#305;md&#305;r. Bazen, kontrol etmek tam tersine hatal&#305; sonu&#231;lara yol a&#231;ar.</p><p><strong>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki diyagramda</strong> g&#246;sterildi&#287;i gibi: Diyelim ki X ve Y aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir ili&#351;ki yok fakat her ikisi de C isimli bir de&#287;i&#351;keni etkiliyor. C&#8217;ye bu y&#252;zden &#8220;collider&#8221; denir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; oklar C&#8217;de &#231;arp&#305;&#351;&#305;r:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png" width="295" height="225" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:225,&quot;width&quot;:295,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5289,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ebD!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7772fc58-42c9-4116-82c0-ad8ab0ec0ef6_295x225.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#214;rnek:</strong><br>Bir programlama i&#351;ine ba&#351;vuran adaylar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim.</p><ul><li><p>X = Programlama becerisi</p></li><li><p>Y = Sosyal beceri</p></li><li><p>C = &#304;&#351;e kabul edilmek</p></li></ul><p>Bir aday&#305;n kabul edilmesi, programlama ve sosyal becerilerinin toplam d&#252;zeyine ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Yani &#231;ok iyi programc&#305; ama sosyal y&#246;n&#252; zay&#305;f olanlar da sosyal becerisi &#231;ok y&#252;ksek ama programlama zay&#305;f olanlar da kabul alabilir.</p><p>Burada X ile Y&#8217;nin asl&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir ili&#351;kisi yok. Ama &#8220;her ikisi de C ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305;, o halde C&#8217;yi kontrol edelim&#8221; diye d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek yanl&#305;&#351; olur. &#199;&#252;nk&#252;:</p><ul><li><p>X &#8594; C &#8592; Y yolu zaten kapal&#305;d&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>C&#8217;yi kontrol etmek bu yolu yeniden a&#231;ar ve X ile Y aras&#305;nda sahte bir ili&#351;ki yarat&#305;r. Sonu&#231; olarak X ve Y asl&#305;nda ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zken, C&#8217;yi kontrol etti&#287;imizde sanki ili&#351;kiliymi&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;rler. C&#8217;yi kontrol etmek yanl&#305;&#351; sonu&#231; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305;na neden olabilir.</p></li></ul><p>&#350;imdi a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF &#252;zerinden bakal&#305;m:</p><ol><li><p>Grafikte X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki g&#246;steriliyor. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta aralar&#305;nda neredeyse hi&#231; ili&#351;ki yok (korelasyon &#8776; 0). Yani X ve Y ger&#231;ekte ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z.</p></li><li><p>Veri iki renge ayr&#305;l&#305;yor: C=0 olanlar ve C=1 olanlar. Bu, &#8220;i&#351;e al&#305;nanlar&#8221; ve &#8220;al&#305;nmayanlar&#8221; gibi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lebilir. C hem X&#8217;ten hem Y&#8217;den etkileniyor ama X ile Y aras&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir ba&#287; yok.</p></li><li><p>&#350;imdi X ve Y ili&#351;kisine C gruplar&#305; i&#231;inde bak&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu noktada, C&#8217;nin belirleyici rol&#252; nedeniyle her grupta X ile Y aras&#305;nda yapay bir e&#287;ilim olu&#351;maya ba&#351;l&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p>C&#8217;yi kontrol etti&#287;imizde, yani &#8220;ayn&#305; C de&#287;erine sahip bireyler aras&#305;nda&#8221; X ile Y ili&#351;kisini &#246;l&#231;t&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;zde, aralar&#305;nda asl&#305;nda olmayan bir ili&#351;ki ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p>Art&#305;k X ile Y&#8217;nin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; izlenimi do&#287;uyor. Halbuki bu ili&#351;ki ger&#231;ekte yok. Sadece C bir <strong>collider</strong> oldu&#287;u i&#231;in kontrol edildi&#287;inde kapal&#305; yol a&#231;&#305;lm&#305;&#351; oluyor.</p></li></ol><p>Sonu&#231;: Collider de&#287;i&#351;kenlerini modele dahil etmek yanl&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta aralar&#305;nda ili&#351;ki olmayan de&#287;i&#351;kenler aras&#305;nda C &#252;zerinden sahte bir ili&#351;ki &#252;retilir. Yani kontrol etmek bazen do&#287;ru ili&#351;kileri g&#246;stermez; aksine hatal&#305; nedensellik yarat&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif" width="480" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:310000,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/gif&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!o_zH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5646a7e5-12cb-426d-b786-ac07e3765ba2_480x480.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>O Halde Kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; ve &#199;arp&#305;&#351;an De&#287;i&#351;kenler Aras&#305;ndaki Fark Nedir?</h1><h3>Tamamen farazi bir <strong>kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken (confounder)</strong>&#246;rne&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim:</h3><p>Diyelim ki daha fazla e&#287;itim (X) alman&#305;n, daha y&#252;ksek siyasal kat&#305;l&#305;ma (Y) (&#246;rne&#287;in oy verme, protestoya kat&#305;lma, partiye &#252;ye olma) yol a&#231;&#305;p a&#231;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmak istiyoruz.</p><p>Daha y&#252;ksek e&#287;itime sahip ki&#351;iler (X), genellikle daha y&#252;ksek gelire (Z) de sahip olurlar.</p><p>Daha y&#252;ksek gelir (Z) ise kendi ba&#351;&#305;na siyasal kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305; (Y) art&#305;r&#305;r; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; varl&#305;kl&#305; ki&#351;iler kampanyalara ba&#287;&#305;&#351; yapabilir, daha fazla bo&#351; zamana sahip olabilir ya da siyasal olarak daha etkilidirler.</p><p>Burada gelir (Z) bir <strong>confounder (kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken)</strong>&#8217;dir:</p><ul><li><p>Maruziyetle (e&#287;itim) ili&#351;kilidir.</p></li><li><p>Sonu&#231; &#252;zerinde (siyasal kat&#305;l&#305;m) ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir etkisi vard&#305;r.</p></li></ul><h3>&#199;arp&#305;&#351;an De&#287;i&#351;ken (Collider &#214;rne&#287;i)</h3><p>E&#287;itim d&#252;zeyi (X) ile aile geliri (Y) aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye bak&#305;yoruz.</p><p>Genel olarak toplumda e&#287;itim ile gelir aras&#305;nda bir ili&#351;ki olabilir ama diyelim ki biz &#246;zellikle ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305;/&#231;ok iyi bir &#246;zel &#252;niversiteye kabul edilen &#246;&#287;rencileri (C) inceliyoruz.</p><ul><li><p>Ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305;/&#231;ok iyi bir &#246;zel &#252;niversiteye kabul edilmek hem aile gelirinden hem de bireysel e&#287;itim ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;ndan etkilenir:</p></li><li><p>&#199;ok y&#252;ksek gelirli ama orta seviyede akademik ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; olan &#246;&#287;renciler de girebilir (burssuz).</p></li><li><p>&#199;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelirli ama ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; akademik ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; olan &#246;&#287;renciler de girebilir (burslu).</p></li></ul><p>Ama ortalama seviyede hem geliri hem de ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; olanlar genelde giremez.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak e&#287;er sadece &#8220;&#231;ok iyi bir &#246;zel &#252;niversiteye kabul edilenler&#8221;i (yani collider olan C&#8217;yi) incelersek, e&#287;itim ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305; ile aile geliri aras&#305;nda <strong>negatif bir ili&#351;ki</strong> g&#246;rebiliriz. Halbuki toplum genelinde b&#246;yle bir ters ili&#351;ki yoktur; tam tersine, pozitif bile olabilir.</p><h1>&#304;&#351;lem Sonras&#305; De&#287;i&#351;kenleri Kontrol Etmek (Post-Treatment Controls)</h1><p>De&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol edip gizli yollar&#305; kapatarak nedensel bir etkiyi ortaya &#231;&#305;karabilece&#287;imiz i&#231;in, elimizden gelen her &#351;eyi kontrol etmenin iyi bir fikir oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nebiliriz. Ama durum her zaman b&#246;yle de&#287;ildir, bazen bir &#351;eyi kontrol etmek k&#246;t&#252; sonu&#231;lar do&#287;urabilir.</p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in, X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerinde bir etkisi oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z bir durum olsun. Fakat X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisi asl&#305;nda X&#8217;in C &#252;zerindeki etkisinden, C&#8217;nin de Y &#252;zerindeki etkisinden kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r. C&#8217;ye <strong>post-treatment</strong> diyoruz &#231;&#252;nk&#252; etkisini bilmek istedi&#287;imiz de&#287;i&#351;ken olan X&#8217;ten etkilenmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png" width="295" height="295" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:295,&quot;width&quot;:295,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:4140,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!My_A!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0de3e876-b9b7-43c5-be9f-8f5ca32164a4_295x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>&#214;rnek:</strong></p><ul><li><p>X = Sigara Fiyat&#305;</p></li><li><p>C = &#304;&#231;ilen Sigara Say&#305;s&#305;</p></li><li><p>Y = Sa&#287;l&#305;k Durumu</p></li></ul><p>Sigara fiyat&#305;, sa&#287;l&#305;k durumunu <strong>sadece</strong> i&#231;ilen <em><strong>sigara say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;</strong></em> azaltarak etkiler. Yani X&#8217;in Y&#8217;ye etkisi tamamen C &#252;zerinden ge&#231;er. E&#287;er &#8220;C de Y&#8217;yi etkiliyor&#8221; diye d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;p C&#8217;yi kontrol edersek hata yapar&#305;z. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; C, kapatmam&#305;z gereken bir gizli yol &#252;zerinde de&#287;ildir. Aksine, <strong>X &#8594; C &#8594; Y</strong> as&#305;l g&#246;rmek istedi&#287;imiz yolun kendisidir. C&#8217;yi kontrol etmek bu yolu keser ve X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerinde etkisi yokmu&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmesine neden olur. <strong>B</strong>u durumu g&#246;sterir: Kontrol etti&#287;imizde, ger&#231;ek etkiyi yanl&#305;&#351;l&#305;kla ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;r&#305;z.</p><p>&#304;&#351;lem Sonras&#305; De&#287;i&#351;kenler sadece Y&#8217;yi etkilediklerinde sorun &#231;&#305;karmaz. Ba&#351;ka &#351;ekillerde de problem yaratabilirler. &#214;rne&#287;in:</p><ul><li><p>C, X&#8217;ten etkileniyor.</p></li><li><p>Ama C ayn&#305; zamanda W ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305;.</p></li><li><p>W, Y &#252;zerinde de etkili.</p></li></ul><p>Bu durumda X &#8594; C &#8592; W &#8594; Y gibi bir yol vard&#305;r. Normalde bu yol kapal&#305;d&#305;r, yani sorun yoktur. Ama e&#287;er C&#8217;yi kontrol edersek, collider yolu a&#231;&#305;l&#305;r ve X ile Y aras&#305;nda sahte bir ili&#351;ki ortaya &#231;&#305;kar. &#214;rne&#287;in a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki gibi:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png" width="295" height="295" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:295,&quot;width&quot;:295,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6357,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/173828141?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ze8E!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbcac6ae3-a311-4a8d-8f36-ab77e01fa1f7_295x295.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sonu&#231; olarak i&#351;lem sonras&#305; (<strong>post-treatment) de&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol etmek</strong>, ya as&#305;l nedensel yolu kapat&#305;r (X &#8594; C &#8594; Y yolunu siler) ya da collider etkisi &#252;zerinden sahte ili&#351;kiler yarat&#305;r. Bu nedenle analizde hangi de&#287;i&#351;kenin ger&#231;ekten kontrol edilmesi gerekti&#287;i &#231;ok dikkatli se&#231;ilmelidir.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki GIF &#252;zerinden inceleyelim:</p><p>Grafikte X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. Korelasyon olduk&#231;a y&#252;ksek (&#246;rne&#287;in 0.619). Burada X, Y&#8217;yi C &#252;zerinden etkiliyor: X &#8594; C &#8594; Y.</p><p>C&#8217;nin hem X&#8217;ten etkilendi&#287;i hem de Y &#252;zerinde etkili oldu&#287;u g&#246;steriliyor. C, asl&#305;nda X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki nedensel yolun <strong>tam ortas&#305;nda</strong>.</p><p>Veri noktalar&#305; C=0 ve C=1 olacak &#351;ekilde ayr&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu, C&#8217;nin X ve Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi nas&#305;l ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rselle&#351;tiriyor.</p><p>C sabitlenmi&#351; gibi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lerek X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;yor. Ama burada b&#252;y&#252;k bir sorun var: C, asl&#305;nda kapatmam&#305;z gereken bir gizli yol de&#287;il, <strong>as&#305;l yolun kendisi</strong>.</p><p>C&#8217;yi kontrol etti&#287;imizde, X ile Y aras&#305;ndaki nedensel etki &#8220;kapat&#305;lm&#305;&#351;&#8221; oluyor. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; X&#8217;in Y &#252;zerindeki etkisi zaten C &#252;zerinden ge&#231;iyordu. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla sanki X ile Y aras&#305;nda hi&#231;bir ili&#351;ki yokmu&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RK1z!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb74dc687-8d48-49f6-8413-122713aa7556_480x480.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RK1z!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb74dc687-8d48-49f6-8413-122713aa7556_480x480.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RK1z!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb74dc687-8d48-49f6-8413-122713aa7556_480x480.gif 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Zekâ Kuramları: Kısa Bir Giriş]]></title><description><![CDATA[Spearman'dan John Bissell Carroll'a kadar uzanan teorik modeller]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/zeka-kuramlar-ksa-bir-giris</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/zeka-kuramlar-ksa-bir-giris</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 03 Sep 2025 03:27:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Giri&#351;</h1><p>RIOTIQ sitesine girdi&#287;iniz zaman a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da bir zaman &#231;izelgesi g&#246;receksiniz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ujv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F947b3314-560f-436c-9c8a-544d7018619a_1095x350.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8ujv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F947b3314-560f-436c-9c8a-544d7018619a_1095x350.png" width="1095" height="350" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">https://www.riotiq.com/</figcaption></figure></div><p>Bu zaman &#231;izelgesinde dikkatinizi &#231;ekmesi gereken ilk &#351;ey zek&#226;y&#305; &#246;l&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;an ilk ki&#351;inin Francis Galton oldu&#287;udur. Francis Galton&#8217;un davran&#305;&#351; geneti&#287;i, istatistik (korelasyon kavram&#305;), anket &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;, psikometri, parmak izi ve akl&#305;n&#305;za gelebilecek bir&#231;ok alana yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; katk&#305;lar&#305; bir paragrafta anlatmak olduk&#231;a zor. Kendisi d&#246;neminin en &#246;nemli entelekt&#252;ellerinden biri ve bilenler bilir, Darwin kendisinin &#252;vey kuzenidir. G&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi zek&#226;y&#305; &#8220;&#246;l&#231;meye&#8221; ve onu tan&#305;mlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;mak 1884 y&#305;l&#305;na kadar uzan&#305;yor. Galton o d&#246;nemde bu &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252; iki &#351;eyle yapmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305; 1) Tepki s&#252;resi, 2)  Duyusal ay&#305;rt etme (sensory discrimination). Yine de hi&#231;bir zaman zek&#226; kelimesini kullanmad&#305;. Mental yetenek veya bili&#351;sel (cognitive) yetenek kelimelerini tercih etti. &#304;lgin&#231;tir ki bu kelimeleri kullan&#305;rken de hi&#231;bir zaman tam anlam&#305;yla bir tan&#305;m sunmad&#305;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik&#8217;e abone olursan&#305;z sevinirim :)</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>1905 y&#305;l&#305;nda ilk modern zek&#226; testinin Binet ve Simon (iki Frans&#305;z) taraf&#305;ndan geli&#351;tirildi&#287;ini de &#231;izelge de g&#246;r&#252;yorsunuz. Kendileri bu testi haz&#305;rlarken Galton&#8217;un &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;ndan olduk&#231;a etkilenmi&#351;lerdir ve Galton&#8217;un zek&#226; &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252; i&#231;in yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; karma&#351;&#305;k &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; standardize etmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. Bu testi geli&#351;tirirken Galton&#8217;un gelitirdi&#287;i testlerden birka&#231;&#305;n&#305; (&#246;rne&#287;in, rakam dizisi belle&#287;i ve a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;k ay&#305;rt etme) &#246;d&#252;n&#231; alm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r; fakat ayn&#305; zamanda ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme, yarg&#305;lama, planlama, s&#246;zel anlama ve bilgi edinme gibi daha y&#252;ksek zihinsel s&#252;re&#231;leri harekete ge&#231;iren &#231;ok daha karma&#351;&#305;k yeni testler geli&#351;tirmi&#351;lerdir.</p><p>Ama bu &#252;&#231; &#231;al&#305;&#351;an zaman zaman bili&#351;sel yetenek veya zek&#226; kavramlar&#305;ndan bahsetse de genel zek&#226; veya g fakt&#246;r&#252;nden bahsetmemi&#351;ti, ta ki Charles Spearman&#8217;e kadar. Spearman okuldaki &#231;ocuklar&#305;n &#231;e&#351;itli derslerdeki ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;n&#305; incelerken &#246;nemli bir &#351;ey g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r: &#199;ocuklar&#305;n bir dersteki testten ald&#305;&#287;&#305; puan di&#287;er derslerdeki testlerden ald&#305;&#287;&#305; puanlarla y&#252;ksek &#246;l&#231;&#252;de korelasyon g&#246;steriyordu. Basit&#231;e, t&#252;m bili&#351;sel testlerin pozitif ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;unu g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu g&#246;zleminden yola &#231;&#305;karak &#351;u an b&#252;t&#252;n psikoloji alan&#305;nda s&#305;k&#231;a kullan&#305;lan fakt&#246;r analizini geli&#351;tirdi ve zek&#226;n&#305;n ilk kuram&#305;n&#305; ortaya att&#305;: iki fakt&#246;r kuram&#305;.</p><blockquote><p>Not:  Fakt&#246;r analizi y&#246;ntemi, her bir de&#287;i&#351;kenin, analizdeki t&#252;m de&#287;i&#351;kenlere ortak olan fakt&#246;rle ne &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ili&#351;kili (veya y&#252;kl&#252;/korele) oldu&#287;unu belirlemeyi ama&#231;layan bir y&#246;ntem.</p></blockquote><p>Spearman&#8217;&#305;n iki fakt&#246;rl&#252; kuram&#305;, i&#231;erik ya da beceriler ne kadar farkl&#305; olursa olsun, her zihinsel testin yaln&#305;zca iki fakt&#246;r&#252; &#246;l&#231;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;yordu: <em>g</em> ve s; burada <em>g</em> genel bir fakt&#246;rd&#252;r, s<em> </em>ise her teste &#246;zg&#252; bir fakt&#246;rd&#252;r. Mamafih, Spearman&#8217;&#305;n ilk &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda mevcut olandan daha fazla say&#305;da teste dayanan sonraki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar, yaln&#305;zca <em>g</em>&#8217;nin testler aras&#305;ndaki t&#252;m korelasyonlar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koydu. Bu nedenle Spearman, <em>g</em> d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda ba&#351;ka fakt&#246;rlerin de var oldu&#287;unu kabul etti. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde bu fakt&#246;rlere grup fakt&#246;rleri denir; benzer g&#246;rev taleplerine sahip (&#246;rne&#287;in s&#246;zel, mek&#226;nsal, say&#305;sal ya da mekanik) test gruplar&#305;n&#305;n ortak olarak payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; fakt&#246;rlerdir.</p><div class="pullquote"><p>Bu noktada fark etmi&#351;sinizdir ki temel istatistik ve psikometride (a&#231;&#305;klay&#305;c&#305; veya do&#287;rulay&#305;c&#305; fakt&#246;r analizi vb.) kullan&#305;lan &#231;o&#287;u kavram asl&#305;nda zek&#226; alan&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;ndan &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. </p></div><p>Yaz&#305;n&#305;n bu k&#305;sm&#305;nda aradaki y&#305;llar&#305; atlamam gerekiyor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; uzun uzun anlat&#305;rsam 2000 kelimeyi a&#351;acak.. Yine de Galton&#8217;u ve Spearman&#8217;&#305; bilmek yaz&#305;n&#305;n sonras&#305;n&#305; anlamak i&#231;in &#231;ok &#246;nemli. Fark ettiyseniz, bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda detayl&#305; olarak bili&#351;sel yeteneklerden &#8220;ayr&#305;&#8221; &#351;ekilde bahsedilmiyor. &#214;rne&#287;in g&#252;ncel tart&#305;&#351;malar reaksiyon s&#252;resi, ak&#305;c&#305; veya kristalize ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme, g&#246;rsel-uzlamsal yetenek vb. &#351;eylerden bahsediyor. Bu spesifik yeteneklerden veya grup fakt&#246;rlerinden kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde konu&#351;mam&#305;z zek&#226;n&#305;n ger&#231;ek bir teorisi ortaya at&#305;lana kadar var olmayacak.</p><p>Alandaki en b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;r&#305;lmay&#305; yaratan &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma Amerikal&#305; Psikolog John Bissell Carroll&#8217;in 1993 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;mlad&#305;&#287;&#305; <em>Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studie</em>s kitab&#305;d&#305;r. Carroll, bu kitab&#305;nda &#252;&#231; katmanl&#305; bir zek&#226; modeli sunar: 1) Spesifik Yetenekler, 2) Daha geni&#351; grup fakt&#246;rleri, 3) En &#252;stte yer alan <em>g</em> fakt&#246;r&#252; (detaylar&#305; a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da).</p><h1>II. Zek&#226; Modellerinin &#214;zeti</h1><p>Bu k&#252;&#231;&#252;k tarihsel anlat&#305;dan sonra <em>g</em> fakt&#246;r&#252; &#252;zerinden geli&#351;en zek&#226; modellerini inceleyelim:</p><p><strong>A. &#304;ki Fakt&#246;rl&#252; Model (Spearman)</strong></p><p>Francis Galton&#8217;un bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klarla ilgili fikirlerinden yola &#231;&#305;kan Spearman, t&#252;m bili&#351;sel testlerin ortak bir paydas&#305; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterdi. T&#252;m bili&#351;sel testlerde ortak olan bir <strong>genel fakt&#246;r (</strong><em><strong>g</strong></em><strong>)</strong> ve her teste &#246;zg&#252; <strong>&#246;zel fakt&#246;r (</strong><em><strong>s</strong></em><strong>)</strong> vard&#305;r.</p><ul><li><p><em>g</em> ve s birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r, her ikisi de do&#287;rudan g&#246;zlenen &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlere etki eder.</p></li><li><p>Grup fakt&#246;rleri ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta modele dahil edilmemi&#351;tir.</p></li></ul><p>B. &#199;oklu Fakt&#246;r Modeli (Thurstone, 1938)</p><p>Thurstone, zek&#226;n&#305;n tek bir genel fakt&#246;rden de&#287;il, birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z <strong>birincil zihinsel yeteneklerden</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in s&#246;zel anlama, say&#305;sal yetenek, mek&#226;nsal ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme) olu&#351;tu&#287;unu savundu. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m g fakt&#246;r&#252;n&#252; reddediyordu; l&#226;kin kendisi bu yakla&#351;&#305;mdan sonra vazge&#231;ti. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta fakt&#246;rleri dik (ortogonal) kabul etse de daha sonra bunlar&#305;n y&#252;ksek oranda korelasyon g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini  kabul etti, bu da ikinci d&#252;zey fakt&#246;rlerin (higher-order) ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;na zemin haz&#305;rlad&#305;.</p><p>C. Korelasyonlu Fakt&#246;rler Modeli</p><p>Zamanla, bu farkl&#305; yeteneklerin asl&#305;nda birbiriyle y&#252;ksek oranda korelasyon g&#246;sterdi&#287;i g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. Bu bulgu, &#231;oklu fakt&#246;rler ile <em>g</em> aras&#305;nda bir ba&#287;lant&#305; kurulmas&#305;na zemin haz&#305;rlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>D. &#304;kinci-D&#252;zey (Higher-Order) Model</p><p>Bu modelde, geni&#351; yetenekler (&#246;r. kristalize zek&#226;, ak&#305;c&#305; zek&#226;) alt testlere y&#252;klenir, ard&#305;ndan bu geni&#351; yetenekler <strong>&#252;st d&#252;zeyde </strong><em><strong>g</strong></em><strong> fakt&#246;r&#252;ne y&#252;klenir</strong>. Bu model, Spearman&#8217;&#305;n tek fakt&#246;r yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; ile Thurstone&#8217;un &#231;oklu fakt&#246;r yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; aras&#305;nda <strong>tarihsel bir uzla&#351;&#305; </strong>i&#351;levi g&#246;r&#252;r. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;lda yap&#305;lan zek&#226; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda en &#231;ok kullan&#305;lan model buydu. Basit&#231;e bu model, <strong>Amerikan &#8220;bottom-up&#8221; yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;</strong>d&#305;r. &#214;nce alt fakt&#246;rler &#231;&#305;kar&#305;l&#305;r, bunlar&#305;n korelasyonlar&#305;ndan g elde edilir.</p><p>E. <strong>Bi-Factor Modeli (Holzinger &amp; Spearman etkisi ve Carroll&#8217;un savundu&#287;u model)</strong></p><ul><li><p>Hem <strong>g fakt&#246;r&#252;</strong> hem de <strong>grup fakt&#246;rleri</strong> do&#287;rudan &#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenlere etki eder.</p></li><li><p><em>g</em>&#8217;nin etkisi grup fakt&#246;rlerinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r.</p><p></p></li><li><p>&#304;ngiliz psikometri ekol&#252;n&#252;n &#8220;top-down&#8221; yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;na dayan&#305;r: <em>g</em> &#246;nceliklidir. Uzun s&#252;re geri planda kald&#305;; l&#226;kin Carroll&#8217;un (1990&#8217;lar) <strong>&#220;&#231; Tabakal&#305; Teorisi</strong> ve Gignac&#8217;&#305;n (2000&#8217;ler) &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;yla yeniden &#246;nem kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. </p></li></ul><p>Thurstone hari&#231;, ki kendisi de sonra high-order (ikinci-d&#252;zey) modeli kabul etmi&#351;tir, bu modellerin ortak teorik kabul&#252; asl&#305;nda zihinsel becerilerde bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar oldu&#287;u ve bu beceriler i&#231;in ortak bir fakt&#246;rden - yani <em>g</em> - bahsedebilmesidir. T&#252;m bili&#351;sel testlerin pozitif manifold (yani daima pozitif korelasyonlar) &#252;retmesi, ortak bir <strong>zihinsel kapasite/bili&#351;sel beceri/genel zek&#226; fikrini</strong> desteklemi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231; olarak, testlerdeki g&#246;revlerde (task) ortak bir genel fakt&#246;r (<em><strong>g</strong></em>) bulunur; buna ek olarak, teste &#246;zg&#252; &#246;zel fakt&#246;rler (<em><strong>s</strong></em>) vard&#305;r. Zek&#226;, tek bir temel kaynaktan t&#252;remektedir ve <em><strong>g</strong></em>, bireyin genel zihinsel kapasitesini yans&#305;t&#305;r.</p><p>Bu teorik modellerin temelini olu&#351;turan y&#246;ntem ise fakt&#246;r analizidir (&#246;nce ke&#351;fedici, ard&#305;ndan do&#287;rulay&#305;c&#305; &#8212; <em>exploratory</em> ve <em>confirmatory factor analysis</em>). Ayr&#305;ca g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde uyum indeksleri (CFI, RMSEA, SRMR vb.), teorik modellerin kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;nda standart &#246;l&#231;&#252;tler h&#226;line gelmi&#351;tir.</p><h1><strong>III. Modelleri Okumak</strong></h1><p>Modelleri tan&#305;tt&#305;ktan sonra g&#246;rseller &#252;zerinden modelleri okumaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;al&#305;m. Model i&#231;in yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m a&#231;&#305;klamay&#305; okuduktan sonra g&#246;rsele bakarsan&#305;z kolayca anlayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum.</p><h4>&#304;lk &#246;nce (a) iki fakt&#246;r modeli.</h4><p>Sizin i&#231;in okuyay&#305;m: Sol tarafta bir tane genel (<em>g</em>) fakt&#246;r var. Bu genel fakt&#246;r MV yani &#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenlerle &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;yor. <strong>&#214;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenlerin (MV)</strong> sa&#287; taraf&#305;nda spesifik fakt&#246;rler (s) ve &#246;l&#231;&#252;m hatas&#305; (e) var.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png" width="1456" height="1522" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!M59O!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0cf59d81-db1b-4663-979f-584236e6a153_2480x2593.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Beaujean, (2015, s. 126)</figcaption></figure></div><h4>&#304;kincisi Thurstone&#8217;un (b) &#199;oklu Fakt&#246;r Modeli.</h4><p>Bu g&#246;rselde fark ettiyseniz testleri etkileyen 5 tane farkl&#305; fakt&#246;r var (orjinal arg&#252;manda 7). Bu fakt&#246;rler birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve belirli bir gruplama i&#231;erisindeler. Dahas&#305;, bahsedilen fakt&#246;rleri ba&#287;layan bir genel fakt&#246;r (g) yok. Fakt&#246;r a, b, c ve d&#8217;ye <strong>grup fakt&#246;rleri</strong> demek yanl&#305;&#351; olmaz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png" width="504" height="1310" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1310,&quot;width&quot;:504,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:113300,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/172539478?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7COC!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9add9fb8-3cf4-4ebc-81c8-c822042159de_504x1310.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cucina &amp; Byle (2017, s. 17)</figcaption></figure></div><h4>&#350;imdi, WAIS &#252;zerinden (c) korelasyonlu fakt&#246;rler modelini inceleyece&#287;iz ve somut &#246;rneklerle devam edece&#287;iz.</h4><p>Bu modelde zek&#226;, tek bir genel fakt&#246;r (g) &#252;zerinden de&#287;il, birden fazla <strong>geni&#351; bili&#351;sel yetenek</strong> &#252;zerinden tan&#305;mlanmaktad&#305;r. Her bir geni&#351; fakt&#246;r, kendi alt&#305;na yerle&#351;tirilmi&#351; &#246;zel alt testler arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;r.</p><p>Geni&#351;&#231;e yazmak gerekirse:</p><p><strong>S&#246;zel Yetenek (Verbal Ability)</strong> boyutu, <strong>Benzerlikler (Similarities)</strong>, <strong>Kelime Bilgisi (Vocabulary)</strong>, <strong>Genel Bilgi (Information)</strong> ve <strong>Kavrama (Comprehension)</strong> alt testleriyle &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmektedir.<br><strong>Alg&#305;sal Yetenek (Perceptual Organization)</strong> boyutu ise <strong>Desen Tamamlama (Block Design)</strong>, <strong>Matris Ak&#305;l Y&#252;r&#252;tme (Matrix Reasoning)</strong>, <strong>G&#246;rsel Bulmacalar (Visual Puzzles)</strong>, <strong>Resim Tamamlama (Picture Completion)</strong> ve <strong>A&#287;&#305;rl&#305;klar (Figure Weights)</strong> testlerinden olu&#351;maktad&#305;r.<br><strong>&#199;al&#305;&#351;ma Belle&#287;i (Working Memory)</strong>, <strong>Rakam Dizisi (Digit Span)</strong>, <strong>Aritmetik (Arithmetic)</strong> ve <strong>Harf-Rakam Dizisi (Letter-Number Sequencing)</strong> alt testleri arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla de&#287;erlendirilmektedir.<br>Son olarak, <strong>&#304;&#351;lemleme H&#305;z&#305; (Processing Speed)</strong> boyutu <strong>Sembol Arama (Symbol Search)</strong>, <strong>Kodlama (Coding)</strong> ve <strong>&#304;ptal (Cancellation)</strong> testleri ile &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png" width="1456" height="867" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7io5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde777666-f7fb-4740-ac7c-a537c36422d8_1801x1073.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kan vd., (2024, s.4)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Burada kritik nokta, <strong>korelasyonlar&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; ve y&#246;n&#252;d&#252;r (Fakt&#246;r analizinde asl&#305;nda bunlara fakt&#246;r y&#252;k&#252; deriz)</strong>. Fakt&#246;rler ile alt testler aras&#305;ndaki y&#252;kler, hem <strong>empirik fakt&#246;r analizleri</strong> hem de <strong>teorik gerek&#231;eler</strong> temel al&#305;narak belirlenir. &#214;rne&#287;in, Benzerlikler (SI) alt testinin S&#246;zel Yetenek fakt&#246;r&#252;yle y&#252;ksek oranda korelasyon g&#246;stermesi beklenir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; testin i&#231;eri&#287;i do&#287;rudan s&#246;zel kavrama ve soyutlama becerileri ile ili&#351;kilidir. E&#287;er bu test, teorik ve empirik dayana&#287;&#305; olmayan &#351;ekilde ba&#351;ka bir fakt&#246;re (&#246;rne&#287;in Alg&#305;sal Organizasyon) yerle&#351;tirilseydi, modelin uyum istatistikleri (fit indices) bozulur ve kavramsal tutarl&#305;l&#305;k zedelenirdi. Bu s&#246;yledi&#287;imi daha iyi a&#231;&#305;klayay&#305;m.</p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki g&#246;rsele bakal&#305;m. <strong>Recall of Designs (dizayn an&#305;msama)</strong> testinin, <strong>Memory (bellek)</strong> fakt&#246;r&#252;ne y&#252;klenmesi denenmi&#351;. Fakat fakt&#246;r y&#252;k&#252;, <strong>Spatial (uzamsal)</strong> fakt&#246;re k&#305;yasla olduk&#231;a d&#252;&#351;&#252;k kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu durum, testin asl&#305;nda bellek kapasitesinden &#231;ok uzamsal-mek&#226;nsal yetenekleri yans&#305;tt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. </p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak, <strong>Recall of Designs</strong> testi k&#305;sa s&#252;reli bellekten ziyade uzamsal yetene&#287;in bir g&#246;stergesidir. Bu nedenle, fakt&#246;r analizinde elde edilen fakt&#246;r y&#252;kleri yaln&#305;zca istatistiksel bir sonu&#231; de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bili&#351;sel s&#252;re&#231;lerin do&#287;as&#305;na ili&#351;kin teorik bir &#231;er&#231;eve de sunar. Bu noktada fakt&#246;r analizi &#246;&#287;renmek, bu testlerin hangi fakt&#246;rlere nas&#305;l ve hangi &#351;artlar alt&#305;nda y&#252;klendi&#287;ini, di&#287;er y&#252;klemelerle nas&#305;l test edildi&#287;ini anlamak i&#231;in &#246;nemli bir ara&#231;. Dahas&#305;, fakt&#246;r analizi zek&#226; ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar&#305;n&#305;n en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; silah&#305;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png" width="1456" height="1646" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1646,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:555458,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/172539478?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wNfx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F62648e06-f80f-4ca2-9c2d-98b3641dae1e_1811x2047.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Keith, T.Z. (2019, s. 360).</figcaption></figure></div><p></p><h4>Kalan di&#287;er iki modeli kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmal&#305; olarak inceleyelim. &#304;lki higher-order (ikinci-d&#252;zey) <em>g</em> modeli, ikincisi bi-factor <em>g</em> modeli. </h4><p>&#214;ncelikle bu iki modelin neden Carroll&#8217;dan etkilendi&#287;ini anlatal&#305;m (kendi &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda Carroll&#8217;un a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a tercih etti&#287;i model bi-fakt&#246;r modelidir). Carroll, 1930&#8211;1985 aras&#305;nda yay&#305;mlanm&#305;&#351; <strong>460&#8217;tan fazla veri setini analiz etti&#287;i </strong><em>Human Cognitive Abilities: A Survey of Factor-Analytic Studie</em>s kitab&#305;nda modern istatistik y&#246;ntemlerini kullanarak <em><strong>Stratum I, Stratum II ve Stratum III</strong></em> &#351;eklinde hiyerar&#351;ik bir yap&#305; &#246;ne s&#252;rer.</p><p><strong>Stratum III -</strong> genel fakt&#246;r&#252; yani <em>g&#8217;yi temsil eder</em>; <strong>Stratum II</strong> geni&#351; yetenekleri (yani grup fakt&#246;rleri, mesela bahsetti&#287;imiz bellek gibi) temsil eder; <strong>Stratum I</strong> ise tekil g&#246;revlerle (yani g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z kutucuklardaki testler) &#246;l&#231;&#252;len somut becerileri, k&#305;sacas&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenleri, temsil eder. </p><p>Bu hiyerar&#351;ik yap&#305;dan yola &#231;&#305;karak John Carroll&#8217;&#305;n bili&#351;sel yetenek tan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; 3 maddede &#246;zetleenbilir:</p><p> a) Birbirinden farkl&#305; birden fazla fakt&#246;r var, b) Bu fakt&#246;rlerin etkileri bili&#351;sel yetene&#287;in alan&#305; i&#231;inde farkl&#305; d&#252;zeylerde genellik g&#246;steriyor, c) En genel etki olan g fakt&#246;r&#252; hemen hemen t&#252;m bili&#351;sel &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerle do&#287;rudan ili&#351;kili ve bu <em>g </em>fakt&#246;r&#252; di&#287;erlerinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r (Beaujean 2015, s. 132).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png" width="717" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:717,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:347968,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/172539478?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nOCA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9238e100-126a-444b-8674-2160fb98317b_717x768.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kan vd.  (2024, s. 5)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Yukar&#305;daki g&#246;rselde s&#305;rayla higher-order ve bi-fakt&#246;r modelini g&#246;r&#252;yorsunuz. Bu modelleri tek tek de&#287;il, kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rarak a&#231;&#305;klayaca&#287;&#305;m. Anlayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum &#231;&#252;nk&#252; di&#287;er iki g&#246;rselin nas&#305;l okunaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterdim. Benzer mant&#305;&#287;&#305; burada d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n. <em>g</em> var, grup fakt&#246;rleri (GF: yani <em>V, PO, WM ve PS</em>) var  ve grup fakt&#246;rleri i&#231;erisinde spesifik yetenekler, di&#287;er bir deyi&#351;le <strong>&#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenler</strong> (MV) var. </p><p>&#304;lk ve belki de en &#246;nemli fark, modellerin <em><strong>g</strong></em><strong>&#8217;nin &#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenlerle (MV)</strong> olan ili&#351;kisini nas&#305;l temsil etti&#287;idir. Bi-fakt&#246;r modelinde <em><strong>g</strong></em>, &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler &#252;zerinde do&#287;rudan bir etkiye sahiptir; dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, <em>g</em>&#8217;deki bir de&#287;i&#351;im, &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerde <em>g</em>&#8217;nin fakt&#246;r y&#252;klerinin b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne ve boyutuna ba&#287;l&#305; olarak beklenen bir de&#287;i&#351;ime yol a&#231;ar. <strong>&#304;kinci-d&#252;zey</strong> modellerde ise <em><strong>g</strong></em>, &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler &#252;zerinde do&#287;rudan bir etkiye sahip de&#287;ildir. Bunun yerine, g&#8217;nin &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlere olan etkisi dolayl&#305;d&#305;r ve <strong>grup fakt&#246;rleri (GF) </strong>&#252;zerinden i&#351;ler. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, g&#8217;nin &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlere olan ili&#351;kisi tamamen GF &#252;zerinden i&#351;ler. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla <em>g</em>&#8217;deki bir de&#287;i&#351;im yaln&#305;zca GF&#8217;de bir de&#287;i&#351;ime yol a&#231;ar; &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerdeki herhangi bir de&#287;i&#351;im ise GF&#8217;deki bu de&#287;i&#351;imden kaynaklan&#305;r. </p><p>&#304;kinci olarak, <strong>g&#8217;nin do&#287;as&#305;</strong> modeller aras&#305;nda farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Bi-fakt&#246;r modellerinde <em>g</em> ile GF aras&#305;ndaki temel fark, etkiledikleri &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerin geni&#351;li&#287;idir. Modeldeki ele al&#305;n&#305;&#351;&#305; nedeniyle bi-fakt&#246;r modelindeki <em>g</em> &#231;ok daha geni&#351; bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;m aral&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; (<strong>b&#252;t&#252;n &#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenleri</strong>) etkiler. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k, <strong>&#304;kinci-d&#252;zey</strong> modellerde <em>g</em> ve GF, s&#305;ralar&#305;na g&#246;re ayr&#305;l&#305;r. <em>g</em> daha &#252;st-d&#252;zey bir fakt&#246;rd&#252;r, bu y&#252;zden GF&#8217;den daha &#252;st bir d&#252;zeydedir. Sonu&#231; olarak, <em>g</em> grup fakt&#246;rlerini kapsar.</p><p>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; olarak, G<strong>F&#8217;nin bile&#351;imi</strong> modeller aras&#305;nda farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Bi-fakt&#246;r modellerinde grup fakt&#246;rleri, <em>g</em>&#8217;nin etkisi <em><strong>&#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;ktan </strong></em>sonra &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerde ortak olanlar&#305; yans&#305;t&#305;r. Bu nedenle grup fakt&#246;rleri <em>g</em>&#8217;den ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r. <strong>&#304;kinci-d&#252;zey</strong> modellerde ise grup fakt&#246;rleri, yaln&#305;zca <strong>&#246;l&#231;&#252;len de&#287;i&#351;kenlerin</strong> alt k&#252;mesinde ortak olan &#351;eyleri yans&#305;t&#305;r. Yaln&#305;zca <strong>G</strong>rup <strong>F</strong>akt&#246;rleri aras&#305;nda yeterli ortak varyans varsa <em>g </em>olu&#351;turulabilir. E&#287;er g olu&#351;turulursa, grup fakt&#246;rleri hem hepsinde ortak olan &#351;eylere (yani <em>g</em>) hem de yaln&#305;zca kendine &#246;zg&#252; olanlara ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;labilir.</p><p>D&#246;rd&#252;nc&#252; olarak, grup fakt&#246;rleri aras&#305;ndaki farklar g ile grup fakt&#246;rlerinin birbirine nas&#305;l ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;uyla ilgilidir. Bi-fakt&#246;r modelinde grup fakt&#246;rleri, <em>g</em>&#8217;nin &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305;ndan sonra kalan &#246;l&#231;&#252;mler aras&#305;ndaki kovaryanstan olu&#351;ur. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla bi-fakt&#246;r modellerinde<em> g </em>ve grup fakt&#246;rleri birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r. <em>g</em>&#8217;deki bir de&#287;i&#351;im grup fakt&#246;rlerinde bir de&#287;i&#351;im yaratmaz, tersi de ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde ge&#231;erlidir. <strong>&#304;kinci-d&#252;zey</strong> modellerde ise <em>g </em>ve grup fakt&#246;rleri ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;ildir.</p><p>Zek&#226; alan&#305;ndaki ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, bu modeller &#252;zerinden <strong>genel zek&#226;n&#305;n (g) bir testten al&#305;nan skorun tamam&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n fark&#305;ndad&#305;r</strong>. Bu nedenle alandaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar yaln&#305;zca <em>g</em>&#8217;yi de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <em>g</em> d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki <strong>grup fakt&#246;rlerini (g&#252;ncel terminolojide </strong><em><strong>broad abilities</strong></em><strong>), spesifik fakt&#246;rleri (her bir teste &#246;zel), &#246;l&#231;&#252;m hatalar&#305;n&#305;, ki&#351;ilik &#246;zelliklerini</strong> ve di&#287;er de&#287;i&#351;kenleri de anlamaya ve &#246;l&#231;meye odaklanmaktad&#305;r.</p><p><strong>K&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir not:</strong> Klinik psikologlar ve pratisyenler genellikle <strong>ikinci-d&#252;zey modeli (higher-order model)</strong> tercih etmektedir. Bu yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n en g&#252;ncel h&#226;li <strong>Cattell&#8211;Horn&#8211;Carroll (CHC) modeli</strong>dir. Raymond Cattell, bug&#252;n internette s&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z <strong>kristalize zek&#226; (Gc)</strong> ve <strong>ak&#305;&#351;kan zek&#226; (Gf)</strong> kavramlar&#305;n&#305; ortaya atm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bunlara &#8220;grup fakt&#246;rleri&#8221; demek yanl&#305;&#351; olmaz; her ne kadar g&#252;ncel terminolojide <em>broad abilities</em> kavram&#305; kullan&#305;lsa da. John Horn ise bu modeli geni&#351;leterek <strong>i&#351;lem h&#305;z&#305;, g&#246;rsel-uzamsal yetenek, i&#351;itsel yetenek ve kantitatif bilgi</strong> gibi yeni yetenek alanlar&#305;n&#305; eklemi&#351;tir. B&#246;ylece <strong>Cattell&#8211;Horn&#8211;Carroll sentezi</strong> ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Tercih edilmesinin nedeni, testi yapt&#305;ran ki&#351;ilere bili&#351;sel alanlardaki g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve zay&#305;f y&#246;nlerini a&#231;&#305;klamada olduk&#231;a kolayl&#305;k sa&#287;lamas&#305;d&#305;r. </p><p>Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k, <strong>zek&#226; ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar&#305;</strong> ise &#231;o&#287;u akademik dergide <strong>bi-fakt&#246;r modelini</strong> kullanmaktad&#305;r. Bunun nedenleri, ara&#351;t&#305;rma ba&#287;lam&#305;ndaki avantajlar&#305;d&#305;r:</p><ol><li><p>B&#252;y&#252;k test bataryalar&#305; &#252;zerinde uyguland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, hiyerar&#351;ik CHC modeline k&#305;yasla <strong>daha iyi uyum indeksleri</strong> &#252;retmektedir.</p></li><li><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, genel zek&#226; (<em>g</em>) ile <strong>alan-&#246;zg&#252;l varyans&#305; net bir &#351;ekilde ay&#305;rabildikleri i&#231;in</strong> bi-fakt&#246;r modellerini tercih etmektedir (b&#246;ylece yukar&#305;da belirtildi&#287;i gibi, yaln&#305;zca <em>g</em> de&#287;il, <em>g</em> d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki fakt&#246;rler de kolayca incelenebilmektedir).</p></li></ol><h1>IV. Sonu&#231;</h1><p>Zek&#226; teorileri &#231;o&#287;u zaman &#8220;anlams&#305;z&#8221; ya da &#8220;belirsiz&#8221; bulunur. Ama tarihsel s&#252;rece bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu teorilerin modern psikolojinin, hatta veri biliminin temelini att&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rmek &#231;arp&#305;c&#305;d&#305;r. Korelasyon kavram&#305;ndan fakt&#246;r analizine, bug&#252;n kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z istatistiksel y&#246;ntemlerin &#231;o&#287;u asl&#305;nda zek&#226;/bili&#351;sel yetenek kavram&#305;n&#305;n k&#246;kenini anlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken geli&#351;tirilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>&#304;&#351;in en ilgin&#231; taraf&#305;, neredeyse t&#252;m bili&#351;sel testlerde g&#246;r&#252;len <strong>pozitif korelasyonlard&#305;r</strong>: matematikte iyiyse genellikle s&#246;zelde de iyidir; h&#305;zl&#305; okuyan genelde h&#305;zl&#305; problem &#231;&#246;zer. Bu &#8220;pozitif manifold&#8221;, Spearman&#8217;&#305;n <em><strong>g</strong></em><strong> fakt&#246;r&#252;n&#252;</strong> tan&#305;mlamas&#305;na yol a&#231;t&#305;. Yani testlerin ard&#305;nda, farkl&#305; i&#231;eriklerin &#246;tesinde, ortak bir zihinsel kapasite var.</p><p>John Carroll&#8217;un 1993&#8217;teki dev &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;yla zek&#226; teorileri konusundaki tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; birle&#351;tirdi. Basit&#231;e zek&#226; &#252;&#231; tabakal&#305;d&#305;r. Dar beceriler &#8594; geni&#351; yetenekler &#8594; en &#252;stte genel zek&#226; (<em>g</em>). Bug&#252;n h&#226;l&#226; zek&#226; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda kullan&#305;lan testler bu modelin miras&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Zek&#226; teorileri belirsiz ya da anlams&#305;z de&#287;il; aksine, bize &#351;u temel &#246;zelli&#287;imizi g&#246;steriyor: &#304;nsan zihni, farkl&#305; yollarla &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilen ama daima birbirine ba&#287;lanan yeteneklerden olu&#351;ur. Bu varsay&#305;m&#305; anlamak geni&#351; bir alan&#305;n temel sorusu: <strong>&#8220;&#304;nsan zek&#226;s&#305;n&#305;n ortak paydas&#305; nedir?&#8221;</strong></p><h1>Kaynak&#231;a</h1><p>Beaujean, A. (2015). John Carroll&#8217;s Views on Intelligence: Bi-Factor vs. Higher-Order Models. <em>Journal of Intelligence</em>, <em>3</em>(4), 121-136. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence3040121">https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence3040121</a></p><p>Carroll, J. B. (2004). <em>Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies</em>. Cambridge University Press.</p><p>Cucina, J., &amp; Byle, K. (2017). The Bifactor Model Fits Better Than the Higher-Order Model in More Than 90% of Comparisons for Mental Abilities Test Batteries. <em>Journal of Intelligence</em>, <em>5</em>(3), 27. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence5030027">https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence5030027</a></p><p>Jensen, A. R. (1998). <em>The g factor: The science of mental ability</em> (1. publ). Praeger.</p><p>Kan, K.-J., Psychogyiopoulos, A., Groot, L. J., De Jonge, H., &amp; Ten Hove, D. (2024). Why Do Bi-Factor Models Outperform Higher-Order g Factor Models? A Network Perspective. <em>Journal of Intelligence</em>, <em>12</em>(2), 18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020018">https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12020018</a></p><p>Keith, T.Z. (2019). Multiple Regression and Beyond: An Introduction to Multiple Regression and Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315162348</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik&#8217;e abone olursan&#305;z sevinirim :)</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Erkeklerin Zekâ Dağılımı Neden Daha Değişkendir? Çünkü X Kromozomu.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Giri&#351; Darwin, erkeklerin fiziksel &#246;zelliklerinde kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha fazla varyans (de&#287;i&#351;kenlik) g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini g&#246;zlemlemi&#351;tir. Bu durumun, insanlar aras&#305;nda bili&#351;sel yetenekler i&#231;in de ge&#231;erli oldu&#287;u &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r ve bu iddiay&#305; destekleyen &#246;nemli miktarda ampirik kan&#305;t sunulmu&#351;tur.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/erkeklerin-zeka-daglm-neden-daha</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/erkeklerin-zeka-daglm-neden-daha</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 07 Jul 2025 08:25:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Giri&#351;</h1><p>Darwin, erkeklerin fiziksel &#246;zelliklerinde kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha fazla varyans (de&#287;i&#351;kenlik) g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini g&#246;zlemlemi&#351;tir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> Bu durumun, insanlar aras&#305;nda bili&#351;sel yetenekler i&#231;in de ge&#231;erli oldu&#287;u &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r ve bu iddiay&#305; destekleyen &#246;nemli miktarda ampirik kan&#305;t sunulmu&#351;tur. Yani, erkeklerin bili&#351;sel yeteneklerini temsil eden &#8220;&#231;an e&#287;risi&#8221; (normal da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m), kad&#305;nlar&#305;nkine k&#305;yasla biraz daha yass&#305; ve sa&#231;&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olma e&#287;ilimindedir.</p><p>Normal da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m, iki temel parametreyle tan&#305;mlan&#305;r: ortalama (mean) ve varyans (variance). Cinsiyet farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; bu iki parametreden herhangi birinde ortaya &#231;&#305;kabilir. Ortalama fark&#305;n&#305; niceliksel olarak ifade etmek i&#231;in genellikle <strong>Cohen&#8217;s d</strong> de&#287;eri kullan&#305;l&#305;r. Bu de&#287;er, iki grup aras&#305;ndaki ortalama fark&#305; standartla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; birimlerle g&#246;sterir. Konvansiyon gere&#287;i, pozitif bir de&#287;er erkeklerin ortalamas&#305;n&#305;n daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;unu, s&#305;f&#305;r fark olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve negatif bir de&#287;er ise kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ortalamas&#305;n&#305;n daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik okuyucular&#305;n deste&#287;i sayesinde yaz&#305; &#231;&#305;kartabilmektedir. Destek olmak i&#231;in l&#252;tfen abone olun :)</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Varyans farklar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in ise genellikle <strong>varyans oran&#305; (VR)</strong> kullan&#305;l&#305;r. Bu oran, erkek varyans&#305;n&#305;n kad&#305;n varyans&#305;na b&#246;l&#252;nmesiyle elde edilir. Varyans oran&#305; 1 ise gruplar aras&#305;nda varyans fark&#305; yoktur. 1&#8217;den b&#252;y&#252;k de&#287;erler erkeklerde daha fazla varyans oldu&#287;unu, 1&#8217;den k&#252;&#231;&#252;k de&#287;erler ise kad&#305;nlarda daha fazla varyans oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir. </p><p>G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde yap&#305;lan &#231;ok say&#305;da &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ortakla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; nokta &#351;u: <strong>kad&#305;nlar ve erkekler aras&#305;nda ortalama IQ (ve asl&#305;nda g fakt&#246;r&#252; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan da) a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan neredeyse hi&#231; fark yoktur</strong>; l&#226;kin g&#246;rece az konu&#351;ulan ama olduk&#231;a tutarl&#305; bir fark vard&#305;r. <strong>Erkeklerin IQ puanlar&#305;ndaki de&#287;i&#351;kenlik (yani varyans), kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha fazla</strong>d&#305;r.</p><p>Peki &#351;u ana kadar yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar bize ne s&#246;yl&#252;yor? Basit&#231;e &#351;u: erkekler <strong>hem &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k IQ&#8217;lu bireyler aras&#305;nda hem de &#231;ok y&#252;ksek IQ&#8217;lu bireyler aras&#305;nda</strong> daha fazla temsil ediliyor. Yani da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n hem alt hem de &#252;st u&#231;lar&#305;nda erkekler daha s&#305;k g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. &#214;rne&#287;in, <a href="http://10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005">Nyborg (2015)</a> &#246;rnekleminde 145IQ ve &#252;st&#252;nde her 5 erkek i&#231;in 1 kad&#305;n vard&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png" width="1200" height="621.4285714285714" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmzK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38b22b86-4654-4c84-8f6c-5ab37b967c9c_1582x819.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Kaynak: Nyborg, H. (2015). Sex differences across different racial ability levels: Theories of origin and societal consequences. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>52</em>, 44&#8211;62. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://x.com/t_acaru/status/1888175250988556484">Camille Paglia "Nas&#305;l kad&#305;n Mozart yoksa kad&#305;n Kar&#305;nde&#351;en Jack de yok</a>&#8221;</p><div class="native-video-embed" data-component-name="VideoPlaceholder" data-attrs="{&quot;mediaUploadId&quot;:&quot;75f740f9-e161-44c7-9935-467a6f7c39aa&quot;,&quot;duration&quot;:null}"></div><p>Bu durum sadece IQ i&#231;in de&#287;il, boy uzunlu&#287;u, kelime da&#287;arc&#305;&#287;&#305;, tepki s&#252;resi gibi bir&#231;ok nicel &#246;zellik i&#231;in de ge&#231;erli. Peki ama neden?<br><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/npre.2009.3238.1">Bernard S. Strauss ve Jacob A. Strauss&#8217;un (2009)</a> &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; bu soruya g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir biyolojik a&#231;&#305;klama getiriyor: <strong>X kromozomu</strong>.</p><h1>X Kromozomu: De&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;in Genetik Mekanizmas&#305;</h1><p><strong>X kromozomu ta&#351;&#305;yan genlerin neden erkeklerde daha fazla de&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;e yol a&#231;mas&#305;n&#305;n beklenebilece&#287;ine dair temel biyolojik gerek&#231;eleri</strong> incelemek &#246;nemlidir. Bu a&#231;&#305;klamalar, genel zek&#226;dan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak, daha genel bir genetik ilkeye dayanmaktad&#305;r ve <strong>spek&#252;latif de&#287;il, biyolojik olarak kan&#305;tlanm&#305;&#351; ger&#231;eklerdir</strong>. X kromozomu orta b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;ktedir ve insan haploid genomundaki toplam genetik materyalin %3,4&#8217;&#252;n&#252; i&#231;erir. <strong>Y kromozomu</strong> ise olduk&#231;a k&#252;&#231;&#252;kt&#252;r ve esas olarak <strong>erkek cinsiyetinin geli&#351;imini</strong> d&#252;zenleyen birka&#231; gene sahiptir. Bu temel fark, erkeklerin ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; <strong>X kromozomundaki genetik varyantlar&#305;n do&#287;rudan etkili olmas&#305;na</strong>, kad&#305;nlardaki etkilerin ise daha &#231;ok <strong>dengeleyici bi&#231;imde ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;na</strong> neden olur.</p><p>Bunun nedeni, erkeklerin genoma oranla ifade edilen alelleri ta&#351;&#305;mas&#305; durumunda, bu &#246;zelliklerin ya do&#287;rudan ifade edilmesi ya da hi&#231; ifade edilmemesidir. &#214;te yandan, her bir alelden birer kopya ta&#351;&#305;yan heterozigot kad&#305;nlar ise bu &#246;zelli&#287;i daha &#231;ok orta seviyede ifade eder, bu da pop&#252;lasyon d&#252;zeyinde varyans&#305; azalt&#305;r. Erkekler, yaln&#305;zca bask&#305;lanmam&#305;&#351; oldu&#287;unda ifade edilen resesif alellerden kaynaklanan &#246;zellikleri daha s&#305;k g&#246;sterirler. Bunun nedeni, erkeklerin bu &#246;zelli&#287;i pop&#252;lasyondaki alel frekans&#305; oran&#305;nda ifade etmesi iken, kad&#305;nlar&#305;n bunu bu frekans&#305;n karesi oran&#305;nda ifade etmesidir. </p><p>Basit&#231;e, bir genin <strong>resesif (&#231;ekinik)</strong> aleli yaln&#305;zca di&#287;er alel taraf&#305;ndan bask&#305;lanm&#305;yorsa kendini g&#246;sterir. Bu ba&#287;lamda:</p><ul><li><p>Erkeklerde <strong>X kromozomu tek oldu&#287;u i&#231;in</strong>, &#252;zerindeki bir resesif alel do&#287;rudan <strong>fenotipik olarak ifade edilir</strong>.</p></li><li><p>Kad&#305;nlar ise e&#287;er bir &#8220;normal&#8221; ve bir &#8220;bozuk&#8221; alel ta&#351;&#305;yorsa, bu durum genellikle <strong>dengelenir</strong> ve d&#305;&#351;a vurulmaz.</p></li></ul><p>&#214;rne&#287;in, e&#287;er pop&#252;lasyonda bir genin frekans&#305; %10 ise, bu &#246;zelli&#287;in erkeklerde g&#246;r&#252;lme oran&#305; %10 olurken, kad&#305;nlarda g&#246;r&#252;lme oran&#305; %1 olur (0.1 &#215; 0.1). Bu da kad&#305;nlarda erkeklere g&#246;re daha az de&#287;i&#351;kenlik oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelir. Di&#287;er yandan, bask&#305;n aleller s&#246;z konusu oldu&#287;unda, yani hangi di&#287;er alelle e&#351;le&#351;irse e&#351;le&#351;sin ifade edilen aleller erkekler bu &#246;zelli&#287;i pop&#252;lasyondaki alel frekans&#305; oran&#305;nda ifade ederken, kad&#305;nlar bunu daha y&#252;ksek bir oranda ifade eder. Hem erkekler hem de kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in maksimum varyans, alel frekans&#305; 0.5 oldu&#287;unda olu&#351;ur; bu durumda erkek varyans&#305; 0.25 (0.5 &#215; (1.0 &#8722; 0.5)) olurken, kad&#305;n varyans&#305; 0.188 (0.75 &#215; (1.0 &#8722; 0.75)) olur.</p><p>Genel zek&#226; gibi &#231;ok de&#287;i&#351;kenli &#246;zelliklerdeki gen frekans&#305; durumu, genler aras&#305; etkile&#351;im (epistaz) ve genetik damgalanma (ebeveyn kaynakl&#305; se&#231;ici aktar&#305;m) gibi &#351;u anda hakk&#305;nda &#231;ok az &#351;ey bildi&#287;imiz baz&#305; etkenler nedeniyle daha karma&#351;&#305;k olabilir. Mamafih, bildi&#287;imiz bir &#351;ey var ki, bu durum kad&#305;nlarda genetik materyalin b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n X kromozomlar&#305;ndan birinde inaktive edilmesiyle daha da karma&#351;&#305;k hale gelmektedir. Kad&#305;nlar iki X kromozomuna sahip olduklar&#305;ndan, gen dozaj&#305;n&#305; dengelemek i&#231;in <strong>her h&#252;crede X kromozomlar&#305;ndan biri rastgele devre d&#305;&#351;&#305; b&#305;rak&#305;l&#305;r</strong>. Bu biyolojik s&#252;re&#231;, <strong>gebeli&#287;in erken d&#246;neminde</strong>, embriyo yakla&#351;&#305;k 100 h&#252;creyken ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir. Bu nedenle inaktive edilen X kromozomundaki genlerin b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305; ifade edilmez. Basit&#231;e:</p><ul><li><p>Kad&#305;nlar, <strong>mozaik genetik yap&#305;ya</strong> sahip olur. Baz&#305; h&#252;crelerinde anneden, baz&#305; h&#252;crelerinde babadan gelen X kromozomu aktiftir.</p></li><li><p>Bu durum, <strong>zararl&#305; bir alelin etkisini ortalama d&#252;zeye &#231;eker</strong> &#231;&#252;nk&#252; di&#287;er X kromozomu onu telafi edebilir.</p></li></ul><p>&#304;naktive edilen kromozom rastgele se&#231;ilir. Bu durum, ortalamada, v&#252;cuttaki h&#252;crelerin yar&#305;s&#305;nda bir X kromozomunun, di&#287;er yar&#305;s&#305;nda ise di&#287;er X kromozomunun ifade edilmesine neden olur; bu ifade kal&#305;plar&#305; da h&#252;crelerin k&#246;ken ald&#305;&#287;&#305; geli&#351;imsel &#231;izgileri takip eder.</p><p>E&#287;er iki alel de ayn&#305;ysa (homozigot), inaktivasyon genin ifade edilip edilmemesini etkilemez (yaln&#305;zca dozaj etkisini erkeklerde oldu&#287;u gibi 1 ile s&#305;n&#305;rlar). Bu durum yaln&#305;zca heterozigot bireyler (bir t&#252;rden bir alel ve di&#287;er t&#252;rden ba&#351;ka bir alel ta&#351;&#305;yanlar) i&#231;in ge&#231;erlidir. Heterozigot kad&#305;nlarda, v&#252;cuttaki baz&#305; h&#252;crelerde X kromozomlar&#305;ndan birinde bulunan zararl&#305; alelin etkisi, di&#287;er X kromozomundaki kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k gelen alelin di&#287;er h&#252;crelerdeki etkisiyle ortalamaya &#231;ekilerek dengelenir. Oysa erkeklerde b&#246;yle bir <strong>telafi mekanizmas&#305;</strong> yoktur. <strong>Tek bir X kromozomu</strong> bulundu&#287;undan, &#252;zerindeki <strong>herhangi bir zararl&#305; alel do&#287;rudan etkisini g&#246;sterir</strong>. Bu nedenle, kad&#305;nlar yaln&#305;zca her iki X kromozomlar&#305;nda da zararl&#305; aleller ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;klar&#305;nda genetik olarak etkilenmi&#351; &#246;zelli&#287;in tam yelpazesini ifade ederler. Erkekler ise, tek X kromozomlar&#305;nda bu zararl&#305; alellerin bulunmas&#305; durumunda bu etkileri do&#287;rudan ve daha s&#305;k bi&#231;imde ifade ederler. Bir pop&#252;lasyon genelinde bu, &#246;zellik da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n her iki ucunda da erkeklerde daha fazla de&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;e neden olur. Sonu&#231; olarak, <strong>kad&#305;nlarda genetik etkiler daha dengelenmi&#351;</strong>, <strong>erkeklerde ise u&#231; noktalara daha a&#231;&#305;k bir da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m</strong> olu&#351;ur. Bu da erkeklerde, g&#246;zlemlenen &#246;zelliklerin hem <strong>&#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k hem de &#231;ok y&#252;ksek</strong> de&#287;erlerinde daha fazla temsil edilme ihtimalini art&#305;r&#305;r.</p><p>Basit bir &#246;rnek k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;-ye&#351;il renk k&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;d&#252;r. E&#287;er bu &#246;zelli&#287;e neden olan resesif alelin pop&#252;lasyondaki s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; %5 ise erkeklerin %5&#8217;i bu &#246;zelli&#287;i g&#246;sterecek; l&#226;kin yaln&#305;zca X kromozomlar&#305;n&#305;n her ikisinde de bu bozuk aleli ta&#351;&#305;yan kad&#305;nlar&#305;n oran&#305; %0,25 olacakt&#305;r (yani %5&#8217;in %5&#8217;i). Bu gibi <strong>ikili</strong> da&#287;&#305;lan bir &#246;zellik i&#231;in, erkeklerdeki varyans 0.05 &#215; 0.95 = 0.0475 olurken, kad&#305;nlardaki varyans 0.0025 &#215; 0.9975 = 0.00249 olur; yani kad&#305;nlarda varyans <strong>neredeyse 20 kat daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;r</strong>. Daha karma&#351;&#305;k d&#252;zeyde ise, genel zek&#226; gibi &#231;ok say&#305;da gen taraf&#305;ndan etkilenip &#231;evresel fakt&#246;rlerle de &#351;ekillenen s&#252;rekli bir &#246;zellikte, bu duruma benzer bir mekanizma i&#351;ler. Yine de, X kromozomu alellerinin etkilerinde baz&#305; istisnalar olabilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, kad&#305;nlarda bir bozuk ve bir normal alelin birlikte bulunmas&#305;n&#305;n, iki bozuk ya da iki normal alelden daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir etkiye sahip oldu&#287;u durumlar (a&#351;&#305;r&#305; bask&#305;nl&#305;k - overdominance) olabilir.</p><h2><strong>Temel Kromozom Yap&#305;s&#305;</strong></h2><ul><li><p><strong>Kad&#305;nlar</strong>: &#304;ki X kromozomuna sahiptir (<strong>XX</strong>).</p></li><li><p><strong>Erkekler</strong>: Bir X ve bir Y kromozomuna sahiptir (<strong>XY</strong>).</p></li></ul><p>X kromozomu, yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>1100 gen</strong> i&#231;erir ve bunlar&#305;n &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sm&#305; <strong>beyin geli&#351;imi ve n&#246;rolojik i&#351;levlerle</strong> ilgilidir.<br>Buna kar&#351;&#305;n Y kromozomu &#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;kt&#252;r ve &#231;o&#287;unlukla <strong>&#252;reme ile ilgili az say&#305;da gen</strong> ta&#351;&#305;r.</p><p>Kad&#305;nlar&#305;n iki X kromozomu oldu&#287;undan, genlerin a&#351;&#305;r&#305; ifade edilmesini &#246;nlemek i&#231;in h&#252;crelerdeki X kromozomlar&#305;ndan biri <strong>rastgele inaktive edilir</strong>.<br>Bu s&#252;re&#231; sonucunda kad&#305;nlar <strong>genetik olarak mozaik</strong> h&#226;le gelir. &#214;rne&#287;in biri g&#252;&#231;l&#252;, di&#287;eri zay&#305;f olan iki farkl&#305; aleli varsa, baz&#305; h&#252;crelerde g&#252;&#231;l&#252;, baz&#305; h&#252;crelerde zay&#305;f alel aktifle&#351;ir. B&#246;ylece <strong>fenotipik etkiler dengelenir</strong> ve bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar bast&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olur.</p><p>Bu mekanizma, kad&#305;nlarda <strong>&#246;zelliklerin varyans&#305;n&#305; (de&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;ini) azalt&#305;r</strong>. Erkeklerde yaln&#305;zca <strong>bir X kromozomu</strong> oldu&#287;undan, bu kromozomdaki herhangi bir alel <strong>t&#252;m h&#252;crelerde tam olarak ifade edilir</strong>.<br>Bu da demektir ki:</p><ul><li><p>X kromozomundaki <strong>nadir ya da a&#351;&#305;r&#305; etkili genetik varyantlar</strong> erkeklerde <strong>tam g&#252;&#231;le ortaya &#231;&#305;kar</strong>,</p></li><li><p>Kad&#305;nlarda ise bu t&#252;r etkiler <strong>yar&#305; yar&#305;ya bask&#305;lanabilir veya hi&#231; ortaya &#231;&#305;kmayabilir</strong>.</p></li></ul><p>Sonu&#231; olarak <strong>erkekler, X ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; &#246;zelliklerde daha geni&#351; bir varyans g&#246;sterir. </strong>Bu biyolojik mekanizmay&#305; daha somut hale getirmek i&#231;in Strauss &amp; Strauss (2009), basitle&#351;tirilmi&#351; bir model &#246;neriyor. Diyelim ki X kromozomu &#252;zerinde IQ&#8217;yu etkileyen tek bir gen var ve iki aleli bulunuyor:</p><ul><li><p><strong>A</strong> &#8594; 100 IQ puan&#305; katk&#305; sa&#287;lar</p></li><li><p><strong>a</strong> &#8594; 0 puan sa&#287;lar</p></li></ul><p><strong>Erkekler:</strong></p><ul><li><p>X(A)Y &#8594; IQ = 100</p></li><li><p>X(a)Y &#8594; IQ = 0</p></li><li><p><strong>Varyans: y&#252;ksek</strong></p></li></ul><p><strong>Kad&#305;nlar:</strong></p><ul><li><p>X(A)X(A) &#8594; IQ = 100</p></li><li><p>X(A)X(a) &#8594; Ortalama ifade (yakla&#351;&#305;k 100)</p></li><li><p>X(a)X(a) &#8594; IQ = 0</p></li><li><p><strong>Varyans: daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k</strong> &#231;&#252;nk&#252; mozaik yap&#305; etkileri dengeler</p></li></ul><p>Bu durumda, erkek/kad&#305;n varyans oran&#305; <strong>yakla&#351;&#305;k 2:1</strong> olur (e&#351;it alel frekans&#305; ve bask&#305;nl&#305;k olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; varsayarsak). Elbette zek&#226; tek bir genle a&#231;&#305;klanamaz. Zek&#226;, <strong>y&#252;zlerce hatta binlerce genin etkiledi&#287;i poligenik bir &#246;zelliktir</strong>. Strauss &amp; Strauss bu nedenle modelini geni&#351;letir:</p><ul><li><p>IQ&#8217;ya katk&#305; sa&#287;layan <strong>birden fazla gen</strong> modellenir.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#945; oran&#305;</strong>: IQ ile ili&#351;kili genlerin ne kadar&#305;n&#305;n X kromozomunda oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir.</p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>&#945; = 0</strong> &#8594; T&#252;m genler otozomal (X&#8217;te yok) &#8594; Kad&#305;n ve erkek varyans&#305; e&#351;it</p></li><li><p><strong>&#945; = 1</strong> &#8594; T&#252;m genler X kromozomunda &#8594; Erkek/kad&#305;n varyans&#305; oran&#305; = 2</p></li><li><p><strong>&#945; 0&#8211;1 aras&#305;nda</strong> ise &#8594; Varyans oran&#305; <strong>1 ile 2 aras&#305;nda</strong> de&#287;i&#351;ir.</p></li></ul><p>Bu modele g&#246;re, <strong>IQ ile ilgili genlerin sadece k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n X kromozomunda olmas&#305; bile</strong>, <strong>erkeklerin neden daha de&#287;i&#351;ken oldu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;klamaya yeterlidir</strong>.</p><p>Elimizdeki veriler, erkek/kad&#305;n IQ varyans oran&#305;n&#305;n genellikle <strong>1.07 ile 1.17</strong> aras&#305;nda oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir. Bu orana g&#246;re, IQ ile ilgili genlerin yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>%7&#8211;17&#8217;sinin X kromozomunda</strong> yer ald&#305;&#287;&#305; varsay&#305;labilir. Hatta s&#246;zel yeteneklerin &#246;l&#231;&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; baz&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda bu oran daha da y&#252;ksektir. <strong>Erkeklerde kelime da&#287;arc&#305;&#287;&#305; varyans&#305; 1.40 kat fazlad&#305;r</strong>. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, ayr&#305;ca ikinci bir model (Model 2) ile: </p><ul><li><p><strong>&#214;l&#231;&#252;m hatalar&#305;n&#305;</strong>,</p></li><li><p><strong>Genetik etkile&#351;imler (epistaz) ve bask&#305;nl&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong>,</p></li><li><p><strong>&#199;evre fakt&#246;rler</strong>ini kontrol eder.</p></li></ul><p>Buna ra&#287;men modelin sonucu de&#287;i&#351;mez: <strong>Erkek/kad&#305;n varyans oran&#305; h&#226;l&#226; 1 ile 2 aras&#305;nda kal&#305;r. </strong>Bu da X kromozomu temelli a&#231;&#305;klaman&#305;n <strong>biyolojik olarak sa&#287;lam</strong> oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir.</p><h1>&#304;ki &#214;rnek Veri</h1><p><strong>Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT)</strong>, &#246;&#287;rencilerin bili&#351;sel yetilerini de&#287;erlendiren bir test bataryas&#305;d&#305;r. <strong>Lakin (2013)</strong> &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;rneklemi Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri'nde 3. s&#305;n&#305;ftan 11. s&#305;n&#305;fa kadar olan &#246;&#287;rencilerden elde edilen b&#252;y&#252;k CogAT sonu&#231;lar&#305;ndan olu&#351;ur (bkz. makaledeki Tablo 3).</p><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma kapsam&#305;nda:</p><ul><li><p><strong>4 farkl&#305; kohort</strong> (1984, 1992, 2000, 2011),</p></li><li><p><strong>3 farkl&#305; test alan&#305;</strong> (s&#246;zel, say&#305;sal ve s&#246;zel olmayan/g&#246;rsel),</p></li><li><p><strong>7 farkl&#305; s&#305;n&#305;f d&#252;zeyi</strong> incelenmi&#351;tir.</p></li></ul><p>Bu da toplamda <strong>84 &#246;rneklem</strong> (4 &#215; 3 &#215; 7) anlam&#305;na gelir ve her biri &#231;ok say&#305;da &#246;&#287;renciyi i&#231;ermektedir. G&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z gibi VR her zaman 1.0&#8217;dan b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r. &#214;zellikle <strong>say&#305;sal testlerde</strong>, VR de&#287;erleri s&#305;k s&#305;k <strong>1,10 ila 1,21</strong> aral&#305;&#287;&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png" width="624" height="763" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:763,&quot;width&quot;:624,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:127102,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/167648085?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!c9WE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ed558cb-b635-4837-b147-3ab39c10ebaf_624x763.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Tablo 3; Lakin, J. M. (2013). Sex differences in reasoning abilities: Surprising evidence that male&#8211;female ratios in the tails of the quantitative reasoning distribution have increased. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>41</em>(4), 263&#8211;274. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.004</a></figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p><a href="http://10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003">Deary vd. (2007)</a> bu de&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;i iki test &#252;zerinden incelemi&#351;tir.</p><p>ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery), ABD ordusu taraf&#305;ndan uygulanan &#231;ok boyutlu bir yetenek testidir. Adaylar&#305;n farkl&#305; alanlardaki bili&#351;sel becerilerini &#246;l&#231;er. Alt testler &#351;unlar&#305; i&#231;erir:</p><ul><li><p>S&#246;zel anlay&#305;&#351;</p></li><li><p>Aritmetik ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme</p></li><li><p>Mekanik kavray&#305;&#351;</p></li><li><p>Elektronik bilgi</p></li><li><p>Matematik bilgisi</p></li></ul><h3><strong>AFQT (Armed Forces Qualification Test)</strong></h3><p>ASVAB&#8217;&#305;n 4 alt testinden t&#252;retilen bir alt &#246;l&#231;ektir. &#350;u d&#246;rt testin birle&#351;iminden olu&#351;ur:  </p><ul><li><p>Word Knowledge (Kelime bilgisi) </p></li><li><p>Paragraph Comprehension (Paragraf anlama)  </p></li><li><p>Arithmetic Reasoning (Aritmetik ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme) </p></li><li><p>Mathematics Knowledge (Matematik bilgisi)  </p></li></ul><p>Genel zek&#226;ya (g fakt&#246;r&#252;ne) olduk&#231;a g&#252;&#231;l&#252; &#351;ekilde kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k gelir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png" width="1294" height="873" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:873,&quot;width&quot;:1294,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:250079,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/167648085?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!smNa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4d0750fd-062b-4e1b-93e8-26571ce12b15_1294x873.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Deary, I. J., Irwing, P., Der, G., &amp; Bates, T. C. (2007). Brother&#8211;sister differences in the g factor in intelligence: Analysis of full, opposite-sex siblings from the NLSY1979. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>35</em>(5), 451&#8211;456. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, ABD genelinden toplanan geni&#351; bir temsili &#246;rneklem olan <strong>National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79)</strong> verilerini kullanmaktad&#305;r. <strong>&#214;zellikle kar&#351;&#305; cinsiyetten karde&#351; &#231;iftleri (bir erkek ve bir k&#305;z karde&#351;)</strong> analiz edilmi&#351;tir. Toplamda <strong>1,281 kar&#351;&#305; cins karde&#351; &#231;ifti (yani 2.562 birey)</strong> dahil edilmi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231; olarak ASVAB g fakt&#246;r&#252; i&#231;in erkek/kad&#305;n standart sapma oran&#305; = 1,16; AFQT g fakt&#246;r&#252; i&#231;in erkek/kad&#305;n standart sapma oran&#305; = 1,11. Bu bulgular, erkeklerin zek&#226; da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;nda daha u&#231;larda (hem &#231;ok y&#252;ksek hem &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k) yer alma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n daha fazla oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir. &#214;rne&#287;in: AFQT testi taraf&#305;ndan &#246;l&#231;&#252;len g fakt&#246;r&#252;nde en y&#252;ksek 50 puan aras&#305;nda 33 erkek, yaln&#305;zca 17 kad&#305;n vard&#305;.</p><p>Standart sapma oran&#305; &#252;zerinden varyans&#305; anlamak i&#231;in:</p><p> E&#287;er erkeklerin standart sapmas&#305; (SD&#8344;) kad&#305;nlar&#305;nkinden (SDf) fazlaysa:</p><p><strong>Standart Sapma Oran&#305; (SD Ratio) = SD&#8344; / SDf</strong></p><p><strong>Varyans Oran&#305; (VR) = (SD&#8344;)&#178; / (SDf)&#178;</strong></p><p><strong>ASVAB g fakt&#246;r&#252; i&#231;in SD oran&#305; = 1.16</strong></p><ul><li><p>Bu durumda <strong>Varyans Oran&#305; = (1.16)&#178; = 1.35</strong></p></li></ul><p>Yani erkeklerin varyans&#305; kad&#305;nlar&#305;nkinden yakla&#351;&#305;k <strong>%35 daha fazlad&#305;r</strong>.</p><h1>Kaynak&#231;a</h1><p>Deary, I. J., Irwing, P., Der, G., &amp; Bates, T. C. (2007). Brother&#8211;sister differences in the g factor in intelligence: Analysis of full, opposite-sex siblings from the NLSY1979. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>35</em>(5), 451&#8211;456. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.003</a></p><p>Johnson, W., Carothers, A., &amp; Deary, I. J. (2009). A Role for the <em>X</em> Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence? <em>Perspectives on Psychological Science</em>, <em>4</em>(6), 598&#8211;611. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01168.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01168.x</a></p><p>Lakin, J. M. (2013). Sex differences in reasoning abilities: Surprising evidence that male&#8211;female ratios in the tails of the quantitative reasoning distribution have increased. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>41</em>(4), 263&#8211;274. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.004">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.004</a></p><p>McKusick, V.A. (1966). Mendelian inheritance in man. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</p><p>Nyborg, H. (2015). Sex differences across different racial ability levels: Theories of origin and societal consequences. <em>Intelligence</em>, <em>52</em>, 44&#8211;62. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.005</a></p><p>Strauss, B., &amp; Strauss, J. (2009). Why are Male IQ Scores More Variable? <em>Nature Precedings</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3238.1">https://doi.org/10.1038/npre.2009.3238.1</a></p><p>Th&#246;ni, C., &amp; Volk, S. (2021). Converging evidence for greater male variability in time, risk, and social preferences. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, <em>118</em>(23), e2026112118. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026112118">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026112118</a></p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>https://arxiv.org/html/1703.04184v15</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Japonya/Saitama'daki Yabancıların Suç Oranları]]></title><description><![CDATA[Zor bir analiz.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/japonyasaitamadaki-yabanclarn-suc</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/japonyasaitamadaki-yabanclarn-suc</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 08 May 2025 05:51:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1faae835-cb79-4aff-89bc-6802d0ad1cfe_4126x2454.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Yak&#305;n zamanda Emil Kirkegaard&#8217;&#305;n payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir veriye denk geldim. &#304;ki farkl&#305; veriyi (tutuklanma ve n&#252;fus) birle&#351;tirerek Saitama prefekt&#246;r&#252;ndeki yabanc&#305;lar&#305;n su&#231; oranlar&#305;na bak&#305;yordu. Dikkatimi &#231;eken Saitama Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;nde ya&#351;ayan K&#252;rtler (T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda&#351;&#305; olarak) ve Koreliler oldu.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png" width="598" height="762" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:762,&quot;width&quot;:598,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:153896,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NlGN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c173ac8-56a3-44ae-84bc-9ce6dd5869f2_598x762.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bkz: https://x.com/KirkegaardEmil/status/1910679675740758349  </figcaption></figure></div><p>K&#252;rtler, bilindi&#287;i gibi, T&#252;rkiye Cumhuriyeti vatanda&#351;&#305; olarak Japonya&#8217;ya girip iltica ba&#351;vurusu yap&#305;yorlar ve bu iltica ba&#351;vurusu sonu&#231;lan&#305;rsa m&#252;lteci stat&#252;s&#252; al&#305;yorlar. K&#252;rtlerin neredeyse tamam&#305; Saitama Prefekt&#246;r&#252;nde ya&#351;&#305;yor. Twitetr&#8217;daki olaylardan da zaten takip etmi&#351;sinizdir. Tutuklanan herkesin K&#252;rt oldu&#287;unu iddia edebilir miyim? Hay&#305;r. Hatta tutuklanan 57 ki&#351;inin tamam&#305; T&#252;rk olabilir ama sosyal medyada olanlardan dolay&#305; pek olas&#305; g&#246;r&#252;nm&#252;yor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; K&#252;rt uyruklu ki&#351;ilerin tutukland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bireysel haberlerden biliyoruz ve &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;unu g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. &#214;rne&#287;in bu haber: https://www.sankei.com/article/20250319-NWBVUBSC4FGPTF6L6MH2KS2ZJ4/ </p><p>&#304;kinci bir not ise Brezilya. Buradaki Brezilyal&#305; g&#246;&#231;menlerin &#231;o&#287;u - tahmin edilebilece&#287;i gibi - &#231;o&#287;unlukla Brezilyal&#305; Japonlar. Japonya&#8217;ya g&#246;&#231; etme oranlar&#305; oldu&#287;unca y&#252;ksek ve genelde Tokyo civar&#305;na g&#246;&#231; ediyorlar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilians_in_Japan </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">L&#252;tfen &#252;ye olun :)</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Bu konuda detayl&#305; okuma yapmak isterseniz:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png" width="996" height="651" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:651,&quot;width&quot;:996,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:222430,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaxp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe8ca56d-7056-4421-8243-898368f9a5ac_996x651.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fujibayashi, H. (2020). When public opinion drives national asylum policymaking: The case of Kurdish asylum seekers in Japan. <em>Asia &amp; the Pacific Policy Studies</em>, <em>7</em>(2), 204-216. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.301">https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.301</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Ben de do&#287;al olarak bu veri setini merak ettim. Kendim de tablosunu &#231;&#305;karmak istedim. Saitama Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n 2023 (&#20196;&#21644; 5&#24180;) y&#305;l&#305;nda &#231;&#305;kard&#305;&#287;&#305; tek bir polis raporu var.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png" width="1023" height="526" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:526,&quot;width&quot;:1023,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:245539,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CDM5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F627648fb-8092-4620-8377-cc4ca5755924_1023x526.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bknz: https://www.police.pref.saitama.lg.jp/e0010/keisou-toukei.html</figcaption></figure></div><p><strong>29. sayfa (Tablo 49):</strong> Yabanc&#305; uyruklu ki&#351;ilerde su&#231; t&#252;r&#252;ne g&#246;re tutuklanan ki&#351;ilerin say&#305;s&#305;.</p><p>Veri setinin yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi &#246;zel kanun ihlallerini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;da b&#305;rakal&#305;m (&#21009;&#27861;&#29359;&#21450;&#12403;&#29305; &#21029;&#27861;&#29359;&#32207;&#25968;). Tablo 49. &#220;st&#252; k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;yla &#231;izdi&#287;im sat&#305;r &#246;zel kanun ihlallerini d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;da b&#305;rak&#305;yor. Sadece ceza kanunu &#252;zerinden gidece&#287;iz. Unutmadan, bu tablo tutuklanan ki&#351;i say&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ngaM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff956f50a-8077-4f12-8afc-c6d09fdd84a7_2480x3508.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ngaM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff956f50a-8077-4f12-8afc-c6d09fdd84a7_2480x3508.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ngaM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff956f50a-8077-4f12-8afc-c6d09fdd84a7_2480x3508.png 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Saitama Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n ana sayfas&#305;ndan da 2023 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n sonunda Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;kte ya&#351;ayan yabanc&#305;lar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305;n&#305; alal&#305;m. https://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/documents/255521/r5-12excelforhp-2.xls</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NVzz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc1291c58-ebd0-4b6b-8697-26a2b9dc2d03_1827x2780.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ve sonu&#231; bu &#351;ekilde. Ki&#351;i ba&#351;&#305;na d&#252;&#351;en oran&#305; yaparsan&#305;z T&#252;rkiye - K&#252;rtler - en ba&#351;ta geliyor. Ben &#252;lkeleri ilk tablodaki gibi gruplamad&#305;m. Her bir &#252;lke i&#231;in ayr&#305; ayr&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yorsunuz. Bu tek ba&#351;&#305;na yetersiz. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png" width="1456" height="858" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:858,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:751174,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nUnS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F01b86941-95c2-4745-afd6-fd707852bfcc_4164x2454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>&#350;imdi tutuklanan gruplar&#305; Japonlarla k&#305;yaslayal&#305;m. Ayn&#305; PDF dosyas&#305;n&#305; a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda Saitama Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;&#287;&#252;nde toplam 9,973 ki&#351;inin bir su&#231;tan dolay&#305; tutukland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. 457 yabanc&#305;dan bu say&#305;y&#305; &#231;&#305;kartt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda (Di&#287;er grubu 33 ki&#351;i, onu katmad&#305;m) <strong>9,516 </strong>Japon vatanda&#351;&#305; olarak kal&#305;yor. 2023 y&#305;l&#305;nda Saitama Prefekt&#246;rl&#252;kteki 2023 Japon vatanda&#351;&#305; say&#305;s&#305; 7,099.614, yabanc&#305; say&#305;s&#305; 234,698. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png" width="1456" height="2060" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2060,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1013100,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sZws!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69bfec2f-3e0b-4136-9f69-7743c575f9d9_2480x3508.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Di&#287;er gruplarla k&#305;yaslamak istedi&#287;imizde Japonlar&#305;n tutuklanma oranlar&#305;n&#305; elde edditen sonra Japonlar&#305; referans grubu (1.0x) kabul ediyoruz. Sonu&#231;lar a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png" width="1456" height="866" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:866,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:651145,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/163062568?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Qp-D!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F18f7fec7-bda9-45d0-ab43-9b0486c5e46f_4126x2454.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p> Yaz&#305; bu kadar. </p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Japonya Politik  is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Cinsiyetler Arası Cilt Tonu Farklılıkları ve Buna Verilen Tepkiler (Çeviri)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Cilt tonu, &#305;rklar&#305;n konusu olmadan &#246;nce cinsiyetin konusuydu.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/erkeklerin-ve-kadnlarn-farkllasan</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/erkeklerin-ve-kadnlarn-farkllasan</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 29 Apr 2025 11:14:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png" width="419" height="355" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:355,&quot;width&quot;:419,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cXkI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd6e5912e-cec8-4404-9517-2105f2ad5ba0_419x355.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Centaur figure in a mosaic at Hadrian&#8217;s villa (Wikicommons)</strong></figcaption></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p>Cildin ton ve parlakl&#305;&#287;&#305;, bireylerin birbirlerini alg&#305;lay&#305;&#351; bi&#231;imlerini etkiler. A&#231;&#305;k renkli bir cilt, g&#246;zlemcide daha fazla empati ve daha az sald&#305;rganl&#305;k uyand&#305;r&#305;rken; koyu ve k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; bir cilt bunun tam tersi bir etki yarat&#305;r. Bu tepkiler, kad&#305;nlar ve erkekler aras&#305;ndaki farkl&#305; cilt tonlar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; evrimle&#351;mi&#351; yan&#305;tlar gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir.</p></div><p>Kad&#305;nlar &#8220;<strong>a&#231;&#305;k(tenli)/fair cinsiyet</strong>&#8221; olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; ciltlerinde daha az melanin ve daha az hemoglobin bulunur. Bu nedenle erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha solgun g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;rler. Erkekler ise daha koyu ve daha k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305;d&#305;r. Bu fark&#305;n nedeni hormonaldir. Normal, had&#305;m edilmi&#351; ve yumurtal&#305;klar&#305; (ovariyektomi) al&#305;nm&#305;&#351; bireyler &#252;zerinde yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n yan&#305; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit_ratio">s&#305;ra parmak uzunlu&#287;u</a> (2D:4D digit ratio) oran&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305; bunu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/aja.1000650102">Edwards &amp; Duntley, 1939</a>; <a href="http://10.1016/0002-9378(49)90235-5">Edwards &amp; Duntley, 1949</a>;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/endo-28-1-119"> Edwards vd., 1941</a>; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513803000825">Manning vd., 2004</a>).</p><p>Bir zamanlar, cinsiyetler aras&#305;nda cilt tonunda g&#246;r&#252;len bu fark, herhangi bir insan grubunda cilt rengindeki varyasyonun b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yordu. Bu nedenle, k&#252;lt&#252;rler aras&#305;nda koyu tenin erkeklerle, a&#231;&#305;k tenin ise kad&#305;nlarla ili&#351;kilendirilmesi y&#246;n&#252;nde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir e&#287;ilim vard&#305;r (<a href="https://www.pulaval.com/livres/femmes-claires-hommes-fonces-les-racines-oubliees-du-colorisme">Frost, 2010</a>; <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256296588_Hue_and_luminosity_of_human_skin_a_visual_cue_for_gender_recognition_and_other_mental_tasks">Frost, 2011</a>; <a href="https://www.anthro1.net/p/the-original-meaning-of-skin-color">Frost, 2023</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1986.9993516">van den Berghe &amp; Frost, 1986)</a>. Pek &#231;ok k&#252;lt&#252;r&#252;n kad&#305;nlar&#305; daha a&#231;&#305;k bir tonda, erkekleri ise daha koyu bir tonda tasvir eden sanatsal bir gelenek geli&#351;tirmi&#351; olmas&#305;n&#305;n nedeni de budur (<a href="https://ia800506.us.archive.org/22/items/primitiveartineg00capa/primitiveartineg00capa.pdf">Capart 1905, s. 26-27</a>; <a href="https://press.umich.edu/Books/T/Tan-Men-Pale-Women">Eaverly 2013</a>;<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Etruscan-Painting-Great-Centuries/dp/B0007ITIZI"> Pallottino 1952, s. 34, 45, 73, 76-77, 87, 93, 95, 105, 107, 115</a>; <a href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/-/en/Jacques-Soustelle/dp/0140206787">Soustelle 1970 (Aztek), s. 130</a>; <a href="https://journals.lww.com/amjdermatopathology/abstract/1992/06000/sex_differences_in_skin_pigmentation_illustrated.16.aspx">Tegner 1992</a>; <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027045">Wagatsuma 1967</a>).</p><p>H&#226;l&#226;, bilin&#231;alt&#305;m&#305;zda, koyu teni erkeklerle, a&#231;&#305;k teni ise kad&#305;nlarla ili&#351;kilendiriyoruz. Buna ek olarak, &#231;e&#351;itli kontroll&#252; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n g&#246;sterdi&#287;i gibi, bu cinsiyet fark&#305;n&#305; erkek ve kad&#305;n y&#252;zlerini ay&#305;rt etmek i&#231;in kullan&#305;yoruz; &#246;zellikle y&#252;z &#351;ekli net g&#246;r&#252;nmedi&#287;inde. Ana g&#246;rsel ipucu, cildin kahverengili&#287;i ve k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;d&#305;r. E&#287;er y&#252;z &#231;ok uzaktaysa veya &#305;&#351;&#305;k &#231;ok zay&#305;fsa, zihnimiz daha fazla zaman alan fakat daha do&#287;ru olan <strong>parlakl&#305;k</strong> <strong>ipucunu</strong> se&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Bu nedenle y&#252;z rengi ba&#351;ta erkek ve kad&#305;nlar&#305; ay&#305;rt etmeye yarayan bir mekanizma yoluyla &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r, her ne kadar bug&#252;n g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; gitgide daha &#231;ok etnik k&#246;ken a&#231;&#305;klasa da (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/9.2.10">Dupuis-Roy vd., 2009</a>; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0042698918301949">Dupuis-Roy vd., 2019</a>; J<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491501300113">ones vd., 2015;</a> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/8.7.7">Nestor &amp; Tarr, 2008a</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02232.x">Nestor &amp; Tarr, 2008b</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/1.3.337">Tarr vd., 2001</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1167/2.7.598">Tarr vd., 2002</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1068/p3376">Yip &amp; Sinha, 2002</a>).</p><p>&#214;zetle, daha koyu y&#252;zleri erkek, daha a&#231;&#305;k y&#252;zleri ise kad&#305;n olarak g&#246;rmeye yatk&#305;n&#305;z. Bu durum, insanlara y&#252;zler g&#246;sterilerek belirli g&#246;revlerin yapt&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda da g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir:</p><ul><li><p><strong>G&#246;sterilen y&#252;zleri (y&#252;z resimlerini) cilt rengini de&#287;i&#351;tirerek daha &#231;ekici hale getirin</strong>: Erkek y&#252;zleri kad&#305;n y&#252;zlerine k&#305;yasla daha koyu ve daha k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; hale getirilmi&#351;tir <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027719301337">(Carrito vd., 2016).</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Y&#252;zlerin cilt rengini de&#287;erlendirin</strong>: Kad&#305;n y&#252;zleri erkek y&#252;zlerine g&#246;re daha a&#231;&#305;k tenli olarak de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir, oysa kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;u erkeklerle kad&#305;nlar aras&#305;nda cilt rengi fark&#305; oldu&#287;unu ink&#226;r etmektedir <a href="http://10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.09.006">(Carrito &amp; Semin, 2019).</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Ayn&#305; cilt rengine sahip birka&#231; y&#252;z&#252; izleyin</strong>: Ard&#305;ndan, yaln&#305;zca cilt renklerinin de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;i bir dizi y&#252;z aras&#305;ndan haf&#305;zan&#305;za dayanarak her y&#252;z&#252; tan&#305;mlay&#305;n. &#304;nsanlar, orijinal kad&#305;n y&#252;zlerinin daha a&#231;&#305;k, orijinal erkek y&#252;zlerinin ise daha koyu versiyonlar&#305;n&#305; se&#231;me e&#287;ilimi g&#246;stermi&#351;tir, oysa ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta t&#252;m y&#252;zler ayn&#305; renkteydi <a href="http://10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.09.006">(Carrito &amp; Semin, 2019).</a></p></li></ul><p>Hatta cans&#305;z nesneler bile ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeden cinsiyetlendirilir:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Ki&#351;i isimlerini cinsiyete g&#246;re belirleyin</strong>: Erkek isimleri siyah renkle, kad&#305;n isimleri ise beyaz renkle sunuldu&#287;unda cinsiyete g&#246;re tan&#305;mlama daha h&#305;zl&#305; olmu&#351;tur <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0126">(Semin vd., 2018).</a></p></li><li><p><strong>K&#305;sa s&#252;reli g&#246;r&#252;nen &#351;ekilleri (leke/blobs) cinsiyete g&#246;re s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;n</strong>: Siyah lekeler a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak erkek, beyaz lekeler ise kad&#305;n olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0126">(Semin vd., 2018).</a></p></li><li><p><strong>A&#231;&#305;k ve koyu nesnelere bakarken g&#246;z hareketlerinizi izletin</strong>: Koyu bir nesne bir erkek karakterle, a&#231;&#305;k bir nesne ise bir kad&#305;n karakterle ili&#351;kilendirildi&#287;inde g&#246;zlem s&#252;resi daha uzun olmu&#351; ve odaklanma daha s&#305;k ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;tir<a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0126"> (Semin vd., 2018).</a></p></li></ul><p>Bu biyolojik olarak programlanm&#305;&#351; mekanizman&#305;n iki tamamlay&#305;c&#305; i&#351;levi vard&#305;r: G&#246;zlemledi&#287;iniz ki&#351;iyi de&#287;erlendirmek ve buna ba&#287;l&#305; olarak duygusal yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305;z&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirmek. &#304;kinci i&#351;lev, kad&#305;nlar&#305;n erkeklere g&#246;re nas&#305;l daha a&#231;&#305;k tenli hale geldi&#287;inin anla&#351;&#305;lmas&#305;yla en iyi &#351;ekilde kavranabilir.</p><p>A&#231;&#305;k cilt rengi, yeti&#351;kin kad&#305;n bedeninin taklit etti&#287;i birka&#231; bebeksi &#246;zellikten sadece biridir. Di&#287;er &#246;zellikler: daha k&#252;&#231;&#252;k burun ve &#231;ene, daha p&#252;r&#252;zs&#252;z ve daha esnek bir cilt dokusu ve daha y&#252;ksek perdeden (<a href="https://tureng.com/en/turkish-english/pitch%20of%20voice">pitch of voice</a>) bir sestir. Etolog Konrad Lorenz&#8217;in <em>Kindchenschema</em> (bebek &#351;emas&#305;) ad&#305;n&#305; verdi&#287;i &#351;ey tam olarak budur: Bir bebe&#287;i yeti&#351;kine tan&#305;tan ve yeti&#351;kinde daha az sald&#305;rganl&#305;k, daha fazla koruma ve bak&#305;m iste&#287;i uyand&#305;ran g&#246;rsel, dokunsal ve i&#351;itsel ipu&#231;lar&#305;ndan olu&#351;an bir yap&#305;. K&#305;saca, bebek &#8220;sevimli&#8221; g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r (<a href="https://www.pulaval.com/livres/femmes-claires-hommes-fonces-les-racines-oubliees-du-colorisme">Frost, 2010, s. 134-135</a>; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Studies-Animal-Behaviour-Konrad-Lorenz/dp/0674846311">Lorenz, 1971, s. 154-164</a>).</p><p>Bebeklerin a&#231;&#305;k teni, &#246;zellikle yeti&#351;kinlerin koyu tenli oldu&#287;u toplumlarda daha belirgin bir &#351;ekilde fark edilir. Yeni do&#287;um yapm&#305;&#351; Kenyal&#305; bir anne, kom&#351;ular&#305;na gelip "<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzungu">mzungu</a>"sunu, yani "Avrupal&#305;"s&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rmelerini s&#246;yleyebilir (Walentowitz, 2008). Bir antropolog, Zambiyal&#305; k&#305;zlardan Afrikal&#305;lar&#305;n nas&#305;l g&#246;r&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; tarif etmelerini istedi&#287;inde baz&#305;lar&#305; &#351;&#246;yle yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r: "Do&#287;duklar&#305;nda Afrikal&#305; &#231;ocuklar Avrupal&#305;lar gibi do&#287;ar, birka&#231; ay i&#231;inde renkleri Afrikal&#305;lar&#305;n rengine d&#246;ner"<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/665052?seq=5"> (Powdermaker, 1956, s. 787).</a></p><p>Yenido&#287;an bebeklerin a&#231;&#305;k ten rengi, s&#305;kl&#305;kla &#246;nceki bir ruhsal ya&#351;ama atfedilir:</p><blockquote><p>Siyah Afrika&#8217;da olduk&#231;a yayg&#305;n olan bir inan&#305;&#351;a g&#246;re, insanlar bu d&#252;nyaya &#8220;gelmeden&#8221; &#246;nce cennette ya&#351;arlar ve orada beyazd&#305;rlar &#231;&#252;nk&#252; cennet beyazd&#305;r ve orada ya&#351;ayan t&#252;m varl&#305;klar da beyazd&#305;r. Bu nedenle, bir &#231;ocuk ne kadar beyaz do&#287;arsa, o kadar g&#246;rkemli kabul edilir. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, bir insan&#305;n hayat&#305;ndaki bu &#246;zel anda, teninin beyazl&#305;&#287;&#305;na ola&#287;an&#252;st&#252; nitelikler atfedilir ve b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;nem verilir.<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1573594?origin=crossref"> (Zahan, 1974, s. 385)</a></p></blockquote><p>Bu a&#231;&#305;k ten rengi devam etti&#287;i s&#252;rece, Afrikal&#305; bebekler yumu&#351;ak ve savunmas&#305;z kabul edilir ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla cennete geri d&#246;nme riski ta&#351;&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;l&#252;r:</p><blockquote><p>... ayr&#305;ca, bebe&#287;in yaln&#305;zca beyaz de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda do&#287;umundan toplum taraf&#305;ndan kabul edilmesine kadar olan s&#252;rede yumu&#351;ak bir varl&#305;k oldu&#287;u da s&#246;ylenir. (Zahan, 1974, s. 386-387)</p></blockquote><p>Bu bebeksi cilt rengi, insan d&#305;&#351;&#305; bir&#231;ok primat t&#252;r&#252;nde de g&#246;zlemlenmektedir. Langurlar, babunlar ve makaklar do&#287;duklar&#305;nda pembe tenlidir. Zamanla koyula&#351;arak yeti&#351;kinlik d&#246;neminde neredeyse siyaha d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;rler. Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde, k&#252;rk renkleri de do&#287;umda daha a&#231;&#305;k olup ya&#351;la birlikte koyula&#351;maktad&#305;r. A&#231;&#305;k renkli do&#287;mak, &#231;evredeki yeti&#351;kin bireylerde daha fazla koruyuculuk ve bak&#305;m davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; tetikledi&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmektedir. Yavrunun cilt rengi ya&#351; ilerledik&#231;e koyula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ise annenin yavruyu aray&#305;p kucaklama ve ok&#351;ama davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n azald&#305;&#287;&#305; bildirilmi&#351;tir (<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02390470">Alley, 1980</a>; <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315801995-19/ecological-analysis-protection-primate-infants-thomas-alley">Alley, 2014</a>; Booth, 1962; <a href="https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13654.x">Guthrie, 1970</a>; <a href="https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13653.x">Jay, 1962</a>).</p><p>&#304;nsanlarda bu duygusal tepkilerin de&#287;i&#351;imi &#199;inli bir ara&#351;t&#305;rma grubu taraf&#305;ndan incelenmi&#351;tir. &#199;al&#305;&#351;mada, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lara farkl&#305; cilt tonlar&#305;na sahip ve ac&#305; &#231;ekiyormu&#351; gibi (yana&#287;&#305;na enjekte edilmi&#351; bir i&#287;ne ile) ya da ac&#305; &#231;ekmiyormu&#351; gibi (yana&#287;&#305;na dokunan bir pamuk &#231;ubu&#287;u ile) tasvir edilen &#231;ekici ve &#231;ekici olmayan &#199;inli y&#252;zler g&#246;sterilmi&#351;tir. Kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lardan g&#246;sterilen her y&#252;z i&#231;in ac&#305; &#231;ekip &#231;ekmedi&#287;ini de&#287;erlendirmeleri istenmi&#351;; tepki s&#252;releri ile elektroensefalogram (EEG) verileri kaydedilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Elde edilen bulgulara g&#246;re, g&#246;sterilen y&#252;z &#231;ekici oldu&#287;unda ve ac&#305; &#231;ekiyormu&#351; gibi g&#246;r&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, a&#231;&#305;k tenli y&#252;zler koyu tenli y&#252;zlere k&#305;yasla daha fazla ac&#305; &#231;ekiyor &#351;eklinde de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir. Dahas&#305;, bu durumlarda tepki s&#252;releri daha k&#305;sa olmu&#351; ve EEG sonu&#231;lar&#305; daha y&#252;ksek empati d&#252;zeylerine i&#351;aret etmi&#351;tir. Mamafih bu etki, &#231;ekici olmayan y&#252;zler i&#231;in g&#246;zlemlenmemi&#351;tir. Yaln&#305;zca hem a&#231;&#305;k tenli hem de &#231;ekici y&#252;zler s&#246;z konusu oldu&#287;unda g&#246;zlemcilerin empatik tepkilerinde belirgin bir art&#305;&#351; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r<a href="https://www.frontiersin.orghttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780633/full"> (Yang vd., 2022).</a></p><p>Peki, g&#246;zlemciler neden a&#231;&#305;k tenli bireylerin ac&#305;s&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir empati hissetmektedir? Bu durum, bir bebek ya da tehlike alt&#305;ndaki bir kad&#305;n&#305;n g&#246;r&#252;lmesine verilen evrimsel bir tepkinin sonucu olabilir. Her iki durumda da a&#231;&#305;k ten, Kindchenschema'n&#305;n (bebek &#351;emas&#305;) temel bir g&#246;rsel ipucudur. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k, daha koyu ve k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; bir ten rengi, yeti&#351;kin bir erke&#287;i &#231;a&#287;r&#305;&#351;t&#305;rarak g&#246;zlemcinin empatik tepkisini azaltabilir.</p><p>&#214;te yandan, bu etkinin yaln&#305;zca y&#252;z &#231;ekici oldu&#287;unda ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;, empatik tepkinin yaln&#305;zca a&#231;&#305;k ten rengiyle de&#287;il, Kindchenschema'n&#305;n di&#287;er g&#246;rsel unsurlar&#305;yla da (&#246;rne&#287;in daha b&#252;y&#252;k g&#246;zler, daha az &#231;&#305;k&#305;k bir &#231;ene ve &#231;ene hatt&#305;) birlikte tetiklendi&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;rmektedir. Bu g&#246;rsel ipu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n birbiriyle etkile&#351;ime girdi&#287;i ve &#8220;sevimli&#8221; bir y&#252;z &#246;zelli&#287;inin di&#287;er sevimli &#246;zelliklerin empatik etkisini art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;, buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k &#8220;&#231;irkin&#8221; bir &#246;zelli&#287;in bu etkiyi zay&#305;flatabilece&#287;i &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;lebilir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_ndZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fd5d4e7-1e22-4a88-862f-d7166f098f0c_1272x616.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780633/full">A&#231;&#305;k tenli y&#252;zler, daha fazla ac&#305; &#231;ekiyor olarak de&#287;erlendirilmi&#351;tir. Ayr&#305;ca, tepki s&#252;resi daha k&#305;sa olmu&#351; ve EEG sonu&#231;lar&#305; daha y&#252;ksek d&#252;zeyde empatiye i&#351;aret etmi&#351;tir (Yang vd., 2022).</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Cilt rengi ile g&#246;zlemcinin duygusal tepkileri aras&#305;ndaki bu ili&#351;ki, &#246;nceki ara&#351;t&#305;rma bulgular&#305;yla da &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mektedir. Bu nedenle, erkek ve kad&#305;nlar&#305;n farkl&#305; cilt tonlar&#305;n&#305;n g&#246;zlemcinin duygusal durumu &#252;zerindeki etkilerini daha kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde incelemek &#252;zere mevcut literat&#252;r&#252; g&#246;zden ge&#231;irmek yerinde olacakt&#305;r.</p><h2>Erkeklerdeki K&#305;z&#305;ll&#305;&#287;a (Ruddiness) Y&#246;nelik Genel Alg&#305;lar</h2><p>&#214;ncelikle, erkek bedeninde g&#246;zlemlenen k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ele alaca&#287;&#305;z. Bu durum, g&#246;zlemciyi nas&#305;l etkilemektedir? Bu soru, yakla&#351;&#305;k yirmi y&#305;l &#246;nce elde edilen &#246;nemli bir bulgunun ard&#305;ndan kapsaml&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalara konu olmu&#351;tur.</p><p>2004 Olimpiyat Oyunlar&#305;&#8217;nda, k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; forma giyen sporcular&#305;n mavi forma giyenlere k&#305;yasla daha s&#305;k galip geldi&#287;i g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. Bire bir m&#252;cadele gerektiren boks, tekvando, Grekoromen g&#252;re&#351; ve serbest g&#252;re&#351; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;malar&#305;nda k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; forma giyen yar&#305;&#351;mac&#305;lar 21 raundun 16&#8217;s&#305;n&#305; kazan&#305;rken, mavi forma giyenler yaln&#305;zca 4 raund kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; formalar&#305;n daha tehditk&#226;r bir izlenim olu&#351;turdu&#287;u d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lmektedir; muhtemelen bask&#305;n erkeklerde daha y&#252;ksek testosteron seviyelerine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak daha k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; bir cilt tonunun bulunmas&#305; bu alg&#305;y&#305; desteklemektedir <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/435293a">(Hill &amp; Barton, 2005). </a>Bu bulgu, erkeklerin k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; giysi giydiklerinde daha bask&#305;n ve tehditk&#226;r alg&#305;land&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ortaya koyan iki ayr&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mayla da do&#287;rulanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r (<a href="https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/jsep/33/2/article-p308.xml">Feltman &amp; Elliot, 2011;</a> <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0166">Wiedemann vd., 2015).</a></p><p>Hatta yaln&#305;zca k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n kendisi bile g&#246;zlemcinin daha temkinli ve daha yumu&#351;ak ba&#351;l&#305; olmas&#305;na veya daha sald&#305;rgan ya da daha boyun e&#287;ici davranmas&#305;na neden olabilmektedir. Bu durum, farkl&#305; renklerdeki nesneler veya &#231;evre ko&#351;ullar&#305; alt&#305;nda &#231;e&#351;itli g&#246;revlerin yerine getirildi&#287;i deneylerle ortaya konmu&#351;tur:</p><ul><li><p>Bilgisayar ekran&#305;ndaki kelimelerin rengini tan&#305;mlama: Kelimeler k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; oldu&#287;unda erkeklerin tepki s&#252;resi kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha uzun olmu&#351;tur <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513807000165">(Ioan vd., 2007).</a></p></li><li><p>Deyimler listesinde yanl&#305;&#351; olan&#305; belirleme: Deyimler k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; renkte sunuldu&#287;unda kullan&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; hata oran&#305;, mavi renkte sunulduklar&#305;na k&#305;yasla daha y&#252;ksek bulunmu&#351;tur (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijop.12076">Shi vd., 2015).</a></p></li><li><p>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; renkli bir ortamda sabit bisiklet egzersizi yapma: K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; renkli ortamda kat edilen mesafe ve kalp at&#305;m h&#305;z&#305;, ye&#351;il veya gri ortamlara k&#305;yasla daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k bulunmu&#351;, ye&#351;il ortamda egzersizden al&#305;nan keyif daha y&#252;ksek rapor edilmi&#351;tir <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1162908815000675">(Briki vd., 2015).</a></p></li><li><p>A&#231;&#305;k art&#305;rmada teklif verme ve pazarl&#305;k s&#305;ras&#305;nda fiyat &#246;nerme: K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; arka plan, a&#231;&#305;k art&#305;rmalarda daha y&#252;ksek teklif art&#305;&#351;lar&#305;yla, pazarl&#305;klarda ise daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k fiyat teklifleriyle ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jcr/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/666466">(Bagchi &amp; Cheema, 2012).</a></p></li><li><p>Bir reklamdaki mesaja tepki verme: Mesaj k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; bir arka plan &#252;zerinde sunuldu&#287;unda, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n mesaj&#305; kabul etme oran&#305; artm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296319300220">(Kareklas vd., 2019).</a></p></li></ul><p>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n etkisi ba&#287;lama/duruma ba&#287;l&#305; olarak de&#287;i&#351;kenlik g&#246;stermektedir. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n yaln&#305;z ba&#351;&#305;na sunuldu&#287;unda veya &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ba&#351;ka bir etkene maruz kal&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda etkisi belirginle&#351;memektedir. &#214;rne&#287;in, &#304;ngiltere futbol tak&#305;mlar&#305;nda k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; forma giyilmesi ev sahibi avantaj&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2012.756230">(Allen &amp; Jones, 2014).</a> Buna kar&#351;&#305;n, k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;k bir y&#252;z foto&#287;raf&#305; ile ili&#351;kilendirildi&#287;inde (sadele&#351;tirilmi&#351; y&#252;z &#231;izimlerine k&#305;yasla) ve &#246;zellikle y&#252;z &#231;ekici oldu&#287;unda (yani k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;k &#231;ekici bir y&#252;zle birle&#351;ti&#287;inde) etkisi daha belirgin hale gelmektedir (<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0108111">Buechner vd., 2014</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02045-3">Pazda vd., 2023</a>; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103112001564">Schwarz &amp; Singer, 2013</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200404">Wen vd., 2014</a>; <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ejsp.2098">Young, 2015</a>).</p><p>K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k, alg&#305;lanan zaman ge&#231;i&#351;i &#252;zerinde de etkili olmaktad&#305;r. Ayn&#305; s&#252;rede g&#246;sterilen k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ve mavi ekranlar aras&#305;nda, k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ekran daha uzun s&#252;reli alg&#305;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ekran s&#252;resiyle ilgili yap&#305;lan bu a&#351;&#305;r&#305; tahmin erkeklerde kad&#305;nlara g&#246;re daha belirgindir. Ayr&#305;ca, k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ekrana tepki s&#252;resi daha k&#305;sa bulunmu&#351; ve tepki s&#252;resi ile s&#252;re a&#351;&#305;m&#305; alg&#305;s&#305; aras&#305;nda bir korelasyon tespit edilmi&#351;tir. Bu bulgular, "k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;n&#305;n neden oldu&#287;u uyar&#305;lman&#305;n i&#231;sel saatin h&#305;z&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;" &#351;eklinde yorumlanmaktad&#305;r (<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep05899">Shibasaki &amp; Masataka, 2014</a>).</p><p>Son olarak, k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;k benzer y&#252;z ifadeleri aras&#305;ndaki ayr&#305;m&#305; da kolayla&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. &#214;fke ve tiksinme, &#351;a&#351;k&#305;nl&#305;k ve korku, &#252;z&#252;nt&#252; ve mutluluk gibi duygular&#305;n ay&#305;rt edilmesinde, k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; arka plan etkili olmaktad&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in, bir y&#252;z k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; arka planda g&#246;r&#252;nt&#252;lendi&#287;inde, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar bu y&#252;z&#252; &#246;fkeli olarak tan&#305;mlamakta mutlu veya korku i&#231;inde olarak tan&#305;mlamaya k&#305;yasla daha az zaman harcamaktad&#305;r (<a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Femo0000485">Thorstenson vd., 2019a</a>; <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Femo0000900">Thorstenson vd., 2021</a>; <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0032471">Young vd., 2013).</a></p><p>&#214;te yandan, k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;n eksikli&#287;i &#8212;&#246;rne&#287;in bir y&#252;z&#252;n korku sonucu solmas&#305; durumunda&#8212; g&#246;zlemcinin yat&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; ve &#231;at&#305;&#351;man&#305;n azalmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lar. &#304;nsanlara solmaya e&#287;ilimlerinin ne d&#252;zeyde oldu&#287;u soruldu&#287;unda, en y&#252;ksek puanlar kan ve yaralanma korkusu ya&#351;ayan bireyler taraf&#305;ndan al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ortalama olarak kad&#305;nlar, erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha y&#252;ksek puan alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886997000779">Drummond, 1997</a>).</p><p>Peki, utanmaya ba&#287;l&#305; y&#252;z k&#305;zarmas&#305; nas&#305;l de&#287;erlendirilmelidir? T&#305;pk&#305; &#246;fke gibi, y&#252;z k&#305;zarmas&#305; da g&#246;zlemcinin mesafesini korumas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan kontroll&#252; bir &#246;fke bi&#231;imi olarak i&#351;lev g&#246;r&#252;r (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886997000779">Drummond, 1997</a>). Bir ki&#351;i &#246;z&#252;r dilerken y&#252;z&#252; k&#305;zar&#305;rsa, g&#246;zlemciler bu &#246;zr&#252; daha samimi alg&#305;lamakta ve daha kolay affetmektedir (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1634004">Thorstenson vd., 2019b</a>). Y&#252;z k&#305;zarmas&#305; kal&#305;tsal bir &#246;zellik gibi g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir. Darwin, bir baba, bir anne ve on &#231;ocuklar&#305;n&#305;n "istisnas&#305;z hepsinin, son derece kolay &#351;ekilde y&#252;zlerinin k&#305;zard&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;" bildirmi&#351;tir (Darwin, 1872, s. 312)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp" width="650" height="224" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:224,&quot;width&quot;:650,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9548,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/webp&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/155672065?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hGGu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9cc8a442-c1be-4df7-beed-2b4bf3822c4c_650x224.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sa&#287;: Forma rengine (k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; veya mavi) ve yetenek ile g&#252;&#231; fark&#305;na (asimetrinin derecesi) g&#246;re kazan&#305;lan kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;malar&#305;n oran&#305;.Forma rengindeki fark&#305;n, &#246;zellikle yetenek ve g&#252;&#231; bak&#305;m&#305;ndan e&#351;it d&#252;zeyde olan yar&#305;&#351;mac&#305;lar aras&#305;nda belirgin bir etkisi oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/435293a">(Hill &amp; Barton, 2005).</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2><br>Erkek Tenindeki Koyuluk &#220;zerine Genel Alg&#305;</h2><p>&#350;imdi ise erkek bedeninde g&#246;zlemlenen koyulu&#287;u ele alaca&#287;&#305;z. Bu konudaki literat&#252;r a&#287;&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; olarak farkl&#305; k&#252;lt&#252;rlerdeki renk sembolizmi &#252;zerine odaklanmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Antik Yunanl&#305;lar, kad&#305;n&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k ten renginin onun &#8220;zay&#305;fl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve korunma ihtiyac&#305;n&#305;&#8221;, erke&#287;in koyu ten renginin ise &#8220;cesaretini ve iyi sava&#351;abilme yetene&#287;ini&#8221; temsil etti&#287;ine inan&#305;rlard&#305; <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/e-irwin-colour-terms-in-greek-poetry-toronto-hakkert-1974-pp-xii-242-1200/F572A307A99F4C2BD98BCDA7BC08D806">(Irwin, 1974, s. 121)</a>. Cesur bir erke&#287;in &#8220;siyah bir kal&#231;as&#305;&#8221; oldu&#287;u, korka&#287;&#305;n ise &#8220;beyaz bir kal&#231;aya&#8221; sahip oldu&#287;u s&#246;ylenirdi. Ayn&#305; zihinsel ili&#351;kilendirme i&#231; organlara ve nihayetinde ruha da yans&#305;t&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#8220;Siyah bir kalp&#8221; g&#252;&#231;l&#252; duygular&#305;, &#8220;beyaz bir kalp&#8221; ise kay&#305;ts&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305; veya hareketsizli&#287;i simgelerdi. Bir korka&#287;&#305;n &#8220;beyaz bir karaci&#287;eri&#8221; oldu&#287;u s&#246;ylenirdi; bu metafor &#304;ngilizcede h&#226;l&#226; &#8220;lily-livered&#8221; (korkak) ifadesinde ya&#351;amaktad&#305;r <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/e-irwin-colour-terms-in-greek-poetry-toronto-hakkert-1974-pp-xii-242-1200/F572A307A99F4C2BD98BCDA7BC08D806">(Irwin, 1974, s. 129-155)</a>. (Not: Lily zambaka demektir, rengi &#252;zerinden d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n)</p><p>K&#252;lt&#252;rler aras&#305; d&#252;zeyde de benzer bir ili&#351;kilendirme g&#246;zlemlenmektedir: Beyazl&#305;k zay&#305;fl&#305;&#287;&#305;, siyahl&#305;k ise g&#252;c&#252; &#231;a&#287;r&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmaktad&#305;r (<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027044">Gergen, 1967, s. 397</a>; <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bs.3830050204">Osgood, 1960, s. 165</a>). T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya g&#246;re, siyahl&#305;k/siyah renk g&#252;&#231;, korku, cesaret ve sonsuzluk ile ili&#351;kilendirilirken; k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k cesaret, co&#351;ku, e&#287;lence ve kayg&#305; ile ili&#351;kilendirilmektedir. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k, beyazl&#305;k/beyaz renk temizlik, d&#252;r&#252;stl&#252;k, bar&#305;&#351; ve umut kavramlar&#305;yla ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305;d&#305;r <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/col.22522">(Demir, 2020)</a>. &#199;in, Almanya, Yunanistan ve Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k&#8217;tan kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;larla y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len bir di&#287;er &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, &#8220;S&#304;YAH ve KIRMIZI renk terimlerinin di&#287;er renk terimlerine k&#305;yasla daha tutarl&#305; duygu&#8211;renk ili&#351;ki kal&#305;plar&#305; olu&#351;turdu&#287;u; ayr&#305;ca S&#304;YAH ve KIRMIZI renk terimlerinin daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; duygularla ili&#351;kilendirildi&#287;i ve di&#287;er bir&#231;ok renkten daha fazla duygu &#231;a&#287;r&#305;&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8221; rapor edilmi&#351;tir <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.190741">(Jonauskaite vd., 2019).</a></p><p>Benzer bir desen, k&#305;rsal Frans&#305;z Kanadal&#305;lar &#252;zerinde yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada da ortaya &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Daha koyu tenli erkekler, hem fiziksel hem de karakter bak&#305;m&#305;ndan daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve daha erkeksi olarak alg&#305;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Ancak bir erkek &#231;ok koyu tenliyse, bu durum onun &#231;abuk &#246;fkelenen, kibirli ve k&#246;t&#252; niyetli biri olarak de&#287;erlendirilmesine yol a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ise daha a&#231;&#305;k tenli olmas&#305; beklenmi&#351;, ancak onlar&#305;n a&#231;&#305;k ten rengi de fiziksel ve karakter zay&#305;fl&#305;&#287;&#305; ile ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir <a href="https://www.pulaval.com/livres/femmes-claires-hommes-fonces-les-racines-oubliees-du-colorisme">(Frost, 2010, s. 149-152).</a></p><h2>Kad&#305;nlar&#305;n Erkeklerdeki K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k ve Koyuluk &#220;zerine Alg&#305;s&#305;</h2><p>&#350;imdi ise toplumsal cinsiyete &#246;zg&#252; alg&#305;lara odaklanaca&#287;&#305;z. Kad&#305;nlar, erkek bedenindeki k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;&#287;a/k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;&#287;a nas&#305;l tepki verir? Bu, onlar&#305;n duygusal durumunu nas&#305;l etkiler?</p><p>Bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya g&#246;re, kad&#305;nlar erkeklerdeki k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k (<em><strong>ruddiness</strong></em>) d&#252;zeyini &#351;u &#351;ekilde yorumlamaktad&#305;r: y&#252;ksek k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k d&#252;zeyi sald&#305;rganl&#305;kla, orta d&#252;zey k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k bask&#305;nl&#305;kla ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;k d&#252;zey k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;k ise &#231;ekicilikle ili&#351;kilendirilmektedir <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/147470491201000312">(Stephen vd., 2012)</a>. Ba&#351;ka bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada ise, erkekler k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; arka plan &#246;n&#252;nde ya da k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; k&#305;yafet giydi&#287;inde kad&#305;nlar taraf&#305;ndan daha &#231;ekici bulunmu&#351;tur. Bu etki yaln&#305;zca <strong>cinsel &#231;ekicilikle</strong> s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r; erke&#287;in genel be&#287;enilirli&#287;ini (sempatisini) de&#287;i&#351;tirmemektedir (<a href="https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0019689">Elliot vd., 2010</a>). Bu bulgular ilk bak&#305;&#351;ta &#231;eli&#351;kili g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir. Bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada erkek &#231;ekicili&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;k k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;kla, di&#287;erinde ise y&#252;ksek k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;kla ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir. Bu fark, ilk &#231;al&#305;&#351;madaki kad&#305;nlar&#305;n &#8220;&#231;ekicilik&#8221; kavram&#305;n&#305; estetik a&#231;&#305;dan, ikinci &#231;al&#305;&#351;madakilerin ise erotik a&#231;&#305;dan yorumlam&#305;&#351; olmalar&#305;ndan kaynaklanabilir.</p><p>Peki kad&#305;nlar erkek bedenindeki/derisindeki koyulu&#287;a nas&#305;l tepki vermektedir? Bu tepkinin hormonal de&#287;i&#351;kenlik &#252;zerinden &#351;ekillendi&#287;i, a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki iki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mayla g&#246;sterilmi&#351;tir:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Birbirine yak&#305;n renk tonlar&#305;na sahip iki erkek y&#252;z&#252; aras&#305;ndan se&#231;im yapma</strong>: Koyu tenli y&#252;z, adet d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252;n&#252;n ilk &#252;&#231;te ikisilik d&#246;neminde a&#231;&#305;k tenli y&#252;ze k&#305;yasla daha s&#305;k tercih edilmektedir. Ancak genel olarak a&#231;&#305;k tenli y&#252;z, t&#252;m d&#246;ng&#252; boyunca &#231;o&#287;unluk tercihi olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu d&#246;nemde (ilk &#252;&#231;te ikilik d&#246;nemde), &#246;strojen d&#252;zeyi progesterona g&#246;re daha y&#252;ksektir. D&#246;ng&#252;n&#252;n son &#252;&#231;te birlik k&#305;sm&#305;nda ise bu oran tersine d&#246;ner: &#246;strojen d&#252;&#351;&#252;k, progesteron y&#252;ksek seviyededir. Kad&#305;nlar kad&#305;n y&#252;zlerine bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ya da do&#287;um kontrol hap&#305; kulland&#305;klar&#305;nda bu tercihlerde d&#246;ng&#252;sel bir de&#287;i&#351;iklik g&#246;zlenmemi&#351;tir <a href="https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.507">(Frost, 1994).</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Erkek y&#252;zlerine bakarken beyin MR&#8217;&#305; kayd&#305;</strong>: Kad&#305;nlar&#305;n &#8220;mask&#252;len&#8221; edilmi&#351; erkek y&#252;zlerine verdikleri sinirsel/n&#246;ral yan&#305;t, &#8220;feminen&#8221; y&#252;zlere k&#305;yasla daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r. Bu sinirsel tepkinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, adet d&#246;ng&#252;s&#252; boyunca &#246;strojen d&#252;zeyindeki de&#287;i&#351;imle pozitif y&#246;nde ili&#351;kilidir. Ba&#351;yazar mask&#252;linize edilmi&#351; y&#252;zlerin daha koyu tenli ve daha belirgin y&#252;z hatlar&#305;na sahip olacak &#351;ekilde olu&#351;turuldu&#287;unu belirtmi&#351;tir <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513808000871">(Rupp vd., 2009).</a></p></li></ul><p>&#214;strojenin etkisine i&#351;aret eden bir ba&#351;ka bulgu, okul &#246;ncesi &#231;ocuklar &#252;zerinde yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;madan gelmektedir:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Cilt rengi hafif&#231;e farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;steren iki bebek fig&#252;r&#252; aras&#305;nda se&#231;im yapma</strong>: &#220;&#231; ya&#351; alt&#305; k&#305;z ve erkek &#231;ocuklar aras&#305;nda koyu renkli bebe&#287;i tercih edenlerin v&#252;cut ya&#287; oran&#305;, a&#231;&#305;k renkli bebe&#287;i tercih edenlere k&#305;yasla daha y&#252;ksektir. Bu ya&#351; grubunda &#246;strojenin esas olarak ya&#287; dokular&#305;nda &#252;retildi&#287;i bilinmektedir <a href="https://mankindquarterly.org/archive/issue/30-1/1">(Frost, 1989).</a></p></li></ul><p>Yukar&#305;da belirtilen tercihler, bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;de k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ya da siyah k&#305;yafetlerle de tetiklenebilmektedir. Farkl&#305; renklerde (mavi, ye&#351;il, sar&#305;, k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;, beyaz, siyah) giydirilmi&#351; kad&#305;n ve erkek foto&#287;raflar&#305;n&#305; i&#231;eren bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, kad&#305;nlar k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; veya siyah k&#305;yafet giymi&#351; erkekleri daha &#231;ekici bulmu&#351;tur. Ayn&#305; renkler, erkeklerin hemcinslerini ya da kad&#305;nlar&#305; de&#287;erlendirirken de tercih edilmi&#351;tir. Fakat, kad&#305;nlar ba&#351;ka kad&#305;nlar&#305; de&#287;erlendirirken ne k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ne de siyah renk &#246;ne &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491000800304">(Roberts vd., 2010).</a></p><h2>Erkeklerin Kad&#305;nlardaki K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;l&#305;kve Koyuluk &#220;zerine Alg&#305;s&#305;</h2><p>&#350;imdi meseleyi daha paradoksal bir bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ele alaca&#287;&#305;z &#8212; erkek pigmentasyonuna sahip bir kad&#305;n bedeni. Erkekler, k&#305;zarm&#305;&#351; (ruddiness) ve koyula&#351;m&#305;&#351; bir kad&#305;n bedenine nas&#305;l tepki verir? Bu durum onlar&#305;n duygusal durumunu nas&#305;l etkiler?</p><p>&#304;lk olarak <strong>k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;/k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; rengi</strong> ele alal&#305;m. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; k&#305;yafet giyen kad&#305;nlar, erkekler taraf&#305;ndan daha &#231;ekici bulunma e&#287;ilimindedir <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.95.5.1150">(Elliot &amp; Niesta, 2008</a>). Fakat bu etki <strong>belirli ko&#351;ullara dayanmaktad&#305;r</strong>: K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; giyen bir kad&#305;n, zaten &#231;ekici bir kad&#305;nsa k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; giymesi &#231;ekicili&#287;ini art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r; mask&#252;len g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;ml&#252;, ileri ya&#351;ta ya da fiziksel olarak &#231;ekici bulunmayan kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in bu etki g&#246;zlenmemektedir (<a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12144-021-02045-3">Pazda vd., 2023</a>; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103112001564">Schwarz &amp; Singer, 2013</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200404">Wen vd., 2014</a>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2098">Young, 2015</a>). Bu etki yaln&#305;zca <strong>cinsel &#231;ekicilikle</strong> s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r ve kad&#305;n&#305;n genel be&#287;enilirli&#287;ini etkilemez (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/147470491401200404">Wen vd., 2014</a>). G&#246;r&#252;nen o ki, k&#305;zar&#305;kl&#305;k bir erke&#287;in ilgisini yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;rma i&#351;levi g&#246;rmektedir; yani ba&#351;ta varolan ilgiyi yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. E&#287;er bu ilgi yoksa etkisizdir. </p><p>Bu bulgular pop&#252;ler k&#252;lt&#252;rle de &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mektedir. &#8220;K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; giyen kad&#305;n&#8221; (lady in red) imgesi genellikle bir <strong>femme fatale</strong> (y&#305;k&#305;c&#305; kad&#305;n) fig&#252;r&#252;yle &#246;zde&#351;le&#351;tirilmi&#351;tir:</p><blockquote><p>Edebiyatta k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;, &#246;zellikle yasak kad&#305;n cinselli&#287;iyle tekrar tekrar ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir; bunun en &#252;nl&#252; &#246;rne&#287;i Nathaniel Hawthorne&#8217;un klasik eseri <em>The Scarlet Letter</em>&#8217;d&#305;r. Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde, sahne ve sinema eserlerinde de k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; k&#305;yafet &#8212;&#246;zellikle k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; elbise&#8212; tutku ve cinselli&#287;i simgelemek i&#231;in s&#305;kl&#305;kla kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#8230;</p><p>Sevgililer G&#252;n&#252;nnde k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;, kalp fig&#252;r&#252;yle birlikte romantik sevginin simgesi olarak kullan&#305;l&#305;r ve kad&#305;n i&#231; giyiminde en &#231;ok tercih edilen renklerden biridir. K&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;, y&#252;zy&#305;llard&#305;r k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; &#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305; b&#246;lgelerde (red-light districts) cinsel eri&#351;ilebilirli&#287;i veya &#8220;a&#231;&#305;k hizmeti&#8221; belirtmek i&#231;in kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kad&#305;nlar &#231;ekiciliklerini art&#305;rmak i&#231;in k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ruj ve all&#305;k kullan&#305;r; bu uygulaman&#305;n tarihi en az Antik M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a kadar uzan&#305;r (<a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.95.5.1150">Elliot &amp; Niesta, 2008</a>).</p></blockquote><p>&#350;imdi ise <strong>koyula&#351;m&#305;&#351;  kad&#305;n bedeni</strong>ne <strong>(darkened female body) </strong>erkeklerin nas&#305;l tepki verdi&#287;ini inceleyelim. Erkeklere a&#231;&#305;k ve koyu tenli kad&#305;nlar&#305;n foto&#287;raflar&#305; g&#246;sterildi&#287;inde, her iki grup da e&#351;it derecede &#231;ekici bulunmu&#351;tur ama  erkeklerin g&#246;z hareketleri farkl&#305; bir &#351;ey g&#246;stermektedir: A&#231;&#305;k tenli kad&#305;nlar, koyu tenli kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha uzun s&#252;re incelenmi&#351;tir (<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1474704916631614">Garza vd., 2016</a>). &#304;ki grup (a&#231;&#305;k/koyu tenli) kad&#305;n e&#351;it d&#252;zeyde cinsel ilgi uyand&#305;r&#305;yor. O zaman erkekler koyu tenli kad&#305;nlar&#305; a&#231;&#305;k tenli kad&#305;nlar kadar &#231;ekici buluyorsa koyu tenli kad&#305;nlar&#305; inceledikleri k&#305;sa s&#252;rede daha yo&#287;un incelemi&#351; olmalar&#305; gerekmektedir. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le erkeklerin iki grup kad&#305;n i&#231;in ilgi d&#252;zeyi ayn&#305; kalsa da bu ilgi koyu teni daha k&#305;sa bir zaman diliminde yo&#287;unla&#351;maktad&#305;r (&#231;&#252;nk&#252; a&#231;&#305;k tenli kad&#305;nlara daha uzun s&#252;re bakm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r).</p><p>Bu bulgu pop&#252;ler k&#252;lt&#252;rle tutarl&#305;d&#305;r. Viktorya d&#246;nemi &#304;ngiliz romanlar&#305;nda &#8220;esmer kad&#305;n&#8221; fig&#252;r&#252; genellikle "atak", "tutkulu" ve "ate&#351;li" k&#305;sa s&#252;reli a&#351;klar ya&#351;ayan bir karakter olarak kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za &#231;&#305;kar (<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/360391?origin=crossref">Carpenter, 1936, s. 254</a>). Ayn&#305; d&#246;nemin Frans&#305;z ve Alman edebiyat&#305;nda ise, &#8220;les brunes&#8221; (esmer kad&#305;nlar) taraf&#305;ndan temsil edilen a&#351;k, &#8220;t&#252;ketici kad&#305;nl&#305;k&#8221; kavram&#305;n&#305;n somut kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; olarak yorumlanm&#305;&#351; ve mitolojik <em>Lilith</em> fig&#252;r&#252;yle benze&#351;tirilmi&#351;tir (<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921193948/http:/cnriut09.univ-lille1.fr/articles/Articles/Fulltext/10a.pdf">Atzenhoffer, 2011, s. 6</a>). Frans&#305;z bir yazar, esmer kad&#305;nlara &#226;&#351;&#305;k olan erkeklerin &#8220;genellikle daha &#351;iddetli, daha d&#305;&#351;avurumcu ve daha bask&#305;n, ayn&#305; zamanda daha az derin, daha az nazik ve daha az kal&#305;c&#305;&#8221; bir tutku ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; belirtmi&#351;tir (<a href="https://doi.org/10.3917/corp.003.0057">Briot, 2007</a>).</p><h1>Peki ama kad&#305;nlar neden daha a&#231;&#305;k ten rengine sahip olacak &#351;ekilde evrimle&#351;ti?</h1><p>&#214;zetle, koyu (dark) ve k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; (rudiness) bir renk, g&#246;zlemcide a&#231;&#305;k renkten &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir uyar&#305;m yarat&#305;r. Bu etkinin &#351;iddeti, koyu ya da k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; rengin bir insan bedeniyle &#8212;ve daha da fazlas&#305;yla, &#231;ekici bir insan y&#252;z&#252;yle&#8212; ili&#351;kilendirilmesi durumunda artar. &#220;stelik, bu uyar&#305;m etkisi, bir erke&#287;in bir kad&#305;n&#305; izlemesiyle bir kad&#305;n&#305;n bir erke&#287;i izlemesi aras&#305;nda e&#351;it derecede g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r. Bu t&#252;r bir uyar&#305;m cinsel heyecan d&#252;zeyini art&#305;rabilir; l&#226;kin bunun bedeli, heyecan d&#252;zeyinde daha h&#305;zl&#305; ve keskin bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;t&#252;r &#8212; muhtemelen y&#252;ksek uyar&#305;m seviyesinin daha &#231;abuk t&#252;kenmesinden dolay&#305;.</p><p>E&#287;er koyu ve k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; bir renk yaln&#305;zca bir kad&#305;n&#305;n bir erke&#287;i g&#246;zlemlemesi durumunda de&#287;il, bir erke&#287;in bir kad&#305;n&#305; g&#246;zlemlemesi durumunda da cinsel uyar&#305;lmay&#305; art&#305;r&#305;yorsa, kad&#305;nlar neden erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha a&#231;&#305;k tenli ve daha az k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; evrimle&#351;mi&#351;tir? Cinsel se&#231;ilim, neden daha koyu ve daha k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305;ms&#305; kad&#305;nlar&#305; de&#287;il de, daha a&#231;&#305;k tenli kad&#305;nlar&#305; tercih etmi&#351; olsun? Daha genel olarak, cilt renginde neden cinsiyetler aras&#305; bir fark vard&#305;r?</p><p>Muhtemelen, hem hayatta kalma hem de &#252;reme a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan, yaln&#305;zca cinsel ilgiyi uyand&#305;rmakla kalmay&#305;p ayn&#305; zamanda bu ilgiyi uzun vadede s&#252;rd&#252;rebilen kad&#305;nlar avantaj sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu hedef, cinsel ilginin k&#305;sa ama yo&#287;un bir zaman dilimine s&#305;k&#305;&#351;mas&#305; durumunda sa&#287;lanamazd&#305;. Bu nedenle, kad&#305;nlarda a&#231;&#305;k ten cinsel ilgiyi yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in de&#287;il; <strong>Kindchenschema</strong>'y&#305; taklit ederek erkek sald&#305;rganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; azalt&#305;p erkekten gelen kaynak deste&#287;ini (provisioning) art&#305;rarak &#231;ift ba&#287;&#305;n&#305; istikrara kavu&#351;turdu&#287;u i&#231;in evrimsel olarak tercih edilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu, geni&#351; anlamda bir cinsel se&#231;ilim &#246;rne&#287;idir: se&#231;ilim bask&#305;s&#305; yaln&#305;zca e&#351; se&#231;imi an&#305;yla s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kalmay&#305;p, &#231;iftle&#351;meden sonraki uzun s&#252;reli birlikte ya&#351;ama d&#246;nemine de yay&#305;lmaktad&#305;r.</p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">&#199;evirimi be&#287;endiyseniz Japonya Politik b&#252;ltenime abone olun!</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Yaz&#305;n&#305;n orjinali:</p><p>https://substack.com/@peterfrost/p-149820746 </p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[İçki, Çevre ve Şiddet İlişkisi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Alkoll&#252; &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351;&#305; Yapan Yerlerin Su&#231; &#220;zerine Etkisi]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/icki-cevre-ve-siddet-iliskisi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/icki-cevre-ve-siddet-iliskisi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 16 Mar 2025 08:17:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Su&#231;la ilgilenmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;m zamanlar (ortak yay&#305;n yapaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z bir hocama bu konuda yard&#305;m ediyorum hatta!) ilgimi &#231;eken &#351;eyler aras&#305;nda alkol-su&#231; ili&#351;kisi vard&#305;. Bu yaz&#305;mda i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305; yerler ve &#351;iddet aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye odaklanacak. <strong>On-premis</strong>es (yerinde sat&#305;&#351;, yani i&#231;kinin sat&#305;lan yerde i&#231;ildi&#287;i mekanlar: pub, bar vb.) veya <strong>off-premises (</strong>i&#231;kinin sat&#305;n al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305; yerinde i&#231;ilmedi&#287;i mekanlar: i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri, tekel vb) mekanlar&#305;n mahalleri nas&#305;l etkiledi&#287;ini ve buralardaki &#351;iddeti nas&#305;l art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; tart&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m. </p><p>&#304;kinci b&#246;l&#252;mde i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305;na gelen d&#252;zenlemelerin &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; nas&#305;l etkiledi&#287;ini tart&#305;&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m. Son b&#246;l&#252;mde ise basit bir tabloda i&#231;ki-su&#231; ili&#351;kisini tart&#305;&#351;an makaleleri g&#246;sterece&#287;im. Basit&#231;e, yaz&#305;m &#246;zelden (mekan-&#351;iddet), genele do&#287;ru ilerleyecek.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Uluslararas&#305; &#304;li&#351;kiler (&#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;) b&#252;ltenimi okudu&#287;unuz i&#231;in te&#351;ekk&#252;r ederim. Yaz&#305;lar&#305;m&#305; be&#287;eniyorsan&#305;z l&#252;tfen &#252;ye olun! </p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Not: Alkol ve i&#231;ki ayr&#305;m&#305;n&#305; umursamad&#305;&#287;&#305;m i&#231;in bazen i&#231;ki bazen alkol yazalabilirim ama bilinmesi gereken &#351;ey &#351;u: Alkol bir i&#231;ecek de&#287;il. &#304;&#231;ki veya alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki dedi&#287;imiz &#351;eylerin i&#231;inde alkol var ve bu i&#231;kiklerin ne oldu&#287;u i&#231;indeki alkol oranlar&#305;, i&#231;ine neler kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; vb. &#351;eyler taraf&#305;ndan belirleniyor. &#350;arap ve bira iki farkl&#305; alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki ve tatlar&#305; ayn&#305; de&#287;il.  </p><p><strong>On-premises ve off-premises k</strong>elimelerini hat&#305;rlay&#305;n &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#231;ok s&#305;k kullanaca&#287;&#305;m. <a href="https://www.gesob.org.tr/mevzuat/tutun-mamulleri-ve-alkollu-ickilerin-satisina-ve-sunumuna-iliskin-usul-ve-esaslar-hakkinda-yonetmelik-41.html?type=subpage">T&#252;rkiye&#8217;deki </a>d&#252;zenmeleri incelerseniz bu ayr&#305;m iki &#351;ekildedir: 1) A&#231;&#305;k Alkoll&#252; &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351;&#305;, i&#231;kinin sat&#305;lan mekanda t&#252;ketilebildi&#287;ini belirtir, yani on-premises. Perakende sat&#305;&#351; ise i&#231;kinin sat&#305;lan yerin d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda t&#252;ketildi&#287;ini belirtir, yani off-premises..</p><p>&#304;&#231;indekiler</p><p><strong>A. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Mekanlar&#305; ve Su&#231;</strong></p><p>    a. Modeller</p><p>    b. &#350;iddet</p><p>    c. &#199;ocuk &#304;stismar&#305;</p><p>    d. Soygun.</p><p>    e. Partner &#350;iddeti (Aile &#304;&#231;i &#350;iddet)</p><p><strong>B. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; De&#287;i&#351;tiren Politikalar Su&#231; Oranlar&#305;n&#305; Nas&#305;l Etkiler?</strong></p><p>     a. &#304;&#231;ki Fiyat&#305; ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</p><p>     b. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Saatleri ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</p><p>     c. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Yerlerinin Yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</p><p><strong>C. Cinayet ve Alkol &#304;li&#351;kisi &#220;zerine Belirli Makaleler</strong></p><h1>A. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Mekanlar&#305; ve Su&#231;</h1><p>Su&#231;, mekan ve alkol &#252;zerine yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin su&#231;la ili&#351;kisini defalarca g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. &#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;, i&#231;kiye eri&#351;ilebilirli&#287;inin yayg&#305;n bir g&#246;stergesi olarak toplumsal &#351;iddet oranlar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamada &#246;nemli bir rol oynar. </p><p>&#214;ncelikle, bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malardaki modellerin i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri ve su&#231; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi nas&#305;l nedensel &#351;ekilde kurdu&#287;unu tart&#305;&#351;mak gerekli. Bu ili&#351;kiyi g&#246;sterebilmek i&#231;in birka&#231; &#351;eyin kontrol edilmesi gerekir. &#214;ncelikle, mahallelerinin zenginli&#287;ini, etnik kompozisyonu, yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, m&#252;mk&#252;nse gen&#231;lerin oran&#305; ve merkezden uzakl&#305;&#287;&#305; kontrol edilmelidir. </p><ol><li><p>Zenginli&#287;in kontrol edilmesi &#246;nemli &#231;&#252;nk&#252; i&#231;ki i&#231;mek tek ba&#351;&#305;na su&#231;a neden olmayabilir; aksine i&#231;ki i&#231;mek daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k sosyoekonomik durumla etkile&#351;ime girerek su&#231;un daha kolay ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesine neden olabilir. Fakirli&#287;in su&#231;la ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;u bilinmektedir, &#246;zellikle soygun su&#231;lar&#305;yla. Dahas&#305;, fakirli&#287;in y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u yerlerde sosyal ba&#287;lar zay&#305;f olabilir.</p></li><li><p>ABD&#8217;deki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda tarihsel olarak bir b&#246;lgede ya&#351;ayan etnik gruplar&#305;n oranlar&#305; su&#231;la ili&#351;kilidir. Bunun nedenleri aras&#305;nda az&#305;nl&#305;k olan gruplar&#305;n ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; sosyoekonomik zorluklar, sistemik e&#351;itsizlik vb. &#351;eyler vard&#305;r. Bu kontrol&#252; yapmak etnik gruplar&#305;n etkisini ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;r. </p></li><li><p> &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252; ise n&#252;fus yo&#287;unlu&#287;u. Basit&#231;e n&#252;fusun fazla oldu&#287;u yerlerde sadece n&#252;fusun fazla <strong>olmas&#305;ndan dolay&#305;</strong> su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305;n fazla oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;lebilir. </p></li></ol><p>Mahallelerin karakteristik &#246;zelliklerinin kontrol edilmesi &#246;nemlidir. E&#287;er su&#231; ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki, mahallelerin &#246;nemli &#246;zellikleri kontrol edildikten sonra hala ortadaysa nedensel bir ili&#351;kiden bahsedilebilir. </p><h2>a. Modeller</h2><p>Kullan&#305;lan modeller genelde co&#287;rafi modellerdir. &#214;rne&#287;in, Mek&#226;nsal Gecikmeli Regresyon ve Mek&#226;nsal Rejim Modelleri &#351;u varsay&#305;mlardan ba&#351;lar:</p><ol><li><p>Su&#231; tek ba&#351;&#305;na bir mekanda ger&#231;ekle&#351;mez. Bir mahallede su&#231; oran&#305; y&#252;ksekse, yay&#305;lma etkileri nedeniyle kom&#351;u mahallelerde de su&#231; oran&#305; y&#252;kselebilir.</p></li><li><p>Mek&#226;nsal olarak gecikmeli regresyon modelleri, yak&#305;n b&#246;lgelerdeki su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; temsil eden bir mek&#226;nsal gecikme de&#287;i&#351;keni i&#231;erir. Bu, ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar&#305;n su&#231;un genellikle mek&#226;nsal olarak k&#252;melendi&#287;i ger&#231;e&#287;ini kontrol etmelerini sa&#287;lar.</p></li><li><p>&#214;rnek: A mahallesinde &#231;ok say&#305;da i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yeri varsa, insanlar b&#246;lgeler aras&#305;nda hareket etti&#287;i i&#231;in B mahallesinde de su&#231; artabilir (B'de daha az i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yeri olsa bile)</p></li></ol><p>Bu model sayesinde alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n su&#231; &#252;zerinde en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; etkiye sahip oldu&#287;u yerler belirlenir ve aradaki ili&#351;kinin <strong>mahalle t&#252;r&#252;ne</strong>  (&#246;rne&#287;in, kentsel ve k&#305;rsal) g&#246;re farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;sterebilece&#287;ini kabul ederek yanl&#305;&#351; sonu&#231;lar&#305;n &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; engeller.</p><p>&#304;kinci s&#305;k kullan&#305;lan Bayesian Hiyerar&#351;ik &#199;&#305;kar&#305;m Modelidir. Bu y&#246;ntem, hem mekansal ili&#351;kileri hem de belirsizli&#287;i hesaba katarken su&#231;u analiz etmek i&#231;in kullan&#305;l&#305;r. Geleneksel istatistiklerin aksine, Bayes modelleri verilerin belirsiz oldu&#287;unu varsayar ve sonu&#231;lar&#305; g&#252;ncellemek i&#231;in &#246;nceki bilgileri (prior) kullan&#305;r. Hiyerar&#351;ik modelleme sayesinde mahalleleri bireysel olarak ele alabilir veya b&#252;t&#252;n &#351;ehri ele alabilir. Yani ilk modelle benzer &#351;ekilde i&#351;ler. Sadece Bayesian.</p><p>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; s&#305;k kullan&#305;lam modelse Co&#287;rafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS). Bu modeller su&#231;un i&#351;lendi&#287;i, i&#231;ki satan yerleri ve demografik fakt&#246;rlerin haritas&#305;n&#305; &#231;&#305;kart&#305;r. B&#246;ylece su&#231;un en &#231;ok i&#351;lendi&#287;i yerleri (hotspot) yerlerin i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerine uzakl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan &#246;l&#231;ler. En b&#252;y&#252;k avantaj&#305; elde olan verilerin bir harita &#252;zerinde g&#246;sterilmesidir.</p><h2>b. &#350;iddet</h2><p><a href="http://10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01753.x">Toomey vd., (2012)</a> yapt&#305;klar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada Minneapolis, Minnesota&#8217;da bulunan 83 mahalledeki 623 i&#351;letmeyi  (503&#8217;&#252; on-premises, 120&#8217;si off-premises)  inceliyor. Spesifik olarak 4 su&#231;a bak&#305;yorlar: sald&#305;r&#305;, tecav&#252;z, h&#305;rs&#305;zl&#305;k ve b&#252;t&#252;n &#351;iddet i&#231;eren su&#231;lar. Kulland&#305;klar&#305; Bayes s&#305;rad&#252;zensel &#231;&#305;karsama modeli mahallelerin demografisini (ekonomik fakt&#246;rler, etnik kompozisyon ve n&#252;fus yo&#287;unlu&#287;unu) kontrol ediyor ve mekansal otokorelasyon (spatial autocorrelation) yap&#305;yor.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; mekanlar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;undaki %20&#8217;lik bir art&#305;&#351;, farkl&#305; kategorilerdeki su&#231;lar&#305; %3,9-%4,3 oran&#305;nda art&#305;r&#305;yor. &#304;lgin&#231; bir &#351;ekilde <strong>paket sat&#305;&#351; yapan (off-premises) </strong>mek&#226;nlar&#305;n <strong>tecav&#252;z veya toplam &#351;iddet su&#231;unu</strong> art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;yor. Yazarlar, bu bulguyu iki teorik &#231;er&#231;eveyle a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;yor:</p><ol><li><p>Eri&#351;im Teorisi: &#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; mekanlar&#305;ndaki art&#305;&#351; i&#231;kiye kolay eri&#351;imi art&#305;r&#305;yor, daha fazla i&#231;ki t&#252;ketimi i&#231;kiyle ili&#351;kili su&#231;lar&#305; art&#305;r&#305;yor.</p></li><li><p>Niche Teorisi: &#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; mekanlar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;un oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde, m&#252;&#351;teri kitlesi segmentlere ayr&#305;l&#305;r (&#246;rne&#287;in gece kul&#252;pleri daha fazla ve a&#287;&#305;r i&#231;ki i&#231;en ki&#351;ileri &#231;ekebilir). Baz&#305; y&#252;ksek riskli i&#351;letmeler ise su&#231; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan "pop&#252;ler noktalar (hotspots)" haline gelir.</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png" width="748" height="1664" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1664,&quot;width&quot;:748,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:498783,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dX8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7bb6faf1-9978-4512-a4dd-1495e190b580_748x1664.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Toomey, T. L., Erickson, D. J., Carlin, B. P., Lenk, K. M., Quick, H. S., Jones, A. M., &amp; Harwood, E. M. (2012). The Association Between Density of Alcohol Establishments and Violent Crime Within Urban Neighborhoods. <em>Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research</em>, <em>36</em>(8), 1468-1473. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01753.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01753.x</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877584511000529">Sparks (2011)</a> &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; San Antonio, Teksas Polis Departman&#305;ndaki (2003-2006) verileri inceliyor. &#304;ncelenen su&#231;lar &#351;unlar: cinayet, tecav&#252;z, a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305; ve basit sald&#305;r&#305;. Yukar&#305;daki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mayla benzer bir sonuca ula&#351;&#305;yor. Su&#231;lar&#305;n i&#351;lendi&#287;i belirli pop&#252;ler noktalar var (Do&#287;u ve Merkez San Antonio). Bu noktalarda i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri yo&#287;un. Mekansal otokorelasyon yap&#305;ld&#305;ktan ve mahallelerin demografisi kontrol edildikten sonra i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305; &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;yla pozitif ili&#351;kilidir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png" width="1256" height="660" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:660,&quot;width&quot;:1256,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:252207,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!neSv!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F19c5ff38-31cc-4526-90dc-f3966f8dc0e4_1256x660.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="http://10.15288/jsad.2013.74.50">Mair vd., (2013)</a> Kaliforniya&#8217;y&#305; inceledikleri bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada 14 y&#305;la yay&#305;lan &#351;iddet nedeniyle hastaneye yatma, demografi ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri&#287;i yo&#287;unlu&#287;u verisini kullanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;al&#305;&#351;mada toplam 1600 ZIP kodu vard&#305;r, bu da 14 y&#305;la yay&#305;lan 23213 mekan-zaman birimini &#246;l&#231;melerini sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Sonu&#231;lar&#305; &#351;&#246;yledir:</p><p>1. Kilometrekare ba&#351;&#305;na d&#252;&#351;en i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yeri say&#305;s&#305;ndaki her bir art&#305;&#351;, sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;u oranlar&#305;nda %0,23&#8217;l&#252;k bir art&#305;&#351;la ili&#351;kilidir.</p><p>2. Bir b&#246;lgedeki bar yo&#287;unlu&#287;unun %10 artmas&#305;, sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;u oranlar&#305;nda %7,5&#8217;lik bir art&#305;&#351;a neden olmu&#351;tur.</p><p>3. Kom&#351;u b&#246;lgelerdeki bar yo&#287;unlu&#287;unun %10 artmas&#305;, sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;u oranlar&#305;nda %6,2&#8217;lik bir art&#305;&#351;la ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>4. Off-premises i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305; (tekel ve i&#231;ki d&#252;kkanlar&#305;), barlar kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir etkiye sahip de&#287;ildir.</p><p>Barlar&#305;n &#351;iddet &#252;zerindeki etkisi, d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelirli, y&#252;ksek n&#252;fus yo&#287;unlu&#287;una sahip ve az&#305;nl&#305;k n&#252;fusun fazla oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r. &#214;zellikle d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelirli b&#246;lgelerdeki bar yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ile sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;lar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de y&#252;ksektir. Mek&#226;nsal etkilere bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;u oranlar&#305;n&#305;n artma nedeni sadece o b&#246;lgedeki i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; mekanlar&#305; de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda kom&#351;u b&#246;lgelerdeki i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;ndan etkilenmektedir. &#199;ok az &#351;ey kontrol edildi&#287;inde dahi bu &#351;iddet-i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; korumaktad&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1075,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:838731,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YFbx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Faa1a145e-dc4d-4186-b981-e84503dfe735_1700x1255.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Mair, C., Gruenewald, P. J., Ponicki, W. R., &amp; Remer, L. (2013). Varying Impacts of Alcohol Outlet Densities on Violent Assaults: Explaining Differences Across Neighborhoods. <em>Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs</em>, <em>74</em>(1), 50-58. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.50">https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2013.74.50</a></figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01405.x">Gruenewald vd.  (2006)</a> i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;yla ili&#351;kisini <strong>ekolojik modeller ve mek&#226;nsal analiz</strong> y&#246;ntemleriyle incelemektedir. <strong>Su&#231; potansiyelleri teorisi (crime potentials)</strong>, su&#231;a yatk&#305;n bireylerin (n&#252;fus potansiyeli/population potentials) ve su&#231;un meydana gelme olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerin (mek&#226;n potansiyeli/place potentials) etkile&#351;ime girerek su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne s&#252;rer.</p><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda Kaliforniya'daki 1.637 posta kodu b&#246;lgesinde hastane kay&#305;tlar&#305;ndan elde edilen &#351;iddet i&#231;erikli sald&#305;r&#305; vakalar&#305;n&#305; analiz etmektedir. Mek&#226;nsal istatistiksel modeller kullan&#305;larak, hem <strong>b&#246;lgesel &#246;zellikler hem de kom&#351;u b&#246;lgelerin</strong> su&#231; oranlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisi incelenmi&#351;tir. &#199;al&#305;&#351;mada <strong>n&#252;fus yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, etnik yap&#305;, ekonomik durum ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u</strong> gibi de&#287;i&#351;kenler kontrol edilmi&#351;tir.</p><p><strong>Off-premises</strong> (paket sat&#305;&#351; yapan) i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;un oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde <strong>&#351;iddet oranlar&#305; anlaml&#305; &#351;ekilde y&#252;ksektir</strong>; l&#226;kin barlar&#305;n do&#287;rudan bir etkisi bulunmam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bununla birlikte, <strong>bar yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, yerel n&#252;fus &#246;zellikleriyle birle&#351;ti&#287;inde &#351;iddet oranlar&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de etkilemektedir</strong>. Barlar, istikrars&#305;z ve orta gelirli k&#305;rsal alanlarda barlar&#305;n varl&#305;&#287;&#305;, &#351;iddeti art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Basit&#231;e, i&#231;ki ve &#351;iddet su&#231;u aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki sadece bireysel t&#252;ketimle alakal&#305; de&#287;ildir. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png" width="1369" height="1118" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1118,&quot;width&quot;:1369,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:435508,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IBi7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F871bcdf7-2c6f-40b7-a0c7-8eba868a67d1_1369x1118.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Gruenewald, P. J., Freisthler, B., Remer, L., LaScala, E. A., &amp; Treno, A. (2006). Ecological models of alcohol outlets and violent assaults: Crime potentials and geospatial analysis. <em>Addiction</em>, <em>101</em>(5), 666-677. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01405.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01405.x</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Bu ili&#351;ki b&#252;y&#252;k &#351;ehirler yerine daha k&#252;&#231;&#252;k, &#246;&#287;rencilerin bulundu&#287;u &#252;niversite kasabalar&#305;nda da ge&#231;erlidir.</p><p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022042613475788">Snowden &amp; Pridemore (2013)</a> , bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda <strong>k&#252;&#231;&#252;k  bir &#252;niversite kasabas&#305;nda</strong> (Bloomington, Indiana) <strong>i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ve t&#252;r&#252; ile sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;u aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi</strong> incelemektedir. Verileri, 2008-2009 Bloomington Polis Departman&#305; taraf&#305;ndan kaydedilen basit ve a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;lar&#305;, demografik ve sosyoekonomik verileri i&#231;ermektedir.</p><p>1) Genel olarak i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u sald&#305;r&#305; su&#231;lar&#305; ile pozitif ili&#351;kilidir.</p><p>2) Restoran ve bar (yani on-premises) yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, basit sald&#305;r&#305; yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ile anlaml&#305; &#351;ekilde ili&#351;kilidir.</p><p>3) Paket sat&#305;&#351; yapan yerlerin (off-premises) yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ise a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305;larla pozitif ili&#351;kilidir. </p><p>B&#252;y&#252;k &#351;ehirlede yap&#305;lan ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarla tutarl&#305; olarak, perakende sat&#305;&#351; (off-premises) yapan yerler daha ciddi &#351;iddet olaylar&#305; ile ili&#351;kilidir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png" width="1375" height="808" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:808,&quot;width&quot;:1375,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:225740,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tb__!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe75604ba-1e08-4da9-955d-cc6a6f00ffca_1375x808.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Snowden, A. J., &amp; Pridemore, W. A. (2013). Alcohol and Violence in a Nonmetropolitan College Town: Alcohol Outlet Density, Outlet Type, and Assault. <em>Journal of Drug Issues</em>, <em>43</em>(3), 357-373. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042613475788">https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042613475788</a></figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/8/297">Fitterer vd. (2018)</a> i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305; yapan i&#351;letmelerin <strong>kapasitesinin ve bu i&#351;letmelerin </strong>birbirine olan uzakl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n su&#231; &#252;zerindeki etkilerini incelemi&#351;lerdir. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar, Victoria, British Columbia&#8217;daki barlar, restoranlar ve perakende i&#231;ki satan  i&#351;letmelerin kapasitesinin ve da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n, hafta sonlar&#305; (Cuma ve Cumartesi geceleri) ya&#351;anan &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisini incelemi&#351;tir.</p><p>&#199;al&#305;&#351;mada <strong>Poisson uzamsal gecikme modeli</strong> kullan&#305;larak, i&#231;ki ruhsat&#305; olan mek&#226;nlar&#305;n kapasitesinin ve say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n su&#231; s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkileri analiz edilmi&#351;tir. Dahas&#305;, bar ve publar&#305;n birbirlerine olan mesafelerinin su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; nas&#305;l etkiledi&#287;i belirlenmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png" width="824" height="807" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:807,&quot;width&quot;:824,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:484230,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bT9N!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b6e4b51-6b12-49bb-ba66-7186359caa3a_824x807.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fitterer, J. L., Nelson, T. A., &amp; Stockwell, T. (2018). The Negative Effects of Alcohol Establishment Size and Proximity on the Frequency of Violent and Disorder Crime across Block Groups of Victoria, British Columbia. <em>ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</em>, <em>7</em>(8), 297. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080297">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080297</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Kulland&#305;klar&#305; model, su&#231; s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndaki de&#287;i&#351;kenli&#287;in %76&#8217;s&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamaktad&#305;r. Bar ve publar&#305;n bulundu&#287;u alanlarda ve kom&#351;u b&#246;lgelerde su&#231; oranlar&#305; anlaml&#305; derecede y&#252;ksek bulunmu&#351;tur (p &lt; 0.05). <strong>Bar ve pub kapasitesi artt&#305;k&#231;a</strong> su&#231; oranlar&#305; da artmaktad&#305;r. 1111 ek m&#252;&#351;teri koltu&#287;una sahip olan i&#351;letmeler, su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; 17 ay i&#231;inde <strong>iki kat&#305;na &#231;&#305;karabilmektedir</strong>. <strong>Bar ve publar&#305;n birbirlerine 300 metreden daha yak&#305;n olmas&#305;</strong>, o b&#246;lgede daha fazla su&#231;un ya&#351;anmas&#305;na neden olmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Sonu&#231; olarak, i&#231;ki satan i&#351;letmelerinin kapasitesi ve birbirine olan mesafesi, &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan etkileyen fakt&#246;rlerden biridir. </p><h2>c. &#199;ocuk &#304;stismar&#305;</h2><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0145213405001857">Freisthler vd. (2005)</a> Kaliforniya&#8217;daki 304 mahalleyi indelemi&#351;tir. N&#252;fus ba&#351;&#305;na d&#252;&#351;en bar say&#305;s&#305;, &#231;ocuklar&#305;n istismar oranlar&#305;yla pozitif ili&#351;kilidir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg" width="1351" height="817" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:817,&quot;width&quot;:1351,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:84965,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fr2L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ef80c9b-f483-4b3f-b1cf-64ef33126550_1351x817.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Freisthler, B., Needell, B., &amp; Gruenewald, P. J. (2005). Is the physical availability of alcohol and illicit drugs related to neighborhood rates of child maltreatment? <em>Child Abuse &amp; Neglect</em>, <em>29</em>(9), 1049-1060. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.12.014</a></figcaption></figure></div><h2>d. Soygun</h2><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0049089X15000484">Snowden &amp; Freiburger (2015)</a> &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda 2013 y&#305;l&#305;nda Milwaukee&#8217;de i&#351;lenen soygun olaylar&#305; ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; lisanslar&#305;na ili&#351;kin resmi veriler kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Genel olarak i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, soygun oranlar&#305;yla pozitif ili&#351;kilidir. Off-premises (paket sat&#305;&#351;) i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ile soygun oranlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r. &#214;zellikle marketler ve lik&#246;r d&#252;kkanlar&#305;n&#305;n bulundu&#287;u mahallelerde daha fazla soygun olay&#305; g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. On-premises (yerinde t&#252;ketim) i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; mekanlar&#305;n&#305;n soygun su&#231;u &#252;zerindeki etkisi belirsizdir. Barlar ve restoranlar&#305;n bulundu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde soygun oranlar&#305; daha y&#252;ksek olabilir; l&#226;kin sonu&#231;lar istatistiksel olarak kesin de&#287;ildir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png" width="1456" height="1987" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1987,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2191748,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Pjd8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4f73cd69-ac61-40c6-b81b-a5a749b17154_1512x2063.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Snowden, A. J., &amp; Freiburger, T. L. (2015). Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: Accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types. <em>Social Science Research</em>, <em>51</em>, 145-162. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.011">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.011</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0160017617745666">Snowden (2018)</a> <strong>Milwaukee, Wisconsin i&#231;in yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; ara&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305;, bir de, saat dilimlerine ay&#305;rarak incelemi&#351;tir</strong>. Bu ikinci &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n bulgular&#305;na g&#246;re, <strong>on-premises</strong> (restoran ve bar gibi mek&#226;n i&#231;i t&#252;ketim yerleri) <strong>ak&#351;am saatlerinde &#351;iddet olaylar&#305;yla negatif ili&#351;kilidir</strong>, yani bu t&#252;r mek&#226;nlar&#305;n bulundu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde ak&#351;am saatlerinde &#351;iddet olaylar&#305; daha az g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Ancak, <strong>sabah ve gece ge&#231; saatlerde ger&#231;ekle&#351;en h&#305;rs&#305;zl&#305;k su&#231;lar&#305; ile pozitif bir ili&#351;ki g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir</strong>.</p><p>&#214;te yandan, <strong>off-premises</strong> (perakende i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerleri, &#246;rne&#287;in i&#231;ki d&#252;kk&#226;nlar&#305;) <strong>gece ge&#231; saatlerde &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;yla ve g&#252;n i&#231;inde h&#305;rs&#305;zl&#305;k su&#231;lar&#305;yla pozitif bir ili&#351;kiye sahiptir</strong>. Bu bulgular, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;na olan etkisinin hem su&#231; t&#252;r&#252;ne hem de g&#252;n&#252;n saatine g&#246;re farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;sterdi&#287;ini ortaya koymaktad&#305;r.</p><p><a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1057/s41284-019-00213-6">Snowden (2021)</a>, <strong>Milwaukee, Wisconsin i&#231;in yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bu &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; ara&#351;t&#305;rmada bir &#246;nceki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada perakende (off-premises) sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin su&#231;la olan ili&#351;kisini daha da derinden incelemi&#351;lerdir. Perakende sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yak&#305;n &#231;evresindeki 15 metrelik alanlar&#305; incelemi&#351;lerdir. Bu 15 metrelik alanlarda &#351;iddet </strong>su&#231;lar&#305; <strong>25 kat, h&#305;rs&#305;zl&#305;k m&#252;lkiyet su&#231;lar&#305; ise 19 kat daha fazla</strong> ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;tir. En ilgin&#231; bulgulardan biri ara sokaklarda olan sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;evresindeki &#351;iddet su&#231;u yo&#287;unlu&#287;u daha fazlad&#305;r ve mahallenin bakkallar&#305;n&#305;n (convenience store) &#231;evresindeki su&#231; oranlar&#305; daha y&#252;ksetir. Benzer &#351;ekilde, bu 15 metrelik b&#246;lgede ate&#351;li silahlarla i&#351;lenen cinayetlerin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u Milwaukee geneline k&#305;yasla 21 kat, ate&#351;li silahlarla i&#351;lenen a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u 19 kat, ate&#351;li silahlarla i&#351;lenen &#246;l&#252;mc&#252;l olmayan silahl&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u 36 kat ve ate&#351;li silahlarla i&#351;lenen soygunlar&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u 37 kat daha fazlad&#305;r  <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00220426241277769">(Snowden vd., 2024). </a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png" width="1074" height="541" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:541,&quot;width&quot;:1074,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:93978,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!evSL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F86130c4c-31de-4cc7-a0d7-59e796f419d9_1074x541.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Snowden, A. J., Kostelac, C. A., Borisy-Rudin, F. F., &amp; Pridemore, W. A. (2024). Firearm Violence and Off-Premises Alcohol Outlets: The Role of Outlet Characteristics and Distance. <em>Journal of Drug Issues</em>, 00220426241277769. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426241277769">https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426241277769</a></figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p>Perakende sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n su&#231;la ili&#351;kisi, a&#231;&#305;k alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;na k&#305;yasla, daha belirgindir ve ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda daha s&#305;k tekrar eden bir bulgudur. B&#246;lgelerin karakterleri kontrol edildikten sonra bile a&#287;&#305;r &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;yla ili&#351;kilidir. Bu nokta &#246;nemli &#231;&#252;nk&#252; tarihsel olarak perakende sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305; &#351;ehirlerin belirli alanlarda her zaman fazlad&#305;r <a href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-019-00372-2">(Trangenstein vd., 2020; Snowden, 2019)</a>.</p><p><a href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/36j311xv">Franklin vd., (2010)</a> taraf&#305;ndan Washington D.C b&#246;lgesi i&#231;in yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma 2000 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki n&#252;fus say&#305;m verilerini kullanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Silahlar&#305;n ve yasad&#305;&#351;&#305; uyu&#351;turucular&#305;n yayg&#305;nl&#305;&#287;&#305; da dahil olmak &#252;zere &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n alternatif yap&#305;sal ba&#287;&#305;nt&#305;lar&#305;ndan <strong>ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak</strong>, mahallerdeki i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; yo&#287;unlu&#287;u sald&#305;rgan &#351;iddet ile &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ili&#351;kilidir. Sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305; <strong>soygun</strong>, sald&#305;r&#305; ve cinsel su&#231;larla &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de ili&#351;kilidir. </p><h2><strong>e. Partner &#350;iddeti (veya aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet)</strong></h2><p><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0886260517719080">Snowden vd., (2017) </a>bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda 2013-2014 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki Milwaukee  i&#351;lenen &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. &#214;nceki yapt&#305;klar&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;madaki gibi b&#246;lgenin sosyoekonomik durumunu kontrol etmi&#351;lerdir.</p><p>&#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ana bulgular&#305; &#351;unlard&#305;r:</p><p>&#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, kad&#305;nlar&#305;n &#351;iddet ma&#287;duru olma oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. Hem yerinde t&#252;ketim (bar, restoran) hem de d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;da t&#252;ketim (tekel, i&#231;ki d&#252;kk&#226;n&#305;) noktalar&#305; kad&#305;nlar&#305;n partner d&#305;&#351;&#305; &#351;iddet ma&#287;duriyeti oranlar&#305;yla ili&#351;kilidir. &#214;zellikle paket sat&#305;&#351; yapan yerler (off-premises), kad&#305;nlar&#305;n genel &#351;iddet ma&#287;duriyetini art&#305;ran daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir de&#287;i&#351;ken olarak &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kar. Yine de kad&#305;n ve erkeklerin ma&#287;duriyet oranlar&#305; benzer bir &#351;ekilde etkilenmektedir. </p><p>Mahalledeki i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u art&#305;k&#231;a hem kad&#305;nlar&#305;n hem de erkeklerin ma&#287;duriyet oranlar&#305; y&#252;kselmektedir; l&#226;kin d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;da t&#252;ketim noktalar&#305;n&#305;n (tekel ve i&#231;ki d&#252;kk&#226;nlar&#305;) erkekler &#252;zerindeki etkisi kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla daha fazlad&#305;r. <strong>Yoksulluk oran&#305; y&#252;ksek ve etnik &#231;e&#351;itlili&#287;i fazla olan yerlerde kad&#305;nlara y&#246;nelik &#351;iddet oranlar&#305; daha fazlad&#305;r ve bu noktalarda i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u da daha fazlad&#305;r.</strong>  </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png" width="1100" height="1700" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1700,&quot;width&quot;:1100,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:603271,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9ceh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20af87f3-08cc-481e-bfa7-f1a6a2e14073_1100x1700.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Snowden, A. J., Hockin, S., &amp; Pridemore, W. A. (2017). The Neighborhood-Level Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Female Criminal Victimization Rates. <em>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</em>, <em>35</em>(15-16), 2639-2662. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719080">https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517719080</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03333.x">Livingston (2011) </a>&#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ile aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet aras&#305;ndaki uzun vadeli ili&#351;kiyi incelenmi&#351;tir. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, 1996-2005 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki Avustralya/Melbourne b&#246;lgesindeki polis verileri kullanarak zaman i&#231;indeki de&#287;i&#351;imleri analiz etmektedir. Genel olarak, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u artt&#305;k&#231;a aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet oranlar&#305; artmaktad&#305;r. T&#252;m ruhsatl&#305; yerler i&#231;in bu ili&#351;ki ge&#231;erlidir. Perakende sat&#305;&#351; yapan yerlerin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet &#252;zerinde en b&#252;y&#252;k etkiye sahiptir; buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k publar ve restoranlar daha k&#252;&#231;&#252;k fakat anlaml&#305; bir etkiye sahiptir. Benzer &#351;ekilde, yoksulluk seviyesi y&#252;ksek olan mahallelerde aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet oranlar&#305; daha y&#252;ksektir; l&#226;kin i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin etkisi yoksulluk seviyesinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet &#252;zerindeki anlaml&#305; ili&#351;kisini devam ettirmektedir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png" width="1425" height="902" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:902,&quot;width&quot;:1425,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:129639,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!osb_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffef55d48-ad76-46f3-a500-0781ecc33ead_1425x902.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Livingston, M. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of alcohol outlet density and domestic violence. <em>Addiction</em>, <em>106</em>(5), 919-925. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03333.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03333.x</a></figcaption></figure></div><p></p><p><a href="http://connect.springerpub.com/lookup/doi/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00120">Snowden (2016) </a>bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda, bir &#246;nceki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda (<a href="http://10.1177/0022042613475788">Snowden &amp; Pridemore 2013</a>) yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir &#252;niversite kasabas&#305;n&#305; incelemi&#351;tir. Bu sefer, &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma <strong>Bloomington, Indiana</strong> b&#246;lgesindeki <strong>65 mahallede</strong> &#252;zerinde ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilmi&#351;tir. Kullan&#305;lan veri setleri &#351;unlard&#305;r:</p><p><strong>1) Indiana &#304;&#231;ki ve T&#252;t&#252;n Komisyonu</strong>: 2010 y&#305;l&#305; itibariyle aktif i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n verileri.</p><p><strong>2) Bloomington Polis Departman&#305;</strong>: 2008-2009 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki <strong>fiziksel IPV vakalar&#305;</strong>.</p><p><strong>3) ABD N&#252;fus Say&#305;m&#305; B&#252;rosu</strong>: N&#252;fus yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, fakirlik oran&#305; ve demografik bilgiler. </p><p>&#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;, <strong>toplam, on-premises (bar, restoran) ve off-premises (i&#231;ki d&#252;kkan&#305;, tekel bayi)</strong> olarak &#252;&#231; kategoriye ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. <strong>Mek&#226;nsal regresyon modelleri</strong> kullan&#305;larak, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n IPV &#252;zerindeki etkisi test edilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>&#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n sonu&#231;lar&#305;na g&#246;re toplam i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, IPV oranlar&#305;n&#305; anlaml&#305; &#351;ekilde art&#305;rmaktad&#305;r. <strong>Off-premises sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;u, IPV oranlar&#305;yla en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ili&#351;kiye sahiptir</strong> (<strong>p &lt; 0.01</strong>). Sonu&#231; olarak <strong>k&#252;&#231;&#252;k &#252;niversite kasabalar&#305;nda bile i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yo&#287;unlu&#287;unun IPV ile ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;unu ortaya koymu&#351;tur. </strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png" width="1456" height="681" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:681,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:411123,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Licb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff14678d7-907f-4a90-9a4c-4dc76d5dbbee_2200x1029.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Snowden, A. J. (2016). Alcohol Outlet Density and Intimate Partner Violence in a Nonmetropolitan College Town: Accounting for Neighborhood Characteristics and Alcohol Outlet Types. <em>Violence and Victims</em>, <em>31</em>(1), 111-123. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00120">https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00120</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11524-011-9549-6">Cunradi vd. (2011</a>) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma yak&#305;n partner &#351;iddeti (aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet) ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin yo&#287;unlu&#287;u aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi Sacramento, Kaliforniya&#8217;daki partner &#351;iddetine ili&#351;kin polis aramalar&#305;ndan (2006-2009) ve su&#231; (2001-2009) kay&#305;tlar&#305; &#252;zerinnden hesaplamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;maktad&#305;r. Standart olarak, B<strong>ayesyen mek&#226;nsal-zamansal modeller</strong> kullan&#305;larak <strong>yoksulluk, i&#351;sizlik ve etnik kompozisyon gibi fakt&#246;rler kontrol edilmi&#351;tir</strong>. Bakt&#305;klar&#305; temel &#351;ey off-premises (perakende sat&#305;&#351;) yerlerininin s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ile yak&#305;n partner &#351;iddeti aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kidir.</p><p>Her <strong>ekstra perakende sat&#305;&#351; yeri</strong> yak&#305;n partner &#351;iddeti ile ilgili <strong>polis aramalar&#305;nda %4</strong>, su&#231; kay&#305;tlar&#305;nda ise <strong>%3 art&#305;&#351;a neden olmaktad&#305;r</strong>. Barlar veya restoranlar b&#246;yle bir ili&#351;kiye neden olmamaktad&#305;r. Bu etki, &#246;nceki &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi i&#351;sizlik ve yoksulluk oranlar&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u yerde daha y&#252;ksektir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png" width="1456" height="1002" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1002,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:606507,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fFBT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ff7e186-3f1f-4b68-ba4d-edc2709165a1_2000x1376.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Cunradi, C. B., Mair, C., Ponicki, W., &amp; Remer, L. (2011). Alcohol Outlets, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Intimate Partner Violence: Ecological Analysis of a California City. <em>Journal of Urban Health</em>, <em>88</em>(2), 191-200. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9549-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9549-6</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379719301692">Lira vd. (2019)</a> bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda 2003-2012 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda 17 eyaletten 41.587 cinayet ma&#287;durunu incelemi&#351;tir.. Kan alkol konsantrasyonu (BAC) testi yap&#305;lan 26.974 ki&#351;i analizlere dahil edilmi&#351;tir. Bu ki&#351;ilerden 4.267'si partner cinayeti ma&#287;duru olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ana bulgular&#305; a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da sunulmu&#351;tur (bkz. Tablo).</p><ol><li><p><strong>Birincil ma&#287;durlar&#305;n %36.5&#8217;i</strong> ve <strong>dolayl&#305; ma&#287;durlar&#305;n %41.1&#8217;i</strong> BAC <strong>&gt; 0.00%</strong> (yani alkol alm&#305;&#351;). </p></li><li><p><strong>Alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki tespit edilen ma&#287;durlar&#305;n %67.6&#8217;s&#305;n&#305;n BAC de&#287;eri &#8805; 0.08%</strong> (yani yasal s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;n &#252;st&#252;nde).</p></li></ol><p>Silahl&#305; cinayetlerde alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki kullan&#305;m&#305; daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k (%32.6), di&#287;er cinayet t&#252;rlerinde daha y&#252;ksektir (%45.7). Yani yak&#305;n partner cinayetlerinde i&#231;ki kullan&#305;m&#305; yayg&#305;nd&#305;r. Ma&#287;durlar&#305;n kan&#305;nda i&#231;ki olmas&#305; faillerin de i&#231;ki i&#231;kti&#287;inin bir g&#246;stergesidir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg" width="1065" height="720" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:1065,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:65559,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!fqYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc174e0b2-814c-4cd3-8fc4-be207b3756ed_1065x720.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Sonu&#231; olarak ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;unun ve konumunun su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermektedir. &#214;zellikle bar ve publar&#305;n y&#252;ksek kapasitesi ve birbirine yak&#305;n olmas&#305;, &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;nda belirgin bir art&#305;&#351;a neden olmaktad&#305;r. Off-premises (perakende sat&#305;&#351;) noktalar&#305; ise soygun ve aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet gibi su&#231;larla daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir ili&#351;kiye sahiptir. &#304;&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; yerlerinin mek&#226;nsal d&#252;zenlemesi, su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; azaltmada &#246;nemli bir politika arac&#305; olabilir.</p><h1><strong>B. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; De&#287;i&#351;tiren Politikalar Su&#231; Oranlar&#305;n&#305; Nas&#305;l Etkiler?</strong></h1><p>Yukar&#305;daki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi i&#231;kiye eri&#351;im ve t&#252;ketim, aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet, cinsel sald&#305;r&#305;lar ve ki&#351;iler aras&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar gibi &#231;e&#351;itli &#351;iddet t&#252;rlerinin artmas&#305;na katk&#305;da bulunmu&#351;tur. 16 farkl&#305; &#252;lkeden 563 yaralanma vakas&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;i kapsaml&#305; bir ara&#351;t&#305;rma, <strong>alkoll&#252;</strong> bireylerin &#351;iddetle ili&#351;kili yaralanmalar ya&#351;ama olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n di&#287;er nedenlere g&#246;re daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306460304001625">(Macdonald vd., 2005)</a>.  Genel olarak, ki&#351;iler aras&#305; &#351;iddet riski, alkol t&#252;ketiminin s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve miktar&#305; artt&#305;k&#231;a y&#252;kselmekte ve belirli i&#231;ki t&#252;ketim ortamlar&#305; ile etkinliklere ba&#287;l&#305; olarak de&#287;i&#351;kenlik g&#246;stermektedir. &#214;rne&#287;in, restoranlarda i&#231;ki t&#252;ketiminin &#351;iddetle ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; olmas&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k bir ihtimalken, barlarda ve &#231;evresinde sarho&#351; m&#252;&#351;teriler nedeniyle &#351;iddet olaylar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki eri&#351;imi ile &#351;iddet aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki karma&#351;&#305;k olup bireylerin biyokimyasal, psikolojik ve sosyal tepkileri ile &#231;evresel fakt&#246;rlerden etkilenmektedir. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar, alkol&#252;n sald&#305;rganl&#305;&#287;a e&#287;ilimli bireylerde &#351;iddet davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; tetikledi&#287;ini ortaya koyarken, ayn&#305; zamanda alkol t&#252;ketiminin bireylerin i&#231;sel denetimlerini zay&#305;flatt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve sald&#305;rganl&#305;&#287;a dair normlar&#305;n gev&#351;edi&#287;i bir alg&#305;ya yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne s&#252;rmektedir <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726/full">(Sontate vd., 2021)</a>. Mek&#226;na dayal&#305; teorilere g&#246;re, alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki servisi yapan i&#351;letmelerin, su&#231; faillerini bir araya getirerek ma&#287;duriyetin artmas&#305;na neden olabilece&#287;i ve bu nedenle alkol&#252;n daha kolay eri&#351;ilebilir oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;kseldi&#287;i belirtilmektedir.</p><p>Bu sebeplerle, i&#231;ki t&#252;ketimi ve sarho&#351; bireylerin etkile&#351;imlerini d&#252;zenleyen politikalar, kamu g&#252;venli&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;maktad&#305;r. &#304;&#231;ki eri&#351;imini kontrol eden mekanizmalar&#305;n gev&#351;etilmesi, t&#252;ketimin artmas&#305;na ve riskli bireylerin daha fazla etkile&#351;ime girmesine neden olarak &#351;iddet olaylar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rabilir. &#350;iddet art&#305;&#351;&#305;, i&#231;ki fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;mesi, sat&#305;&#351; saatlerinin uzat&#305;lmas&#305; ve i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; noktalar&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;unlu&#287;unun artmas&#305; gibi fakt&#246;rlerle ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle barlar, kul&#252;pler, oteller gibi mek&#226;nlardaki alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra perakende ma&#287;azalar gibi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;ya sat&#305;&#351; yapan noktalar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;almas&#305;, bu e&#287;ilimi daha da peki&#351;tirmektedir.</p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in, Anderson vd. (2018) taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, Kansas'taki il&#231;elerde <strong>1977-2011</strong> y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda a&#231;&#305;k i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; (yani on-premise) serbest b&#305;rakan yasalar&#305;n (wet laws) etkilerine bakarak, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305;n&#305;n &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;yla olan nedensel ili&#351;kisi incelenmi&#351;tir. Sonu&#231; olarak, i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305; yapan i&#231;kili mek&#226;nlar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305;nda <strong>%10'luk bir art&#305;&#351;, &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;nda %3 ila %5 aras&#305;nda bir art&#305;&#351;a</strong> yol a&#231;&#305;yor. A&#231;&#305;k alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n serbest b&#305;rak&#305;lmas&#305;, <strong>&#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;nda %10 ila %23 oran&#305;nda bir art&#305;&#351;a</strong> neden olmu&#351;tur, ayn&#305; zamanda m&#252;lkiyet su&#231;lar&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k %10 oran&#305;nda art&#305;&#351;la sonu&#231;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png" width="965" height="464" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:464,&quot;width&quot;:965,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:117694,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!83Df!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb6060686-28c8-4a02-b1c0-90e4f736dd5f_965x464.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Anderson, D. M., Crost, B., &amp; Rees, D. I. (2018). Wet Laws, Drinking Establishments and Violent Crime. <em>The Economic Journal</em>, <em>128</em>(611), 1333-1366. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12451">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12451</a></figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0144818819300699">Baumann vd., (2019) </a>taraf&#305;ndan Almanya i&#231;in yap&#305;lan bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada <strong>Baden-W&#252;rttemberg eyaletinde 2010-2017 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda gece saatlerinde perakende i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305;na getirilen yasa&#287;&#305;n</strong> &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisi incelenmektedir. Bu yasa, <strong>saat 22:00 ile 05:00 aras&#305;nda benzin istasyonlar&#305;, marketler ve b&#252;felerde (</strong>kiosks)<strong> i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; yasaklam&#305;&#351;; l&#226;kin bar ve restoranlar&#305; kapsamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</strong>. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, su&#231; oranlar&#305;ndaki de&#287;i&#351;iklikleri anlamak i&#231;in <strong>farkl&#305; ekonometrik y&#246;ntemler kullanm&#305;&#351; ve Hessen eyaletini kontrol grubu olarak ele alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</strong>. Bu yasa sonucu, basit sald&#305;r&#305; (simple assault) vakalar&#305; %11, a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305; (aggravated assault) vakalar&#305; ise %8 oran&#305;nda azalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r, fakat gece saatlerinde tecav&#252;z ve soygun oranlar&#305;nda istatistiksel olarak anlaml&#305; bir de&#287;i&#351;im g&#246;r&#252;lmemi&#351;tir. Baden-W&#252;rttemberg&#8217;deki su&#231; e&#287;ilimleri, yasa&#287;&#305;n olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; kom&#351;u eyalet Hesse ile kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda anlaml&#305; derecede farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p><a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092684">Duailibi vd. (2007)</a> , Brezilya&#8217;n&#305;n Diadema &#351;ehrinde 2002 y&#305;l&#305;nda y&#252;r&#252;rl&#252;&#287;e giren gece saat 23:00&#8217;ten sonra barlar&#305;n kapanmas&#305;n&#305; zorunlu k&#305;lan d&#252;zenlemenin cinayet ve kad&#305;nlara y&#246;nelik &#351;iddet &#252;zerindeki etkisini incelemektedir.</p><p>Yasa &#246;ncesi ayl&#305;k cinayet say&#305;s&#305; 22 iken, yasa sonras&#305; 12&#8217;ye d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;; kad&#305;na y&#246;nelik &#351;iddet vakalar&#305; da ayl&#305;k 48&#8217;den 25&#8217;e d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png" width="1456" height="725" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:725,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:74149,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/i/157307526?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0bWS!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7f687649-ce70-49ab-85e1-8a2bc470acd5_1713x853.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Duailibi, S., Ponicki, W., Grube, J., Pinsky, I., Laranjeira, R., &amp; Raw, M. (2007). The Effect of Restricting Opening Hours on Alcohol-Related Violence. <em>American Journal of Public Health</em>, <em>97</em>(12), 2276-2280. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092684">https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.092684</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; tek tek &#246;zetlemek istemiyorum. O y&#252;zden, zaten yap&#305;lm&#305;&#351; bir met&#226;-analizin incelemesini do&#287;rudan &#246;zetlemek en iyisi. Ekstra olarak tek tek okumak isterseniz bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;malara bakabilirsiniz: <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03125.x">(Kypri vd., 2011</a>; <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15774">Athanasopoulos vd., 2022</a>; <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.15025">Kypri &amp; Livingston, 2020</a>; <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.13621">Men&#233;ndez vd., 2017</a>)</p><p>Bizim bakaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma: Fitterer, J. L., Nelson, T. A., &amp; Stockwell, T. (2015). A Review of Existing Studies Reporting the Negative Effects of Alcohol Access and Positive Effects of Alcohol Control Policies on Interpersonal Violence. <em>Frontiers in Public Health</em>, <em>3</em>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00253">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00253</a></p><p><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00253/abstract">Fitterer vd, (2015) </a>12 farkl&#305; &#252;lkede ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen 87 akademik ara&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n bulgular&#305;n&#305; sentezleyerek, alkoll&#252; i&#231;kilerin fiyatland&#305;rmas&#305;, sat&#305;&#351; saatleri d&#252;zenlemeleri ve sat&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; yo&#287;unlu&#287;u gibi politikalar&#305;n interpersonal &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisini analiz etmektedir.</p><h4>a. &#304;&#231;ki Fiyat&#305; ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</h4><p>&#304;ncelenen 12 &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n 7&#8217;si (%58), alkol fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; azaltt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. <strong>Alkol fiyatlar&#305; artt&#305;&#287;&#305;nda</strong> &#246;zellikle &#351;u su&#231;larda azalma g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r: Sald&#305;r&#305;, aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet, &#231;ocuk istismar&#305; ve i&#231;kiye ba&#287;l&#305; yaralanmalar.</p><p>Alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki vergisinde %1&#8217;lik art&#305;&#351;, &#231;ocuk istismar oranlar&#305;n&#305; %0,33; aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet vakalar&#305;n&#305; %3,1-3,5 oran&#305;nda azaltm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. <strong>Bira fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;kselmesi</strong>, hastanelerin acil servislerine <strong>alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; yaralanmalar nedeniyle yap&#305;lan ba&#351;vurular&#305;n azalmas&#305;yla</strong> ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir. &#304;lgin&#231; bir &#351;ekilde alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki vergilerinin d&#252;&#351;&#252;r&#252;lmesine y&#246;nelik &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda (&#246;zellikle &#304;skandinav &#252;lkelerinde), &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir art&#305;&#351; g&#246;zlemlenmemi&#351;tir, bu da fiyat politikalar&#305;n&#305;n etkisinin belli bir noktadan sonra s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olabilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;rmektedir. &#214;zellikle, p<strong>anel verileri kullan&#305;larak yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar</strong>, <strong>i&#231;ki fiyatlar&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n</strong> i&#231;ki ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; ve yaralanmalar&#305; <strong>&#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de azaltt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;</strong> ortaya koymu&#351;tur (s. 5)</p><h4>b. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Saatleri ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</h4><p><strong>19 &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n 12&#8217;sinde (%63)</strong>, <strong>alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; saatlerinin d&#252;zenlenmesinin &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; azaltt&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong> belirlenmi&#351;tir. <strong>Alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; saatlerinin uzat&#305;lmas&#305;</strong>, sald&#305;r&#305; ve cinayet gibi &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;&#351;&#305;yla do&#287;rudan ili&#351;kilendirilmi&#351;tir. (s. 4)</p><p><strong>Sat&#305;&#351; saatlerinin k&#305;s&#305;tlanmas&#305;</strong>, &#246;zellikle &#351;u su&#231; t&#252;rlerinde azalmaya neden olmu&#351;tur:</p><p><strong>1) Cinayet oranlar&#305;</strong></p><p><strong>2) A&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305;lar ve darp vakalar&#305;</strong></p><p>3) Aile i&#231;i &#351;iddet ve fiziksel sald&#305;r&#305;lar</p><p>Yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, <strong>sat&#305;&#351; saatlerinin 1 saat bile uzat&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n</strong>, <strong>her 100.000 ki&#351;i ba&#351;&#305;na d&#252;&#351;en &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;nda belirgin bir art&#305;&#351;a yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;</strong> g&#246;stermektedir. Ayr&#305;ca, bar ve gece kul&#252;plerinin kapan&#305;&#351; saatlerinin uzat&#305;lmas&#305;, sald&#305;r&#305; vakalar&#305;nda g&#246;zle g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r bir y&#252;kseli&#351;e neden olmaktad&#305;r. <strong>Avustralya&#8217;da ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilen bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada</strong>, gece kul&#252;plerine m&#252;&#351;teri <strong>yeniden giri&#351; yasa&#287;&#305;</strong> uyguland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, mek&#226;n i&#231;inde meydana gelen sald&#305;r&#305; oranlar&#305;nda <strong><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9930.2011.00353.x">%50 azalma kaydedilmi&#351;tir</a>. Barlar&#305;n kapan&#305;&#351; saatlerinin a&#351;amal&#305; olarak d&#252;zenlenmesi</strong> gibi uygulamalar, <strong>&#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n azalmas&#305;na belirgin bir katk&#305; sa&#287;lamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r</strong>. <strong>1 saatlik sat&#305;&#351; s&#252;resi de&#287;i&#351;ikliklerinin etkisi s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kal&#305;rken</strong>, <strong>en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; etkiler 2 saatten fazla k&#305;s&#305;tlamalarda g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir</strong>.</p><p>Alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351; saatlerini b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de k&#305;s&#305;tlamak (&#246;rne&#287;in, 2 saatten fazla veya 24 saatlik sat&#305;&#351;&#305;n kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;), &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n azalt&#305;lmas&#305;nda etkili bir y&#246;ntemdir. Daha k&#252;&#231;&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli d&#252;zenlemeler (&#246;rne&#287;in 1 saatlik de&#287;i&#351;iklikler), her zaman belirgin bir etki yaratmamaktad&#305;r. &#304;lgin&#231; bir &#351;ekilde sat&#305;&#351; saatlerini 1 saat geri &#231;ekmek i&#351;lenen su&#231;lar&#305; azalatmasa da sat&#305;&#351; saatlerini 1 saat uzatmak su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Barlara m&#252;&#351;teri yeniden giri&#351; yasa&#287;&#305; gibi politikalar, yaln&#305;zca mek&#226;n i&#231;indeki su&#231; oranlar&#305;n&#305; azaltmaktad&#305;r; genel su&#231; oranlar&#305; &#252;zerindeki etkisi belirsizdir (s. 4-5).</p><h4>c. &#304;&#231;ki Sat&#305;&#351; Yerlerinin Yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ve &#350;iddet Su&#231;lar&#305;</h4><p><strong>56 &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n 52&#8217;sinde (%93)</strong>, <strong>alkol sat&#305;&#351; noktas&#305; yo&#287;unlu&#287;u ile &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305; aras&#305;nda g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir ili&#351;ki saptanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. &#214;zellikle bar ve gece kul&#252;plerinin yo&#287;un oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de artmaktad&#305;r. <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2692953/">Bir b&#246;lgede 25&#8217;ten</a> fazla alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki sat&#305;&#351;&#305; yapan i&#351;letme bulunmas&#305;, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article-abstract/48/5/613/209448?redirectedFrom=fulltext">su&#231; oranlar&#305;nda belirgin</a> bir y&#252;kseli&#351;e yol a&#231;maktad&#305;r.</strong><sup> </sup><strong>Los Angeles&#8217;ta alkoll&#252; i&#231;ki lisanslar&#305;n&#305;n azalt&#305;lmas&#305;</strong>, sald&#305;r&#305; oranlar&#305;nda <strong>&#246;nemli bir d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;e neden <a href="https://www.geospatialhealth.net/index.php/gh/article/view/240">olmu&#351;tur</a></strong>. <strong>Atlanta&#8217;da bar lisanslar&#305;n&#305;n %3,2 oran&#305;nda azalt&#305;lmas&#305;, <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2015/14_0317.htm">b&#246;lgedeki &#351;iddet su&#231;lar&#305;n&#305; %6 oran&#305;nda d&#252;&#351;&#252;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r</a></strong><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2015/14_0317.htm">.</a> (s. 4-5).</p><h1>C. Cinayet ve &#304;&#231;ki &#304;li&#351;kisi &#220;zerine Belirli Makaleler</h1><p>Tablonun kayna&#287;&#305;: Sontate, K. V., Rahim Kamaluddin, M., Naina Mohamed, I., Mohamed, R. M. P., Shaikh, Mohd. F., Kamal, H., &amp; Kumar, J. (2021). Alcohol, Aggression, and Violence: From Public Health to Neuroscience. <em>Frontiers in Psychology</em>, <em>12</em>, 699726. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726">https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726</a></p><p>Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726/full</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Ow2V!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c8fac38-91e3-46b7-87b3-40f7abee54fe_1517x1840.png" width="1456" height="1766" 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Eşcinsellik ve Kardeş Doğum Sırası Etkisi ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Zay&#305;f ama ilgin&#231; bir a&#231;&#305;klama]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/escinsellik-ve-kardes-dogum-sras</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/escinsellik-ve-kardes-dogum-sras</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 29 Dec 2024 16:21:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1619732112908-4dfc7d3acb69?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw0MXx8YnJvdGhlcnN8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM1NTM0OTE0fDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu yaz&#305;da, e&#351;cinselli&#287;in k&#246;kenlerini ara&#351;t&#305;ran literat&#252;rde &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kan bir fenomen olan 'karde&#351; etkisi'ni ele alaca&#287;&#305;m. Bu yaz&#305;da, ahlaki, bireysel veya toplumsal tart&#305;&#351;malara girmeksizin, yaln&#305;zca bu fenomenin temellerine odaklanaca&#287;&#305;m. Amac&#305;m, tamamen entelekt&#252;el bir &#231;er&#231;evede bu etkiyi tart&#305;&#351;mak. </p><p>Ba&#351;lamadan &#246;nce iki kelimeyi a&#231;&#305;klamam gerek. <em><strong>Androfilik</strong></em> ve <em><strong>jinefilik</strong></em>. <em><strong>Androfilik</strong></em> erkek, <em>erkeklere ilgi duyan</em> erkek demek. <em><strong>Jinefilik </strong>erkek ise</em> <em><strong>kad&#305;nlara ilgi duyan</strong></em> erkek demek. Basit&#231;e homo ve hetero. Metin i&#231;inde birka&#231; kere g&#246;rebilirsiniz. </p><h2>Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305; Etkisi: Zay&#305;f Ama A&#231;&#305;klay&#305;c&#305;</h2><h3>Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305; Etkisi</h3><p>90 y&#305;l&#305; a&#351;k&#305;n bir s&#252;redir, ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar  (Lang 1936<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> ve Slater 1962<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a>) homoseks&#252;elli&#287;in biyolojik k&#246;kenlerini anlamak amac&#305;yla e&#351;cinsel bireylerin aile &#246;zelliklerini inceliyor. Bu ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;n en dikkat &#231;ekici bulgular&#305;ndan biri <strong>Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305; Etkisi</strong> (Fraternal Birth Order Effect - FBOE). Bu etkinin bu kadar &#246;nemli olmas&#305;n&#305;n iki temel sebebi var: hem farkl&#305; &#246;rneklemlerde tekrarlanabilir olmas&#305; hem de farkl&#305; pop&#252;lasyonlarda tutarl&#305;l&#305;kla g&#246;zlemlenmesi.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>FBOE, bir erke&#287;in <em><strong>e&#351;cinsel y&#246;nelim</strong></em> geli&#351;tirme olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; ile sahip oldu&#287;u a&#287;abey say&#305;s&#305; aras&#305;nda pozitif bir ili&#351;ki oldu&#287;unu ortaya koyuyor. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, bir erke&#287;in abi say&#305;s&#305; artt&#305;k&#231;a androfilik olma (erkeklere ilgi duyma) olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; da art&#305;yor. Bu, homoseks&#252;ellik &#252;zerine yap&#305;lan ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve en tekrarlanabilir bulgulardan biri olarak kabul ediliyor.</p><p>Blanchard ve Bogaert'in 1996 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, literat&#252;rde b&#252;y&#252;k bir etki yaratarak FBOE (Fraternal Birth Order Effect) &#252;zerine tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; ba&#351;latm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-3" href="#footnote-3" target="_self">3</a> &#199;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda &#246;ne s&#252;rd&#252;kleri temel arg&#252;man, her erkek &#231;ocu&#287;un do&#287;umundan sonra, annenin daha sonraki erkek fet&#252;slerinde e&#351;cinsel y&#246;nelime sahip olma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n artt&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#246;n&#252;ndeydi. Bu bulgunun ard&#305;ndan, FBOE etkisi ba&#351;ka ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan kapsaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde incelenmi&#351; ve Blanchard da bu alandaki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalara destek vermeye devam etmi&#351;tir. FBOE, farkl&#305; k&#252;lt&#252;rel ve demografik ba&#287;lamlarda y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar sayesinde g&#252;venilir ve evrensel bir bulgu olarak kabul g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bu etkinin replike edildi&#287;i &#252;lkeler aras&#305;nd Samoa<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-4" href="#footnote-4" target="_self">4</a>, T&#252;rkiye<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-5" href="#footnote-5" target="_self">5</a>, Brezilya<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-6" href="#footnote-6" target="_self">6</a>, &#304;talya<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-7" href="#footnote-7" target="_self">7</a>, Hollanda<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-8" href="#footnote-8" target="_self">8</a> ve Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-9" href="#footnote-9" target="_self">9</a> vard&#305;r. &#199;e&#351;itli demografilerde ayn&#305; sonucun elde edilmesi, FBOE&#8217;nin bilimsel olarak de&#287;erli ve anlaml&#305; bir etki oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir.</p><p>Blanchard, yukar&#305;da bahsedilen &#252;lkelerden elde edilen &#246;rneklemleri ve kendi inceledi&#287;i verileri 2018 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;nlad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir meta-analiz &#231;er&#231;evesinde de&#287;erlendirerek bu etkinin genel ge&#231;erlili&#287;ini ortaya koymu&#351;tur.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-10" href="#footnote-10" target="_self">10</a> A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki tablo, s&#246;z konusu meta-analizde incelenen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305; s&#305;ralamaktad&#305;r:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png" width="1240" height="1865" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1865,&quot;width&quot;:1240,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:948206,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BWSV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa87d4527-1f2f-4ef9-9fdf-f66c1665a4dd_1240x1865.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(Blanchard 2018), Tablo 1.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Blanchard (2018), meta-analizinde 26 &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada yer alan 30 homoseks&#252;el grup ve 30 heteroseks&#252;el grubu incelemi&#351;tir. Toplamda 7140 homoseks&#252;el ve 12.873 heteroseks&#252;el birey &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya dahil edilmi&#351;tir. Bu meta-analizde incelenen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar belirli kriterlere dayanmaktad&#305;r:</p><p>1) <strong>Do&#287;umda tek olan bireylerin</strong> dahil edilmesi (ikizler hari&#231; tutulmu&#351;tur), b&#246;ylece &#231;oklu do&#287;umlar&#305;n neden olabilece&#287;i kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; etkilerden ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>2) <strong>E&#351;cinselli&#287;in bireylerin beyanlar&#305;na</strong> dayal&#305; olarak de&#287;erlendirilmesi.</p><p>3) <strong>T&#252;m karde&#351;lerin raporlanmas&#305;</strong> (a&#287;abey, abla, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k erkek ve k&#305;z karde&#351; dahil).</p><p>Meta-analizde en b&#252;y&#252;k kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken olarak <strong>aile b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;</strong> &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kmaktad&#305;r. Ailedeki &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305;yla, e&#351;cinsel bireyin ailede bulunma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; da artabilir. Bu potansiyel sorunlar&#305; kontrol alt&#305;na almak amac&#305;yla, <strong>Older Brothers Odds Ratio (OBOR)</strong> modeli kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. OBOR, aile b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;nden kaynaklanabilecek yanl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; do&#287;rudan d&#252;zeltir ve toplam karde&#351; say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalarda sorun te&#351;kil etmesini engeller. </p><p>Meta-analizde incelenen Odds Ratio (Olas&#305;l&#305;k Oran&#305;, k&#305;saltma: OR), <strong>1,47</strong>&#12304;%95 CI [1,20, 1,35]&#12305; olarak hesaplanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r, yani sonu&#231; istatistiksel olarak anlaml&#305; &#351;ekilde <strong>1&#8217;den b&#252;y&#252;kt&#252;r</strong>. Alt grup analizleri ise &#246;nemli farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; ortaya koymaktad&#305;r: Kendisini mask&#252;len &#246;zelliklere sahip olarak tan&#305;mlayan e&#351;cinsel erkekler i&#231;in OR <strong>1,27</strong> &#12304;%95 CI [1,20, 1,35]&#12305; iken, feminen &#246;zelliklere sahip olarak tan&#305;mlayan e&#351;cinsel erkekler i&#231;in bu oran <strong>1,85</strong> &#12304;%95 CI [1,50, 2,29]&#12305; olarak bulunmu&#351;tur. Bu durum, feminen &#246;zelliklere sahip bireylerde etkinin &#231;ok daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermektedir. Dahas&#305;, <strong>aile b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n FBOE &#252;zerinde herhangi bir etkisinin olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;</strong> belirlenmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Blanchard&#8217;&#305;n meta-analizlerinin yay&#305;nlanmas&#305;ndan bu yana, FBOE (Fraternal Birth Order - Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305;) etkisini destekleyen yeni &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar yay&#305;nland&#305;. Li ve Wong (2018), Hong Kong'da yap&#305;lan bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada, <em><strong>androfilik</strong></em> (erkeklere ilgi duyan) erkeklerin <em><strong>jinefilik</strong></em> (kad&#305;nlara ilgi duyan) erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterdi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-11" href="#footnote-11" target="_self">11</a> Bu etki, jinefilik kad&#305;nlar ile androfilik kad&#305;nlar aras&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlenmedi. Benzer &#351;ekilde, Apostolou (2019), Yunan pop&#252;lasyonunu inceleyen &#246;rnekleminde androfilik erkeklerin jinefilik erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu ortaya koydu; ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde bu bulgu kad&#305;nlar i&#231;in ge&#231;erli de&#287;ildi.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-12" href="#footnote-12" target="_self">12</a></p><p>Coome, Skorska, van der Miesen, Peragine ve VanderLaan (2018), cinsiyet normlar&#305;na uymayan erkek &#231;ocuklar&#305;n, normlara uyan erkek &#231;ocuklara g&#246;re daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu buldu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-13" href="#footnote-13" target="_self">13</a> Do&#287;um s&#305;ras&#305;n&#305;n k&#305;z &#231;ocuklar&#305;n&#305;n cinsiyet normlar&#305;na uygunlu&#287;u ile ili&#351;kili olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. Ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde, Xu, Norton ve Rahman (2019), androfilik erkek ergenlerin, biphilik (her iki cinse de ilgi duyan) ve jinefilik erkek ergenlere k&#305;yasla daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterdi. Bu ili&#351;ki, k&#305;z ergenlerde cinsel y&#246;nelim ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; &#231;&#305;kmad&#305;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-14" href="#footnote-14" target="_self">14</a> </p><p>Swift-Gallant, Coome, Monks ve VanderLaan (2018) ile Wampold (2018), anal seks rol&#252;nde "bottom" (pasif) olan androfilik erkeklerin, bu rol&#252; &#252;stlenmeyen androfilik erkeklere ve jinefilik erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu buldu.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-15" href="#footnote-15" target="_self">15</a><a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-16" href="#footnote-16" target="_self">16</a> &#214;zellikle Swift-Gallant ve ekibinin &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;, bu fark&#305;n jinefilik erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha belirgin oldu&#287;unu ortaya koymu&#351;tur. Genel olarak, erkeklerin cinsel y&#246;nelimi ba&#287;lam&#305;nda, androfilik erkeklerin jinefilik erkeklere k&#305;yasla daha fazla a&#287;abeye sahip oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steren g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir kan&#305;t g&#246;ze &#231;arpmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Ek olarak, Ablaza vd. (2022), Hollanda&#8217;dan n&#252;fus d&#252;zeyindeki verileri kullanarak (n= 9.073.496 ki&#351;i - 4.634.327 erkek ve 4.439.169 kad&#305;n), FBOE etkisinin hem erkeklerde hem de kad&#305;nlarda mevcut oldu&#287;unu ortaya koymu&#351;tur.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-17" href="#footnote-17" target="_self">17</a> Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, daha &#246;nceki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalarda yaln&#305;zca erkeklerde g&#246;zlenen FBOE etkisinin kad&#305;nlarda da benzer &#351;ekilde var oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. Kad&#305;nlarda b&#252;y&#252;k erkek karde&#351;lerin etkisi, erkek karde&#351;lere k&#305;yasla daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k d&#252;zeyde olsa da bulunmu&#351;tur. Ayn&#305; zamanda b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;z karde&#351;lerin de etkisinin erkeklerde &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unu ve bu etkinin erkek karde&#351;ler kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koyarak, FBOE etkisinin daha karma&#351;&#305;k bir yap&#305;ya sahip olabilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><p>Kab&#225;tek ve Blanchard (2024) ise Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k Biobank verilerini (n = 40-69 ya&#351; aras&#305;nda 78.983 erkek ve 92.150 kad&#305;n) kullanarak, hem erkeklerde hem de kad&#305;nlarda <strong>daha fazla a&#287;abeyin olmas&#305;</strong> homoseks&#252;ellik ihtimalini art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtmi&#351;tir; l&#226;kin, kad&#305;nlarda FBOE etkisinin erkeklerden farkl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde i&#351;ledi&#287;i g&#246;zlenmi&#351;tir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-18" href="#footnote-18" target="_self">18</a> &#214;rne&#287;in, b&#252;y&#252;k erkek karde&#351;lerin kad&#305;nlarda homoseks&#252;ellik &#252;zerindeki etkisinin daha zay&#305;f oldu&#287;u, b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;z karde&#351;lerin ise her iki cinsiyette de anlaml&#305; bir etkisinin bulundu&#287;u tespit edilmi&#351;tir. Ayr&#305;ca, bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma di&#287;er cinsel y&#246;nelimler (biseks&#252;ellik ve aseks&#252;ellik) i&#231;in herhangi bir anlaml&#305; do&#287;um s&#305;ras&#305; etkisi bulamam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu bulgular, FBOE etkisinin yaln&#305;zca homoseks&#252;ellikle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olabilece&#287;ini ve kad&#305;nlarda farkl&#305; mekanizmalarla i&#351;liyor olabilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rmektedir.</p><h3><strong>Bu etkinin nedensel mekanizmas&#305; nedir?</strong></h3><p>Bir fenomenin farkl&#305; toplumlarda d&#252;zenli olarak g&#246;zlemlenmesi, onun nedenselli&#287;i hakk&#305;nda do&#287;rudan bir &#351;ey s&#246;ylemez. FBOE (Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305; Etkisi) gibi bir olgunun nedensel mekanizmas&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamak i&#231;in farkl&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;mlar ele al&#305;nabilir. &#214;rne&#287;in, bu etki karde&#351;ler aras&#305; etkile&#351;imlerden ya da a&#287;abey veya ablaya sahip olman&#305;n getirdi&#287;i k&#252;lt&#252;rel dinamiklerden kaynaklan&#305;yor olabilir. Mamafih, yeti&#351;tirilme veya k&#252;lt&#252;rel etkilerin bu fenomeni a&#231;&#305;klamada zay&#305;f kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Bunun temel nedeni, FBOE&#8217;nin Brezilya&#8217;dan Samoa&#8217;ya, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;den &#304;ran&#8217;a kadar geni&#351; ve &#231;e&#351;itli k&#252;lt&#252;rlerde tutarl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde g&#246;zlemlenmesidir. Bu kadar farkl&#305; sosyal ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel ba&#287;lamlarda ayn&#305; sonucun ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;, do&#287;rudan yeti&#351;tirilme tarz&#305; veya k&#252;lt&#252;rel etkilerin bu fenomen &#252;zerindeki rol&#252;n&#252; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de zay&#305;flatmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>FBOE (Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305;) etkisini a&#231;&#305;klayan en geli&#351;mi&#351; teori biyolojik temellidir. &#214;zellikle, bu etkiyi a&#231;&#305;klamak i&#231;in en olas&#305; a&#231;&#305;klama olarak "Anne Ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k Hipotezi" (Maternal Immune Hypothesis - MIH) &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r (Blanchard &amp; Bogaert, 1996)<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-19" href="#footnote-19" target="_self">19</a>. Bu hipoteze g&#246;re, bir annenin erkeklere &#246;zg&#252; bir proteine kar&#351;&#305; ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k tepkisi (antikorlar&#305;n birikimi dahil), ard&#305;&#351;&#305;k her erkek gebelikle birlikte artar. Artan miktardaki bu antikorlar, geli&#351;mekte olan bir fet&#252;s&#252;n kan-beyin bariyerini a&#351;arak, cinsel y&#246;nelimden sorumlu beyin b&#246;lgelerini etkiler.</p><p>FBOE etkisinin biyolojik <em><strong>temeli</strong></em>, bu etkinin farkl&#305; &#252;lkelerde ve &#231;e&#351;itli k&#252;lt&#252;rlerde (&#246;rne&#287;in, Brezilya, &#304;ran, Samoa, ABD gibi) tekrarlanmas&#305;yla desteklenmi&#351;tir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-20" href="#footnote-20" target="_self">20</a> Ayr&#305;ca, Bogaert (2006), FBO etkisinin biyolojik temelini dolayl&#305; yoldan destekleyen bir bulgu sunmu&#351;tur.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-21" href="#footnote-21" target="_self">21</a> Bogaert&#8217;in 2006 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda (n = 944 erkek), yaln&#305;zca biyolojik a&#287;abeylerin erkeklerde androfilik y&#246;nelimle anlaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;u; l&#226;kin biyolojik erkek karde&#351;lerin, biyolojik ablalar&#305;n veya k&#305;z karde&#351;lerin ve <em><strong>biyolojik olmayan karde&#351;lerin</strong></em> (b&#252;y&#252;k veya k&#252;&#231;&#252;k) b&#246;yle bir ili&#351;ki g&#246;stermedi&#287;i ortaya konulmu&#351;tur. Bu bulgu, Ablaza vd. (2022) ve Kab&#225;tek ve Blanchard (2024)&#8217;in iki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;mda bulunan abla etkisiyle &#231;eli&#351;mektedir, yine de biyolojik olmayan karde&#351;lerin herhangi bir etkisi olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stererek biyolojik a&#231;&#305;klamay&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmi&#351;tir.  </p><p>Bogaert&#8217;&#305;n 2018 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; ise biyolojik mekanizmaya dair do&#287;rudan bir neden sunar. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, annenin ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k sisteminin erkek fet&#252;slerde bulunan Y-kromozomuna ba&#287;l&#305; proteinlere (&#246;zellikle NLGN4Y) kar&#351;&#305; antikor &#252;retti&#287;ini ve bu ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k yan&#305;t&#305;n&#305;n sonraki erkek fet&#252;slerin beyin geli&#351;iminde cinsel y&#246;nelimi etkileyebilece&#287;ini ileri s&#252;rmektedir. Ara&#351;t&#305;rma kapsam&#305;nda, 54 homoseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocu&#287;a sahip anne (23 anne homoseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocu&#287;una sahip olmadan &#246;nce heteroseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocu&#287;u do&#287;rumu&#351;tur, yani abi), 72 heteroseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocu&#287;a sahip anne, 16 hi&#231; erkek &#231;ocu&#287;u olmayan kad&#305;n ve 12 erkekten olu&#351;an bir &#246;rneklem incelenmi&#351;tir.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-22" href="#footnote-22" target="_self">22</a></p><p>Kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lardan al&#305;nan kan &#246;rneklerinde, ELISA y&#246;ntemi kullan&#305;larak NLGN4Y ve PCDH11Y proteinlerine kar&#351;&#305; antikor seviyeleri &#246;l&#231;&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bulgular, homoseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocuklara sahip annelerin, heteroseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocuklara sahip annelere ve hi&#231; erkek &#231;ocu&#287;u olmayan kad&#305;nlara k&#305;yasla, &#246;zellikle NLGN4Y proteinine kar&#351;&#305; daha y&#252;ksek antikor seviyelerine sahip oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle, a&#287;abeyi olan homoseks&#252;el erkek &#231;ocuklar&#305;n annelerinde bu antikor seviyelerinin en y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u bulunmu&#351;tur.</p><p>Bu bulgular, FBOE etkisinin biyolojik bir mekanizmayla a&#231;&#305;klanabilece&#287;ini, annenin ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k sisteminin erkek fet&#252;slerin beyin geli&#351;imine etki ederek cinsel y&#246;nelim &#252;zerinde bir rol oynayabilece&#287;ini g&#246;stermektedir. Bununla birlikte, &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada bu mekanizman&#305;n erkeklerde cinsel y&#246;nelim farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n yaln&#305;zca bir b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n&#252; a&#231;&#305;klayabildi&#287;i, di&#287;er genetik ve hormonal fakt&#246;rlerin de &#246;nemli oldu&#287;u vurgulanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><h2>Sonu&#231;</h2><p>Karde&#351; Do&#287;um S&#305;ras&#305; Etkisi (Fraternal Birth Order Effect - FBOE) &#252;zerine yap&#305;lan &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar, bu fenomenin gen&#231; erkeklerde e&#351;cinsel y&#246;nelimin geli&#351;iminde biyolojik mekanizmalara dayand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. &#199;e&#351;itli &#252;lkelerde ve farkl&#305; demografik gruplarda bu etkinin tekrar tekrar g&#246;zlemlenmesi, FBOE&#8217;nin evrensel bir olgu oldu&#287;unu desteklemektedir.</p><p>Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar, annenin ard&#305;&#351;&#305;k erkek gebeliklerde erkek fet&#252;s&#252;n Y-kromozomuna &#246;zg&#252; proteinlere kar&#351;&#305; geli&#351;tirdi&#287;i antikorlar&#305;n, sonraki erkek &#231;ocuklar&#305;n cinsel y&#246;nelimini etkileyebilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;rmektedir. &#214;zellikle, annenin NLGN4Y proteinine kar&#351;&#305; &#252;retmi&#351; oldu&#287;u antikorlar&#305;n bu mekanizmada kritik bir rol oynad&#305;&#287;&#305; vurgulanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>FBOE etkisinin cinsiyetler aras&#305;nda farkl&#305; mekanizmalarla &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;na dair bulgular, bu alandaki teorik yakla&#351;&#305;mlar&#305; yeniden de&#287;erlendirme ihtiyac&#305;n&#305; ortaya koymaktad&#305;r. Kad&#305;nlarda daha zay&#305;f bir etkisinin g&#246;zlemlenmesi ve b&#252;y&#252;k ablalar&#305;n erkeklerdeki potansiyel etkisi gibi bulgular, FBOE&#8217;nin daha karma&#351;&#305;k bir yap&#305;ya sahip oldu&#287;unu i&#351;aret etmektedir.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Lang, T. (1936). Beitrag zur Frage nach der genetischen Bedingtheit der Homosexualit&#228;t [A contribution regarding the question of the genetic determination of homosexuality]. Zeitschrift f&#252;r die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 155, 702&#8211;713.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Eliot Slater, &#8220;BIRTH ORDER AND MATERNAL AGE OF HOMOSEXUALS&#8221;, <em>The Lancet</em> 279, sy 7220 (Ocak 1962): 69-71, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(62)91719-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(62)91719-1</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-3" href="#footnote-anchor-3" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">3</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>R Blanchard ve A F Bogaert, &#8220;Homosexuality in Men and Number of Older Brothers&#8221;, <em>American Journal of Psychiatry</em> 153, sy 1 (01 Ocak 1996): 27-31, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.1.27">https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.1.27</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-4" href="#footnote-anchor-4" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">4</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Paul L Vasey ve Doug P VanderLaan, &#8220;Birth Order and Male Androphilia in Samoan <em>Fa&#8217;afafine</em>&#8221;, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</em> 274, sy 1616 (07 Haziran 2007): 1437-42, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0120">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0120</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-5" href="#footnote-anchor-5" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">5</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ali Bozkurt, Ozlem Hekim Bozkurt, ve Ipek Sonmez, &#8220;Birth Order and Sibling Sex Ratio in a Population with High Fertility: Are Turkish Male to Female Transsexuals Different?&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 44, sy 5 (Temmuz 2015): 1331-37, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0425-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0425-9</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-6" href="#footnote-anchor-6" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">6</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Doug P. Vanderlaan vd., &#8220;BIRTH ORDER AND ANDROPHILIC MALE-TO-FEMALE TRANSSEXUALISM IN BRAZIL&#8221;, <em>Journal of Biosocial Science</em> 49, sy 4 (Temmuz 2017): 527-35, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932016000584">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932016000584</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-7" href="#footnote-anchor-7" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">7</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>A. Camperio-Ciani, F. Corna, ve C. Capiluppi, &#8220;Evidence for Maternally Inherited Factors Favouring Male Homosexuality and Promoting Female Fecundity&#8221;, <em>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</em> 271, sy 1554 (07 Kas&#305;m 2004): 2217-21, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2872">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2872</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-8" href="#footnote-anchor-8" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">8</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Christine Ablaza, Jan Kab&#225;tek, ve Francisco Perales, &#8220;Are Sibship Characteristics Predictive of Same Sex Marriage? An Examination of Fraternal Birth Order and Female Fecundity Effects in Population-Level Administrative Data from the Netherlands&#8221;, <em>The Journal of Sex Research</em> 59, sy 6 (24 Temmuz 2022): 671-83, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1974330">https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1974330</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-9" href="#footnote-anchor-9" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">9</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Jan Kab&#225;tek ve Ray Blanchard, &#8220;Birth Order and Family Size of UK Biobank Subjects Identified as Asexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual, or Homosexual According to Self-Reported Sexual Histories&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em>, 01 Ekim 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-03004-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-03004-2</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-10" href="#footnote-anchor-10" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">10</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ray Blanchard, &#8220;Fraternal Birth Order, Family Size, and Male Homosexuality: Meta-Analysis of Studies Spanning 25 Years&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 47, sy 1 (Ocak 2018): 1-15, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-11" href="#footnote-anchor-11" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">11</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Gu Li ve Wang Ivy Wong, &#8220;Single-Sex Schooling: Friendships, Dating, and Sexual Orientation&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 47, sy 4 (May&#305;s 2018): 1025-39, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1187-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1187-6</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-12" href="#footnote-anchor-12" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">12</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Menelaos Apostolou, &#8220;Does Fraternal Birth Order Predict Male Homosexuality, Bisexuality, and Heterosexual Orientation with Same-Sex Attraction? Evidence from a Greek-Speaking Sample from Greece&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 49, sy 2 (&#350;ubat 2020): 575-79, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01466-3">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01466-3</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-13" href="#footnote-anchor-13" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">13</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Lindsay A. Coome vd., &#8220;An Examination of the Biodevelopment of Gender Expression in Children Ages 6- to 12-Years&#8221;, <em>The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality</em> 27, sy 2 (A&#287;ustos 2018): 133-43, <a href="https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-0013">https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2018-0013</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-14" href="#footnote-anchor-14" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">14</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Yin Xu, Sam Norton, ve Qazi Rahman, &#8220;Early Life Conditions and Adolescent Sexual Orientation: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study.&#8221;, <em>Developmental Psychology</em> 55, sy 6 (Haziran 2019): 1226-43, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000704">https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000704</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-15" href="#footnote-anchor-15" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">15</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ashlyn Swift-Gallant vd., &#8220;Gender Nonconformity and Birth Order in Relation to Anal Sex Role Among Gay Men&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 47, sy 4 (May&#305;s 2018): 1041-52, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0980-y</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-16" href="#footnote-anchor-16" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">16</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Charles H. Wampold, &#8220;The Association Between Fraternal Birth Order and Anal-Erotic Roles of Men Who Have Sex with Men&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 47, sy 8 (Kas&#305;m 2018): 2445-54, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1237-0">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1237-0</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-17" href="#footnote-anchor-17" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">17</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Christine Ablaza, Jan Kab&#225;tek, ve Francisco Perales, &#8220;Are Sibship Characteristics Predictive of Same Sex Marriage? An Examination of Fraternal Birth Order and Female Fecundity Effects in Population-Level Administrative Data from the Netherlands&#8221;, <em>The Journal of Sex Research</em> 59, sy 6 (24 Temmuz 2022): 671-83, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1974330">https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1974330</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-18" href="#footnote-anchor-18" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">18</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Jan Kab&#225;tek ve Ray Blanchard, &#8220;Birth Order and Family Size of UK Biobank Subjects Identified as Asexual, Bisexual, Heterosexual, or Homosexual According to Self-Reported Sexual Histories&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em>, 01 Ekim 2024, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-03004-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-03004-2</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-19" href="#footnote-anchor-19" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">19</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ray Blanchard ve A F Bogaert, &#8220;Homosexuality in Men and Number of Older Brothers&#8221;, <em>American Journal of Psychiatry</em> 153, sy 1 (01 Ocak 1996): 27-31, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.1.27">https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.153.1.27</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-20" href="#footnote-anchor-20" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">20</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Ray Blanchard, &#8220;Fraternal Birth Order, Family Size, and Male Homosexuality: Meta-Analysis of Studies Spanning 25 Years&#8221;, <em>Archives of Sexual Behavior</em> 47, sy 1 (Ocak 2018): 1-15, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1007-4</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-21" href="#footnote-anchor-21" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">21</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Anthony F. Bogaert, &#8220;Biological versus Nonbiological Older Brothers and Men&#8217;s Sexual Orientation&#8221;, <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 103, sy 28 (11 Temmuz 2006): 10771-74, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511152103">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511152103</a>.</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-22" href="#footnote-anchor-22" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">22</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Anthony F. Bogaert vd., &#8220;Male Homosexuality and Maternal Immune Responsivity to the Y-Linked Protein NLGN4Y&#8221;, <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em> 115, sy 2 (09 Ocak 2018): 302-6, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705895114">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705895114</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1619732112908-4dfc7d3acb69?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw0MXx8YnJvdGhlcnN8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM1NTM0OTE0fDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://images.unsplash.com/photo-1619732112908-4dfc7d3acb69?crop=entropy&amp;cs=tinysrgb&amp;fit=max&amp;fm=jpg&amp;ixid=M3wzMDAzMzh8MHwxfHNlYXJjaHw0MXx8YnJvdGhlcnN8ZW58MHx8fHwxNzM1NTM0OTE0fDA&amp;ixlib=rb-4.0.3&amp;q=80&amp;w=1080 424w, 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height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[20. Yüzyıl Japon Solunun Yükselişi ve Zayıflayışı]]></title><description><![CDATA[Ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351; ve Zay&#305;flay&#305;&#351;]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/20-yuzyl-japon-solu</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/20-yuzyl-japon-solu</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 28 Sep 2024 12:29:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7cb3b58-b9c0-4303-bb92-0e7a06ddaf29_225x157.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>20. Y&#252;zy&#305;l Japon Soluna Giri&#351;</h2><p>Bu yaz&#305;da 20. Y&#252;zy&#305;l Japon Solunun k&#305;sa bir tarihini anlataca&#287;&#305;m. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;l yazmam&#305;n nedeni &#231;o&#287;u &#246;nemli geli&#351;menin 1900&#8217;l&#252; y&#305;llar&#305;n ba&#351;lar&#305;nda olmas&#305;ndan kaynakl&#305;; l&#226;kin as&#305;l ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; Meiji restorasyonundan sonra. Yaz&#305;y&#305; 3&#8217;e b&#246;lece&#287;im, yani bu okudu&#287;unuz yaz&#305;n&#305;n ilk par&#231;as&#305;. Ba&#351;layal&#305;m.</p><h3>Meiji Restorasyonu ve Boshin Sava&#351;&#305;</h3><p>Konuya Meiji Restorasyonu ile ba&#351;lamak &#246;nemli &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu d&#246;nemin y&#246;netim yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; anlamadan Solu konumland&#305;rmak zor. Bu konuda okuyabilece&#287;iniz en g&#252;zel kaynaklardan biri &#8220;Gabriele Esposito ve Giuseppe Rava, Japanese Armies 1868-1877: The Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion, Men-at-Arms 530 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2020).&#8221;</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>K&#305;sa bir tarihle ba&#351;layal&#305;m. 1603 y&#305;l&#305;ndan itibaren Japonya&#8217;y&#305; bir askeri diktat&#246;rl&#252;k olan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate">Tokugawa &#350;ogunlu&#287;u</a> y&#246;netiyordu. 21 Ekim 1600 tarihinde Tokugawa Ieyasu (Kuzey ordular&#305;n&#305;n yani Bat&#305;l&#305; ordular&#305;n) ba&#351;&#305;ndaki Daimyo olarak kendisine kar&#351;&#305; gelen daimyolara galip geldi (G&#252;ney ordular&#305;na yani Do&#287;u ordular&#305;na). Ieyasu&#8217;ya kaybeden b&#252;y&#252;k klanlar aras&#305;nda Mouri, Chousokabe ve Shimazu klanlar&#305; vard&#305;, di&#287;er adlar&#305;yla Tozama (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozama_daimy%C5%8D#:~:text=Tozama%20daimy%C5%8D%20%28%E5%A4%96%E6%A7%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%2C%20%22outside%20daimy%C5%8D%22%29%20was%20a%20class,Japan%20during%20the%20Edo%20period%20%28%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%29.%20%5B%201%5D">&#22806;&#27096;&#22823;&#21517;)</a> Daimyolar&#305;. Bu klanlar topraklar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;o&#287;unu kaybettiler ve 250 sene boyunca Tokugawa Bakufu&#8217;nun g&#246;zetimi alt&#305;nda kald&#305;lar. </p><blockquote><p>Daimyolar iki ana kategoriye ayr&#305;l&#305;yordu: 1600'de Sekigahara Sava&#351;&#305;'ndan &#246;nce Tokugawa vassal&#305; olan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudai_daimy%C5%8D">Fudai (&#35676;&#20195;&#22823;&#21517;)</a> daimyolar&#305; ve daha sonra boyun e&#287;mek zorunda kalan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozama_daimy%C5%8D">Tozama</a> (&#22806;&#27096;&#22823;&#21517;) daimyolar&#305;. &#304;lki &#350;ogunlu&#287;a son derece sad&#305;kt&#305; ve &#231;ok az siyasi &#246;zerkli&#287;e sahipti, ikincisi ise genellikle hem daha varl&#305;kl&#305; hem de haklar&#305; konusunda daha hassast&#305;. &#350;ogunluk s&#305;k&#305; kontrol&#252; s&#252;rd&#252;rmek i&#231;in karma&#351;&#305;k bir kontrol ve denge sistemi kullan&#305;yordu: bunlar aras&#305;nda sad&#305;k Fudai Daimyolar&#305;n&#305;n daha asi Tozama Daimyolar aras&#305;nda ak&#305;ll&#305; bir &#351;ekilde b&#246;lgesel olarak da&#287;&#305;t&#305;lmas&#305; ve yabanc&#305; silahlar&#305;n ithal edilmesine y&#246;nelik kat&#305; bir yasak yer al&#305;yordu. Askeri a&#231;&#305;dan, Daimyolar taraf&#305;ndan tutulan samuraylar, atl&#305; olarak g&#246;rev yapan daha zengin seishi ve yaya olarak sava&#351;an daha fakir kashi olarak ikiye ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Sava&#351; zaman&#305;nda daimyolar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan &#231;a&#287;r&#305;lanlar&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra, her kategoriden belirli say&#305;da ki&#351;i de bar&#305;&#351; zaman&#305;nda kale garnizonu ve &#351;ehir muhaf&#305;z&#305; olarak do&#287;rudan Shogunlu&#287;a hizmet ediyordu (Esposito &amp; Rava, 2020, s. 17 )</p></blockquote><p>Bu 250 sene boyunca Tokugawa Bakufu (&#350;ogunluk veya), Edo &#351;ehrinden (g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z Tokyo) b&#252;t&#252;n Japonya&#8217;y&#305; y&#246;netti. 1854&#8217;te Tokugawa Bakufu, &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; a&#231;maya zorland&#305; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Amerikal&#305;lar kap&#305;ya dayanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Tokugawa Bakufu&#8217;nun buna kar&#351;&#305; &#231;&#305;kabilecek g&#252;c&#252; yoktu &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Amerikal&#305;lar buharl&#305; frigate gemilerle, modern toplarla ve t&#252;feklerle gelmi&#351;ti. Kapal&#305; olan Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n limanlar&#305; d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; a&#231;&#305;ld&#305; ve &#252;lke ikiye b&#246;l&#252;nd&#252;: Tokugawa Bakufu kontroll&#252; bir &#351;ekilde &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;ya a&#231;mak istiyordu, di&#287;er taraftan &#304;mparator&#8217;un etraf&#305;nda toplanan klanlar &#8211; Tozama Daimyolar&#305; &#8211; &#252;lkedeki yabanc&#305;lar&#305; kovmak ve &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; kapatmak istiyordu. Bu ayr&#305;m &#252;lkeyi Boshin Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;na g&#246;t&#252;rd&#252;. Bir yanda &#304;mparator&#8217;un etraf&#305;nda toplan&#305;p &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; kapatmak isteyen 250 y&#305;l &#246;nce Tokugawa&#8217;ya kaybetmi&#351; klanlar &#8211; Choushu (Mouri), Tosa (Chousokabe), Satsuma (Shimazu); di&#287;er tarafta Tokugawa klan&#305;n&#305;n m&#252;ttefikleri. 1869 y&#305;l&#305;nda Boshin Sava&#351;&#305; sonu&#231;land&#305;, &#304;mparator yanl&#305;lar&#305; kazand&#305; ve b&#246;ylece &#304;mparator&#8217;un etraf&#305;nda toplanan gericiler devrimci oldu. Tokugawa&#8217;yla &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305; a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in sava&#351;an bu daimyolar Meiji Restorasyonunu yapt&#305; ve &#252;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;ya a&#231;t&#305;. Nedenleri basitti: Bat&#305; &#304;mparatorluklar&#305;, &#199;in&#8217;i (Qing) 1842 y&#305;l&#305;nda Afyon Sava&#351;lar&#305;nda a&#351;a&#287;&#305;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;, Endonezya&#8217;y&#305; kolonize etmi&#351;lerdi ve Hindistan&#8217;&#305; y&#246;netiyorlard&#305;. ABD Pasifik Okyanusu&#8217;nun &#246;tesinde h&#305;zl&#305;ca b&#252;y&#252;yen bir ba&#351;ka tehditti. &#220;lkeyi d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;ya kapal&#305; tutmak, &#252;lkeyi potansiyel bir Bat&#305; i&#351;galine kar&#351;&#305; koruyamayacakt&#305;. Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n di&#287;er &#252;lkeler gibi i&#351;gal edilmemek i&#231;in Bat&#305;l&#305; devletlerin kurdu&#287;u sisteme eklemlenmesi gerekiyordu, yani Bat&#305; &#304;mparatorluklar&#305; gibi olmayd&#305;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png" width="632" height="832" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:832,&quot;width&quot;:632,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:996026,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SKDV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe1fb2d7e-540d-4538-aafa-14cc5f0fa8c0_632x832.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#304;mparatorluk Korumalar&#305;, 1871.</figcaption></figure></div><h3>Meiji Anayasas&#305; (1890)</h3><p>Meiji Anayasas&#305;, sava&#351;&#305; kazanm&#305;&#351; klanlar (art&#305;k aileler diyeyim) taraf&#305;ndan yaz&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#304;mparator, siyasetin &#252;st&#252;nde bir &#246;zneydi, kendisi do&#287;rudan d&#252;nyevi i&#351;lerle u&#287;ra&#351;amazd&#305;. &#304;mparatorun do&#287;rudan y&#246;netme yetkisi yoktu, bu nedenle &#304;mparator&#8217;un nihai egemenli&#287;i (&#22823;&#27177;) anayasada belirlenen kurumlar taraf&#305;ndan uygulan&#305;yordu. Mahkemeler ve h&#252;k&#251;met kendi &#246;zel alanlar&#305;na sahipti; kabine (h&#252;k&#251;metin y&#252;r&#252;tme erki), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet">Diet </a>ve yarg&#305; birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305; ve her biri ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ayr&#305; organlar olarak di&#287;erleriyle e&#351;itli&#287;inde &#305;srar ediyordu; &#304;mparatora dan&#305;&#351;ma organ&#305; olarak kurulan ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan">&#214;zel Meclis</a>, kabineyi dizginleyebiliyordu ve <em><strong>do&#287;rudan</strong></em> imparatora ba&#287;l&#305; olan ordu, di&#287;er t&#252;m devlet organlar&#305;ndan daha &#252;st&#252;n bir ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;a sahipti.</p><p>As&#305;l sorun, g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi, h&#252;k&#251;metin ayr&#305; kurgulanmas&#305;yd&#305;. &#304;mparator Diet&#8217;inde, g&#252;n&#252;m&#252;z Japonya&#8217;s&#305; gibi iki meclis vard&#305;. &nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)">Lordlar Kamaras&#305; (House of Peers)</a>, <em><strong>hanbatsu</strong></em> ad&#305;nda Boshin Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n galibi olan klanlardan olu&#351;an b&#252;rokratlar taraf&#305;ndan kontrol ediliyordu ve ama&#231;lar&#305; yapt&#305;klar&#305; devrimi korumakt&#305;. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)">Temsilciler Meclisi (House of Representatives)</a>, partilerin kurulmas&#305;na izin verilen, y&#305;ll&#305;k 15-yen ulusal vergi veren erkeklerin se&#231;me se&#231;ilme hakk&#305;n&#305;n oldu&#287;u alt meclisti. B&#246;ylelikle &#304;mparator Diet&#8217;i yapt&#305;klar&#305; devrimi korumak isteyenlerle, halktan gelen (b&#252;t&#252;n erkeklerin %1&#8217;i) partilerin s&#252;rekli &#231;at&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir zemin haline geldi. Her iki taraf, &#304;mparator&#8217;un nihai egemenli&#287;inin daha b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; kendinde istiyordu. Sistemin daha da b&#252;y&#252;k bir hatas&#305; alt mecliste &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u kazanan partinin ba&#351;kan&#305; ba&#351;bakan olsa da kurdu&#287;u kabinedeki bakanlar ve kendisi, alt meclise de&#287;il &#304;mparator&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; sorumluydular. </p><p>Oligar&#351;ik kli&#287;in - hanbatsu - liderleri, devletin &#246;nemli bir organ&#305; olan Temsilciler Meclisi'ne hi&#231;bir zaman tam anlam&#305;yla hakim olamad&#305;lar. Siyasi parti fikrini &#231;oktan reddetmi&#351;lerdi ve Diet'in alt meclisinde se&#231;men deste&#287;i toplamak i&#231;in ne bir istekleri ne de &#246;rg&#252;tsel g&#252;&#231;leri vard&#305;. Bu g&#246;rev, &#231;o&#287;u 1870'ler ve 1880'lerdeki h&#252;k&#251;met kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement">jiyuminkenundou </a>(&#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;k ve halk haklar&#305; harekti) m&#252;cadelelerinin &#246;nc&#252;lleri olan ve se&#231;imlerde Diet'te sandalye kazanmak i&#231;in siyasi partiler &#246;rg&#252;tleyen hanbatsu kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; liderlere b&#305;rak&#305;ld&#305;. I89O'lar&#305;n ortalar&#305;nda iki b&#252;y&#252;k siyasi parti <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1881)">Jiyutouo</a> (Itagaki Taisuke liderli&#287;inde kurulan Liberal parti) ve <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Kaishint%C5%8D">Kaishinto</a>, daha sonra <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimpot%C5%8D">Shinpoto </a>(Okuma Shigenobu liderli&#287;inde kurulan Anayasal Reform Partisi) olarak yeniden adland&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png" width="604" height="476" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:476,&quot;width&quot;:604,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:623838,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IONo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe65453a7-6f94-4862-a86c-f70bcbbbda67_604x476.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Itagaki Taisuke (&#26495;&#22435;&#36864;&#21161;) ve Ookuma Shigenobu (&#22823;&#38536;&#37325;&#20449;)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Temsilciler Meclisi'ndeki sandalyelerin &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u bu iki grubun elindeydi. Oligar&#351;ik y&#246;netime kar&#351;&#305; muhalefet ve direni&#351; gelene&#287;inden gelen siyasi partiler, anayasal yap&#305;da par&#231;alay&#305;c&#305; veya merkezden uzakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; bir unsur olarak hareket ettiler. Ulusal b&#252;t&#231;elerin veya ulusal yasalar&#305;n ge&#231;mesini engellemek i&#231;in anayasal g&#252;&#231;lerini kullanma tehdidinde bulunarak kendi alanlar&#305;n&#305; korumaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;lar. Oligar&#351;ik liderler Meiji anayasal yap&#305;s&#305; i&#231;inde &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya kararl&#305; olduklar&#305; s&#252;rece, i&#231; siyasi istikrar&#305; sa&#287;lamak istiyorlarsa siyasi partileri ne g&#246;rmezden gelebilir ne de reddedebilirlerdi. Aksine, partileri iktidar&#305; koordine etmek ve merkezile&#351;tirmek i&#231;in bir araca d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmek zorundayd&#305;lar. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, hanbatsu liderleri siyasi partilerle ba&#287;lant&#305;lar geli&#351;tirmek zorundayd&#305;.</p><p></p><p>Takenaka (2014) h&#252;k&#251;met yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; birka&#231; b&#246;l&#252;mde gayet iyi &#351;ekilde &#246;zetliyor. </p><h4>1889-1918 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305; Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n y&#246;netimi Rekabet&#231;i Oligar&#351;idir &#199;&#252;nk&#252;</h4><p>Hanbatsu klikleri aras&#305;nda (Satsuma ve Choushu) ve hanbatsu ile politik partiler aras&#305;nda y&#246;netimde s&#246;z sahibi olmak i&#231;in rekabet vard&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in, Choushu ailesine ba&#287;l&#305; samuray Itou Hirobumi daha sonra Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n o d&#246;nem kurulan partilerinden <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai">Rikken Seiyuukai</a>&#8217;in ba&#351;kan&#305; oluyor (Choushu kli&#287;i Temsilciler Meclisi&#8217;ni y&#246;netebilsin diye) ve ayn&#305; klikten gelen Yamagata Aritoumo kendisine kar&#351;&#305; &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg" width="353" height="480" 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n2-F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc60bbf92-917d-4552-bf6d-f1d2e964099d_353x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Itou Hirobumi, 1909</figcaption></figure></div><p>Hanbatsunun kendi i&#231;indeki rekabetinin yan&#305; s&#305;ra, Diet'in kurulmas&#305;ndan k&#305;sa bir s&#252;re sonra, siyasi partiler s&#305;k s&#305;k b&#252;t&#231;eleri azaltmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;arak hanbatsu siyasi liderlerinin g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; zay&#305;flatmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken, hanbatsu siyasi liderleri de <strong>Alt Meclisi</strong> birka&#231; kez feshederek siyasi partilerin g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; azaltmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War">&#199;in-Japon Sava&#351;&#305;'ndan (1894-95</a>) sonra hanbatsu siyasi liderleri ve siyasi partiler aras&#305;nda istikrarl&#305; bir ili&#351;ki yava&#351; yava&#351; geli&#351;se de, aralar&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki her zaman g&#252;&#231; m&#252;cadelesinin g&#246;lgesinde kalm&#305;&#351; ve s&#305;k s&#305;k i&#351;birli&#287;i i&#231;in tazminat konusunda birbirleriyle m&#252;cadele etmi&#351;lerdir.</p><h4>1918-1932 d&#246;nemi Yar&#305; Demokratik bir d&#246;nemdir &#199;&#252;nk&#252;</h4><p>Bu d&#246;nemde &#252;lkenin liderleri politik rekabete al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351; ve kamuoyu siyasette yerini bulmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bunun nedenlerinden biri 1919 Hara kabinesinin 15-yen ulusal vergiyi 3 yene indirmesidir, b&#246;ylece se&#231;men say&#305;s&#305; 1.4 milyondan 3.1 milyona &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. 1925 y&#305;l&#305;nda oy kullanma hakk&#305; b&#252;t&#252;n erkeklere tan&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. 1918-1932 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305; - 22 ve 24 aras&#305; hari&#231; - politik partiler h&#252;k&#251;meti kontrol etmi&#351;tir. &#304;ki parti - Seiyuukai ve Kenseikai - &#231;o&#287;unlukla alt meclisi domine etmi&#351;tir. Bu d&#246;neme yar&#305; demokratik denmesinin nedeni y&#246;netimin tamamen &#246;zg&#252;r ve tarafs&#305;z olmamas&#305;d&#305;r. &nbsp;Lordlar Kamaras&#305;, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan">&#214;zel Meclis</a> ve Askeriye hi&#231;bir &#351;ekilde se&#231;imle kontrol edilemiyordu. H&#252;k&#251;met uluslararas&#305; anla&#351;malar&#305; onaylayabilmek, anayasa de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i yapabilmek vb. bir&#231;ok i&#351;levini yerine getirebilmek i&#231;in &#246;ncelikle &#214;zel Meclis&#8217;in iznini almak zorundayd&#305;. Meiji Anayasas&#305; Madde 9 ve Madde 12&#8217;nin a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a belirtti&#287;i &#351;ekilde Kara Ordular&#305; ve Deniz Kuvvetleri tamamen &#304;mparator&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; sorumluydu ve organizasyon yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; &#304;mparator belirliyordu. Ayn&#305; zamanda bu d&#246;nemde Sol bast&#305;r&#305;l&#305;yordu.</p><p>K&#305;sacas&#305;, Japon Solu, birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z ve sadece &#304;mparator&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; sorumlu bu kurumlar&#305;n g&#246;lgesinde b&#252;y&#252;d&#252; ve geli&#351;ti. Do&#287;al olarak da kurumlarla ili&#351;kileri farkl&#305;la&#351;t&#305;.</p><h1>Sol&#8217;un Ortaya &#199;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305; Ve S&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;</h1><p>Japonya&#8217;n&#305;n resmi olarak kurulan (yani izin verilen) ilk partisi <a href="https://www.ndl.go.jp/modern//e/cha2/description20.html#:~:text=On%2018%20May%201901%20%28Meiji%2034%29%2C%20the%20Social,and%20the%20public%20ownership%20of%20land%20and%20capital.">Sosyal Demokrat Partisi</a>'ydi. Parti, 18 May&#305;s 1901 g&#252;n&#252; kuruldu, 20 May&#305;s&#8217;ta manifestosu yay&#305;nland&#305; ve yay&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan 12 saat i&#231;inde kapat&#305;ld&#305;. Manifestoya el konuldu, yay&#305;nlayan gazetelere ceza verildi. Manifestolar&#305;nda dikkat &#231;eken maddeler &#351;unlard&#305;:</p><p>1- Kamaralar Meclisi kapat&#305;lacak ve ordunun b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; azalt&#305;lacak,</p><p>2 - Ula&#351;&#305;m ve ileti&#351;im ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n kamusalla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;,</p><p>3 - Sermayenin ve topra&#287;&#305;n kamu m&#252;lkiyeti olmas&#305;,</p><p>4- Evrensel ve Gizli Oy Hakk&#305;,</p><p>5- S&#305;n&#305;flar&#305;n ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;,</p><p>Son d&#246;rt madde s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305;l&#305; de&#287;ildi ama ilk madde sorunluydu &#231;&#252;nk&#252; do&#287;rudan rejimi kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;na al&#305;yordu. Abe Isoo&#8217;ya g&#246;re, parti kapat&#305;lmadan &#246;nce yetkililer parti &#252;yelerine bir se&#231;enek sundu: "&#304;lk maddeyi &#231;&#305;kart&#305;rsan&#305;z, partiyi kapatmay&#305;z." H&#252;k&#251;met, manifestonun s&#305;n&#305;f sistemini y&#305;kmaya y&#246;nelik at&#305;flar&#305;na itiraz etseler de, ilgin&#231; bir &#351;ekilde, toprak ve sermayenin kamusal m&#252;lkiyeti gibi sosyalist ilkelere ya da evrensel oy hakk&#305; ve gizli oy gibi siyasi reformlara itiraz etmediler. Bu durum, manifestonun b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n Meiji rejimi i&#231;in a&#231;&#305;k ve mevcut bir tehlike arz etmedi&#287;ini ve yazarlar&#305;n&#305;n devrimci olmad&#305;klar&#305;na dair resmi bir kabul&#252; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a yans&#305;t&#305;yordu.</p><p>Japonya&#8217;daki sosyalist hareketin &#246;nc&#252;leri, Tokyo&#8217;da 1898 y&#305;l&#305;nda kurulan &#220;niteryen Toplum'un kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;ndan geliyordu. Saint-Simon, Proudhon, Fourier ve Marx&#8217;&#305;n yaz&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; okumu&#351; ve &#231;evirmi&#351;lerdi. Partinin 6 kurucusu vard&#305; ve kurucular&#305; aras&#305;nda yer alan Katayama Sen, Abe Isoo, Kinoshita Naoe, Kawakami Sayoshi ve Nishikawa Koujirou Hristiyan'd&#305;; tek istisna Koutoku Shuusui idi.</p><p>Meiji d&#246;nemi sosyalistleri, ister Hristiyan ister materyalist olsun, d&#246;nemin Japon toplumunun yozla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve ki&#351;isel &#231;&#305;karlar taraf&#305;ndan y&#246;netildi&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu. Meiji y&#246;netimini ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z, yolsuzlu&#287;a bula&#351;m&#305;&#351; ve sorumsuz olmakla itham ediyorlard&#305;. Ele&#351;tirilerindeki ahlaki tutum, ele&#351;tirilerine g&#246;m&#252;l&#252; olan sosyal analizden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;ildi. &#214;zellikle Hristiyan sosyalistler, sosyalizmin Japonya&#8217;ya ekonomik ve sosyal adalet getirebilecek sek&#252;ler bir ara&#231; oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorlard&#305;. Hristiyan olmayanlar, yani Liberal Parti&#8217;den uzakla&#351;m&#305;&#351; olanlar, kendilerini bakumatsu (Tokugawa &#350;ogunlu&#287;u&#8217;nun son y&#305;llar&#305;) d&#246;neminde Tokugawa&#8217;ya kar&#351;&#305; m&#252;cadele eden devrimciler olarak g&#246;r&#252;yorlard&#305;. Onlara g&#246;re Tokugawa gibi Meiji y&#246;netimi de yozla&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Her iki cenah da sosyalizmi Japon toplumundaki sosyal ve ahlaki bozulman&#305;n d&#252;zeltilmesinde bir ara&#231; olarak g&#246;r&#252;yordu. Analizleri olgusal ifadelerle ahlaki ifadeleri birlikte i&#231;eriyordu.</p><p>Takip ettikleri Marksist gelenek, Bat&#305; Marksist gelene&#287;iydi. Kapitalizmin modern topluma yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; materyalist katk&#305;y&#305; kabul ediyorlard&#305; ve kapitalist kalk&#305;nman&#305;n paradokslar&#305;n&#305; incelemeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yorlard&#305;. Zengin daha da zenginle&#351;iyor, fakir daha da fakirle&#351;iyordu. &#304;&#351;&#231;iler, kapitalizm alt&#305;nda &#252;retim ara&#231;lar&#305;ndaki b&#252;t&#252;n kontrol&#252; kaybetmi&#351;ti. Bunun nedeni - Katayama ve Koutoku&#8217;nun ele ald&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;ekilde - serbest rekabetin ve onun ideolojisi olan &#8220;en g&#252;&#231;l&#252;n&#252;n hayatta kalmas&#305;, zay&#305;f&#305; yok etmesi&#8221; d&#252;sturunun her yeri ele ge&#231;irmi&#351; olmas&#305;yd&#305;. Marksizm&#8217;in temel kavramlar&#305;n&#305; biliyorlard&#305;. Emek-de&#287;er teorisi, art&#305;-de&#287;er teorisi ve Engels&#8217;in kulland&#305;&#287;&#305; "yedek sanayi ordusu" kavramlar&#305;na h&#226;kimlerdi.</p><p>Marx&#8217;tan farkl&#305; olarak, burjuvay&#305; farkl&#305; kavramsalla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yorlard&#305;. Meiji sosyalistleri i&#231;in burjuvazi &#8220;orta s&#305;n&#305;ft&#305;&#8221;. Japon toplumu i&#231;erisinde bu s&#305;n&#305;f do&#287;al olarak bulunmad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in burjuvay&#305; tarihsel ve yap&#305;sal olarak de&#287;il, soyut olarak alg&#305;l&#305;yorlard&#305;. Hatta K&#305;utoku bir ifadesinde, &#8220;Sosyalizmin amac&#305;, toplumun tamam&#305;ndan orta s&#305;n&#305;f yaratmakt&#305;r&#8221; demi&#351;ti. Dahas&#305;, burjuvan&#305;n h&#226;l&#226; ilerlemeci bir rol&#252; oldu&#287;unu savunuyorlard&#305;. Orta s&#305;n&#305;f olarak alg&#305;lad&#305;klar&#305; bu burjuvan&#305;n Japonya&#8217;daki izlerini de Boshin Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;n&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiren devrimcilerde buluyorlard&#305;. Burjuva ve Boshin Sava&#351;&#305;'n&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirip Meiji Restorasyonu'nu sa&#287;layan devrimciler, onlar i&#231;in ahlak&#305;n sembol&#252;yd&#252;; bu insanlar&#305;n belirli idealleri vard&#305;.</p><p>Kurduklar&#305; bu ba&#287;lant&#305; &#252;zerinden kendilerini de Meiji Restorasyonu ile &#246;zde&#351;le&#351;tirdiler. Meiji Restorasyonu'nun getirdi&#287;i toplumsal ruhu ta&#351;&#305;yanlar kendileriydi; sosyalizm, ideal olan yoldu. Sorun, Meiji Restorasyonu'nun orijinal ruhunu kaybetmesiydi. Asl&#305;nda, Meiji Restorasyonu &#8220;&#246;zg&#252;rl&#252;k, e&#351;itlik ve karde&#351;lik&#8221; ruhu &#252;zerine kurulmu&#351;tu. Bu ruh, toplumun yozla&#351;mas&#305;yla kaybolmu&#351;tu. Bu konudaki en b&#252;y&#252;k su&#231;lu hanbatsu liderleriydi, daha sonra Meiji d&#246;nemi b&#252;rokratlar&#305;yd&#305;.</p><p>Meiji sosyalistleri, 1901 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki parti manifestosunda da g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi, hi&#231;bir zaman Meiji Anayasas&#305;&#8217;n&#305; veya &#304;mparator&#8217;un rol&#252;n&#252; ele&#351;tirmediler. Odakland&#305;klar&#305; ana &#351;ey 1) ahlaki yozla&#351;ma ve 2) toplumdaki e&#351;itsizli&#287;in artmas&#305;yd&#305;. &#304;lkiyle ilgili &#231;&#246;z&#252;m sosyalizmin gelmesiydi. &#304;kincisiyle ilgili &#231;&#246;z&#252;mleri ise sosyalizmden &#246;nce, refah devletinin yarat&#305;lmas&#305;yd&#305;. Devleti, y&#246;netici s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n siyasi bir arac&#305; olarak g&#246;rmediler ve i&#351;&#231;i s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n&#305;n devrimci rol&#252;n&#252; gerekti&#287;i kadar &#246;nemsemediler. Aksine, devleti apolitik bir kurum olarak ele al&#305;p sadece y&#246;netici fonksiyonlar&#305;na dikkat &#231;ekiyorlard&#305;. &#214;rne&#287;in, Abe Isoo i&#231;in devletin iki do&#287;as&#305; vard&#305;: politik ve end&#252;striyel. Politik do&#287;as&#305; zay&#305;flad&#305;k&#231;a end&#252;striyel do&#287;as&#305; ortaya &#231;&#305;kacakt&#305;. Sosyalist politikalar&#305;n amac&#305; da tam olarak bunu ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmekti. Devlet, materyal ilerlemenin ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesini sa&#287;layabilecek &#8220;b&#252;y&#252;k bir sigorta &#351;irketiydi&#8221; ama sosyal veya politik kontrol&#252;n de&#287;i&#351;imini ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirecek bir ayg&#305;t de&#287;il. Bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351; di&#287;er yazarlar aras&#305;nda da yayg&#305;nd&#305;. &#214;rne&#287;in Koutoku &#8220;Konf&#252;&#231;y&#252;s&#8217;e g&#246;re insanlara e&#287;itim vermeden &#246;nce onlar&#305; zengin etmeliyiz&#8221; demi&#351;ti, Sakai Toshihiko da &#8220;e&#287;er genel n&#252;fusu yiyecek, giyecek ve bar&#305;nma arzular&#305;n&#305;n &#246;tesine ta&#351;&#305;mak istiyorsak, toplumda k&#246;kl&#252; bir reform ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmeliyiz; genel n&#252;fusa yiyecek, giyecek ve bar&#305;nmay&#305; garanti eden bir toplum olu&#351;turmal&#305;y&#305;z. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le, sosyalizmi hayata ge&#231;irmeliyiz.&#8221; demi&#351;ti.</p><p>Ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; en b&#252;y&#252;k konu sosyalist partilerin praksisi &#252;zerineydi. Kootoku do&#287;rudan eylemi savunuyordu. Sosyalist hareket genel bir grev yaparak toplumu paralize etmeliydi. Se&#231;me se&#231;ilme hakk&#305;ndan &#246;nce, i&#351;&#231;ilerdeki s&#305;n&#305;f bilincini uyand&#305;rmak i&#231;in do&#287;rudan eylem yap&#305;lmas&#305; gerekiyordu. Tazoe ise parlamento d&#305;&#351;&#305; taktiklerin i&#351;&#231;ilerin ekonomik durumunu iyile&#351;tirmeyece&#287;ini s&#246;yl&#252;yordu. Kapitalistlerin &#252;lkedeki kontrol&#252; sa&#287;lamak i&#231;in g&#252;&#231;lerini istifledikleri yer Parlamento idi, bu y&#252;zden sosyalist hareket parlamenter taktiklere odaklanmal&#305;yd&#305;. Katayama Tazoe&#8217;yi desteklerken, Oosugi Sakae ve Yamakawa Hitoshi gibi hareketin daha gen&#231; bireyleri Kootoku&#8217;yu destekliyordu. Kootoku ve Tazoe aras&#305;ndaki tart&#305;&#351;ma, kapitalist toplumun y&#305;k&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesi i&#231;in i&#351;&#231;i s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n&#305;n bilin&#231;lendirilmesinde uygun bir y&#246;nteme duyulan ihtiyac&#305; yans&#305;t&#305;yordu. Aralar&#305;ndaki mesele, &#252;zerinde hemfikir olduklar&#305; toplumun ahl&#226;ki &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252; de&#287;il, bu ahl&#226;ki &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;&#252;n nas&#305;l ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;laca&#287;&#305;yd&#305;. Kotoku, i&#351;&#231;ilerin bilincini 'do&#287;rudan eylem' ortaya &#231;&#305;kartmak isterken, Tazoe organizasyon ve oylamalara g&#252;venerek bu bilinci ortaya &#231;&#305;kartmak istiyordu. Tabii ki Tazoe&#8217;nin hakl&#305; bir korkusu vard&#305;. E&#287;er sosyalist partiler parlamentoya kat&#305;l&#305;rsa y&#246;netici s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n ideolojisi alt&#305;nda ezilebilir. </p><p>Bu tart&#305;&#351;malar devam ederken sosyalistler politik olarak tekrar &#246;rg&#252;tlenme &#351;ans&#305; buldu. 1906 y&#305;l&#305;n&#305;n &#350;ubat ay&#305;nda kurulan Japonya Sosyalist Partisi (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A_(1906)">Nihon shakait</a>o), Japonya'da sosyalistlerin yasal olarak tan&#305;nan partisi oldu. Bu parti, se&#231;imlerde aday g&#246;sterme, &#252;ye toplama ve kongre d&#252;zenleme hakk&#305;na sahipti. Ancak, partinin kurulu&#351;u ve faaliyetleri, bir&#231;ok yasal k&#305;s&#305;tlama nedeniyle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kald&#305;. &#214;zellikle 1900 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lan <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E6%B3%95">Kamu Bar&#305;&#351;&#305; Polis Yasas&#305;,</a> sosyalistlerin geni&#351; bir kitleye ula&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; zorla&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;. Bu yasa, &#246;&#287;retmenler, &#350;into veya Budist rahipler, kad&#305;nlar, re&#351;it olmayan erkekler ve &#246;&#287;rencilerin siyasi partilere kat&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; yasaklad&#305;. Bu k&#305;s&#305;tlama, &#246;zellikle Sosyalist Parti'yi olumsuz etkiledi, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; sosyalist yay&#305;nlar&#305; en &#231;ok okuyan ve toplant&#305;lara en &#231;ok ilgi g&#246;steren grup &#246;&#287;rencilerdi. Partinin &#252;yeleri aras&#305;nda birka&#231; demir i&#351;&#231;isi, matbaac&#305;, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ek%C3%A7ek">rik&#351;a </a>&#231;ekicisi ve Ashio bak&#305;r madeninden baz&#305; madenciler bulunsa da, parti esasen orta s&#305;n&#305;f entelekt&#252;ellerden olu&#351;uyordu. Partinin liderleri aras&#305;nda yazarlar, gazeteciler ve akademisyenler yer ald&#305;; bir&#231;o&#287;u sosyalist hareketin erken d&#246;nemlerinde aktif olan ki&#351;ilerdi. Ancak, i&#351;&#231;i s&#305;n&#305;f&#305;n&#305; &#246;rg&#252;tlemek ve partinin taban&#305;n&#305; geni&#351;letmek i&#231;in yeterli &#231;aba g&#246;sterilmedi. Kamu Bar&#305;&#351;&#305; Polis Yasas&#305;, sendikalar&#305;n kurulmas&#305;n&#305; neredeyse imkans&#305;z hale getirdi&#287;i i&#231;in bir i&#351;&#231;i hareketi de partiye destek vermedi. Sonu&#231; olarak, parti, tabanda g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir destek bulmakta zorland&#305; ve Arahata Kanson'un dedi&#287;i gibi, "harekete ge&#231;irecek askerleri olmayan bir&#231;ok komutan"dan ibaret kald&#305;.</p><p>Bu partinin &#246;mr&#252; de k&#305;sa s&#252;rd&#252;. 1906 y&#305;l&#305;nda Nasyonal Sosyalist Parti (&#22269;&#23478;&#31038;&#20250;&#20826;) ile birlikte Tokyo&#8217;daki tramvay &#252;cretlerini protesto ettiler. Protestolar&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; oldu ve tramvay &#252;cretleri art&#305;r&#305;lmad&#305; ama her iki parti i&#231;in de felaket oldu. Polis Nishikawa ve Oosugi Sakae dahil 10 Sosyalisti tutuklad&#305;. <a href="https://www.japanesewiki.com/person/Aizan%20YAMAJI.html">Yamaji Aizan</a>&#8217;&#305;n (&#23665;&#36335;&#24859;&#23665;) kurdu&#287;u Nasyonal Sosyalist Parti de kapat&#305;ld&#305;. Sosyalist Parti legal bir partiydi, bu nedenle hemen kapat&#305;lmad&#305; ama h&#252;k&#251;met f&#305;rsat kolluyordu. </p><p>Bu f&#305;rsat &#350;ubat ay&#305;nda,<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakai_Toshihiko"> Sakai Toshihiko</a>'nun parti kongresini do&#287;du. Sakai, h&#252;k&#252;metin, Tochigi Eyaleti'ndeki Ashio bak&#305;r madeninde 3.600 kadar madenci ve i&#351;&#231;inin kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; bir isyan&#305; bast&#305;rmak i&#231;in orduyu kullanmas&#305;n&#305; sert bir &#351;ekilde ele&#351;tirdi. Madenciler madeni bombalam&#305;&#351;, bir&#231;ok yeri yakm&#305;&#351; ve neredeyse tamamen yok etmi&#351;ti. H&#252;k&#252;met yetkilileri, isyan&#305;n sorumlulu&#287;unu h&#305;zla sosyalistlere, &#246;zellikle de partinin yay&#305;n organ&#305; olan <em>Heimin shinbun</em>'a y&#252;kledi; oysa sosyalistlerin madencilerin yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bu eylemle ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;una dair kan&#305;t yoktu. Parti kongresinde konu&#351;an Sakai, h&#252;k&#252;metin isyanc&#305;lara kar&#351;&#305; orduyu kullanmas&#305;n&#305; "b&#252;y&#252;k bir hata" olarak nitelendirdi. Sakai'nin parti y&#252;r&#252;tme komitesi ad&#305;na &#246;nerdi&#287;i karar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;u, sosyalistlerin on y&#305;l boyunca dile getirdi&#287;i fikir ve taleplerin tekrar&#305; niteli&#287;indeydi. Karar, partinin "mevcut toplumsal yap&#305;y&#305; k&#246;kl&#252; bir &#351;ekilde yeniden d&#252;zenlemeyi" ama&#231;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, &#252;retim ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n toplum taraf&#305;ndan ortakla&#351;a sahiplenilece&#287;ini belirtti ve partinin i&#351;&#231;ilerin "s&#305;n&#305;f bilincini uyand&#305;rmas&#305;" gerekti&#287;ini, onlar&#305;n "dayan&#305;&#351;ma ve disiplini" geli&#351;tirmesini hedefledi&#287;ini vurgulad&#305;. Y&#252;r&#252;tme komitesi ayr&#305;ca "d&#252;nyan&#305;n d&#246;rt bir yan&#305;ndaki devrimci hareketlere derin bir sempati" duyduklar&#305;n&#305; ifade etti. Kongre a&#231;&#305;ld&#305;ktan be&#351; g&#252;n sonra h&#252;k&#252;met, kongredeki konu&#351;malar ve tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n y&#305;k&#305;c&#305; i&#231;eri&#287;i nedeniyle partiyi da&#287;&#305;tt&#305;. Bu tarihten sonra sosyalistler uzun s&#252;re parti olarak &#246;rg&#252;tlenemedi. </p><p>1911 y&#305;l&#305;nda h&#252;k&#252;metin, imparatoru &#246;ld&#252;rme plan&#305; yapmak su&#231;undan Kotoku Shusui ve aralar&#305;nda sevgilisi Kanno Sugako'nun da bulundu&#287;u on bir ki&#351;iyi idam etmesi, sosyalist hareket i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir darbe oldu. "B&#252;y&#252;k &#304;hanet Olay&#305;" (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6">&#22823;&#36870;&#20107;&#20214;</a>) sosyalist hareketi bast&#305;rmak amac&#305;yla y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len politikalar&#305;n doruk noktas&#305;yd&#305;. 1907'den &#246;nce de sosyalistler ve yay&#305;nlar&#305; resmi tacize maruz kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;, ancak g&#252;&#231;l&#252; devlet adam&#305; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> (genrou), ilk Saionji ve ikinci Katsura kabinelerine t&#252;m toplumsal hareketleri bast&#305;rmalar&#305; i&#231;in bask&#305; yapmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Yamagata, Japonya'daki ilk b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;apl&#305; grev olan Ashio olay&#305; ve di&#287;er toplumsal protesto olaylar&#305;ndan korkmu&#351; ve "sosyal y&#305;k&#305;m" (&#31038;&#20250;&#30772;&#22730;&#20027;&#32681;) d&#246;neminin ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Polis, sosyalist gazeteleri daha fazla taciz etmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;: dergilerin belirli say&#305;lar&#305; yasakland&#305;, edit&#246;rler tutukland&#305; ve dergilerin da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m&#305; engellendi. Katayama'n&#305;n parlamento fraksiyonunun yay&#305;nlad&#305;&#287;&#305;, sosyalizmin yasal yollarla elde edilebilece&#287;ini savunan dergiler bile anar&#351;istlerle ili&#351;kili olanlar kadar sert muamele g&#246;rd&#252;. </p><p>Anar&#351;ist kanad&#305;n - yani do&#287;rudan eylemin - lideri Kotoku'nun tutuklanmas&#305; ve idam edilmesi, t&#252;m sosyalist hareketi imparatora ve ulusa tehdit olarak damgalamay&#305; ama&#231;l&#305;yordu. Yetkililer, Kotoku'nun imparatora suikast plan&#305; oldu&#287;unu hi&#231;bir zaman kan&#305;tlayamad&#305;. Kotoku bir zamanlar bunu yapmay&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;&#351;t&#252; ama bu d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncesi k&#305;sa s&#252;reliydi. Hi&#231;bir zaman eyleme ge&#231;medi. Dava s&#305;ras&#305;nda savc&#305;lar&#305;n odakland&#305;klar&#305; nokta, Kotoku'nun eylemlerinden &#231;ok, onun "niyeti" oldu. Bu dava, sosyalizmin "k&#305;&#351; y&#305;llar&#305;" (&#20908;&#12398;&#26178;&#20195;) olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan bir d&#246;nemi ba&#351;latt&#305;. Hemen hemen hi&#231;bir &#351;ey yay&#305;mlanamaz hale geldi ve kimse siyasi bir parti ya da ba&#351;ka bir politik grup kurmaya cesaret edemedi. 1917 y&#305;l&#305;nda Rus devrimi ger&#231;ekle&#351;ene kadar Meiji Sosyalistleri tamamen sessizli&#287;e g&#246;m&#252;ld&#252;. </p><p><strong>Kaynak&#231;a ve Detayl&#305; okumak i&#231;in</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/de3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:855,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:791958,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gi_2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fde3be37e-0fe0-4a2a-b278-7bce281b4fad_1080x855.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" 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Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Gruplar ve Bireyler Arası Zekâ Farklılıklarının Geçmişi]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#304;nsanlar ve Bal&#305;klar]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/gruplar-ve-bireyler-aras-zeka-farkllklarnn</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/gruplar-ve-bireyler-aras-zeka-farkllklarnn</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jul 2024 06:08:31 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Giri&#351;</h1><p>Yak&#305;n zamanda, gruplar aras&#305; bili&#351;sel yetenek farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n ge&#231;mi&#351;ini a&#231;&#305;klamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;an bir literat&#252;re dald&#305;m. Hepsini bitiremedim ama &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; ve g&#252;ncel derleme literat&#252;r&#252;n&#252; okudum. Birinci b&#246;l&#252;mde insanlar aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len bili&#351;sel farklar&#305;n ge&#231;mi&#351;i, ikinci b&#246;l&#252;mde ise bal&#305;klar aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len bili&#351;sel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar ele al&#305;n&#305;yor ki ger&#231;ekten ilgin&#231;ler. Yaz&#305;ya nereden ba&#351;layaca&#287;&#305;m&#305; tam bilemiyorum. Bu iki konu aras&#305;nda &#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir ba&#287;lant&#305; var ama bu ba&#287;lant&#305; nihai de&#287;il. Yaz&#305;y&#305; ikiye b&#246;ld&#252;m. &#304;lk b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n amac&#305;, insan gruplar&#305; aras&#305;nda g&#246;rebilece&#287;iniz bili&#351;sel yeteneklerdeki farklar&#305;n ge&#231;mi&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;llara kadar gitti&#287;ini g&#246;stermek. &#304;kinci b&#246;l&#252;mde ise insan gruplar&#305; aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len belirli farklar&#305;n bal&#305;klarda da (cinsel se&#231;ilim, ekolojik bask&#305;) g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; ortaya koymak.</p><h3>&#304;nsanlar Aras&#305; Bili&#351;sel Yeteneklerdeki Farklar&#305;n Ge&#231;mi&#351;i</h3><p>Hearn, Baten ve Crayen (bu noktadan sonra <a href="http://10.1017/S0022050709001120">A&#8217;Hearn et al., 2009</a>) 2009 y&#305;l&#305;nda harika bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma yay&#305;nlad&#305;. Tart&#305;&#351;ma &#351;&#246;yle ba&#351;l&#305;yor: &#304;nsan sermayesinin tarihsel geli&#351;imini kantitatif olarak &#246;l&#231;mek zor. Birincisi, bu kavram &#231;ok geni&#351;: sa&#287;l&#305;k, bili&#351;sel yetenekler (zek&#226;), bilgi birikimi, fiziksel ve davran&#305;&#351;sal &#246;zellikleri kaps&#305;yor. &#304;kincisi, bu kavram&#305; tarihsel olarak geriye do&#287;ru takip etmek &#231;ok zor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; veriler k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305;. Ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar genellikle okula gitme oranlar&#305;na veya ki&#351;ilerin bildirdi&#287;i okuma-yazma oranlar&#305;na bak&#305;yorlar; l&#226;kin bu veriler kaliteli olarak 20. y&#252;zy&#305;ldan daha geriye gitmiyor.  Bu nedenle <a href="https://www.kurumbiwone.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Progress-and-Poverty-in-Early-Modern-Europe-1.pdf">Robert Allen, 1300-1800 y&#305;llar&#305;</a> aras&#305;nda insan sermayesinin Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n geli&#351;imini ve fakirli&#287;ini a&#231;&#305;klayamayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yor. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Kavram bu kadar geni&#351; oldu&#287;u i&#231;in kavram&#305; kapsayan daha spesifik bir &#351;eyi incelemek daha kolay olabilir, yani bili&#351;sel yetenekleri. Fakat bu noktada b&#252;y&#252;k bir sorun var. Standardize testler (IQ, s&#305;nav puanlar&#305;, notlar) olmadan &#246;nce insanlar&#305;n bili&#351;sel yeteneklerini nas&#305;l &#246;l&#231;ebiliriz? G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde, standardize testlerden al&#305;nan puanlar, <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2109863">&#246;zellikle matematik becerisi</a>ni &#246;l&#231;en testler, bireylerin piyasadaki yerini olduk&#231;a iyi yordayabiliyor. Bu noktada, 19. y&#252;zy&#305;ldaki verilere kadar dayanan baz&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar n&#252;merik bilginin (bundan matematik bilgisi olarak yazaca&#287;&#305;m) bireyler i&#231;in ger&#231;ekten &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steriyor. Zaten Max Weber, Werner Sombart ve Joseph Schumpter, rasyonal kapitalizmin temelinde kantitatif hesaplaman&#305;n yatt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor (A&#8217;Hearn et al., 2009, s. 784). Matematik bilgisinin nelere yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; (temel bilimler, aletler, inovasyon, ekonomi, piyasa) derinlemesine tart&#305;&#351;mayaca&#287;&#305;m; yine de &#246;nemli oldu&#287;unu unutmay&#305;n. Standart testlerin olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; ve insanlar&#305;n matematik bilgisinin do&#287;rudan &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmedi&#287;i d&#246;nemlerdeki matematik bilgisini kantitatif olarak &#246;l&#231;ebilir miyiz? Evet, ama nas&#305;l?</p><p>Bunun ad&#305; &#8220;age heaping&#8221; (ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305;). Age heaping, insanlar&#305;n ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; bildirirken bunu yuvarlamas&#305;na verilen isim. Bunu yapan bireyler asl&#305;nda ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; sadece yakla&#351;&#305;k olarak biliyor ve bireylerin ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; yaln&#305;zca yakla&#351;&#305;k olarak bildi&#287;i bir toplum, ya&#351;am&#305;n takvim ve saat taraf&#305;ndan de&#287;il mevsimsel d&#246;ng&#252; taraf&#305;ndan y&#246;netildi&#287;i; do&#287;um tarihlerinin aileler veya yetkililer taraf&#305;ndan kaydedilmedi&#287;i; ayr&#305;cal&#305;klar (oy kullanma, makam sahibi olma, evlilik, kutsal sipari&#351;ler) veya y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252;l&#252;kler (askerlik hizmeti, vergi) ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; olarak &#231;ok az bireyin ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; belgelemek zorunda oldu&#287;u; do&#287;um y&#305;llar&#305;n&#305; bilen bireylerin ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; &#351;u anki y&#305;l&#305; kullanarak do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde bildiremedi&#287;i (&#351;u anki y&#305;l - do&#287;um y&#305;l&#305; = ya&#351;) bir toplumdur. Ya&#351; fark&#305;ndal&#305;&#287;&#305;ndaki yakla&#351;&#305;kl&#305;k, kendi kendine bildirilen ya&#351; verilerindeki &#8220;y&#305;&#287;&#305;lma&#8221; olgusunda kendini g&#246;sterir. Ya&#351;lar&#305; hakk&#305;nda kesin bilgiye sahip olmayan bireyler bunu nadiren a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a ifade eder; bunun yerine makul g&#246;rd&#252;kleri bir rakam&#305; se&#231;erler.</p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki veriye bak&#305;n. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.13087">&#304;talya n&#252;fus say&#305;m&#305;, 1871</a>. &#304;nsanlar&#305;n ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; 0 veya 5&#8217;e yuvarlamas&#305;na basit&#231;e &#8220;age heaping&#8221; diyoruz. G&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; &#252;zere 0 ve 5 ile biten ya&#351;larda bir y&#305;&#287;&#305;lma var. Bu fenomen birka&#231; &#351;ey i&#231;in &#246;nemli:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png" width="840" height="590" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:590,&quot;width&quot;:840,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:115726,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lHHx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7c31cf82-e5be-4c4d-97ca-5b879496f79f_840x590.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>Birincisi, </p><blockquote><p>Bu t&#252;r &#8220;ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305;&#8221; &#231;ok &#231;e&#351;itli kaynaklarla &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir: n&#252;fus say&#305;mlar&#305;, mezar ta&#351;lar&#305;, nekrolojiler, asker toplama listeleri, yasal kay&#305;tlar veya vergi verileri. Olas&#305; yanl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; tespit etmek i&#231;in dikkatli olunmas&#305; gerekse de, bu t&#252;r veriler imza oranlar&#305;ndan ve be&#351;eri sermayeye ili&#351;kin di&#287;er g&#246;stergelerden &#231;ok daha yayg&#305;n olarak mevcuttur (A&#8217;Hearn et al, 2009, s. 786).</p></blockquote><p>&#304;kincisi,  ya&#351; y&#305;&#287;&#305;lmas&#305; ayn&#305; zamanda &#231;ok eski d&#246;nemlerde incelenebiliyor ve <strong>matematik bilgisi</strong>, okuma-yazmadan <em><strong>&#214;NCE</strong></em> toplumlara yay&#305;lm&#305;&#351; bir &#351;ey.</p><blockquote><p>Richard Duncan-Jones'un Roma &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u'nun on iki eyaletindeki mezar an&#305;t&#305; yaz&#305;tlar&#305; &#252;zerine yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma en &#231;ok bilinen &#231;al&#305;&#351;malardan biridir. Roma &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;ndaki ya&#351; yuvarlama oranlar&#305;n&#305;n Orta &#199;a&#287; Toskana's&#305;nda ya da 1950 ve 1960'lar&#305;n geli&#351;mekte olan &#252;lkelerde g&#246;r&#252;len ya&#351; yuvarlama oranlar&#305;ndan <strong>&#231;ok da farkl&#305;</strong> olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve kad&#305;nlarda erkeklerden daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;unu bulmu&#351;tur (<a href="http://10.1017/S0022050709001120">A&#8217;Hearn et al., 2009</a>)</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Matematik bilgisiyle ilgili yeni tahminlerimiz, en temel matematik becerilerinin okuryazarl&#305;ktan daha <strong>&#246;nce yay&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;</strong> g&#246;stermektedir. Orta &#199;a&#287;'&#305;n ba&#351;lar&#305;nda matematik bilgisi, bin y&#305;l &#246;nceki antik d&#246;nemde g&#246;zlemlenen seviyelerde ya da bu seviyelerin alt&#305;nda kalm&#305;&#351; olabilir. Bat&#305; Avrupa'da ve Orta Avrupa'n&#305;n Alman eyaletlerinde, Orta &#199;a&#287;&#8217;&#305;n sonlar&#305;na do&#287;ru yava&#351; ama istikrarl&#305; bir iyile&#351;menin ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; ve 1600'l&#252; y&#305;llara gelindi&#287;inde baz&#305; &#252;lkelerin halklar&#305;nda matematik bilgisi oranlar&#305;n&#305;n y&#252;zde 70'lere ula&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;lmektedir. Bu d&#246;nem, matematik bilgisi oranlar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k seviyelerden y&#252;kselmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; Do&#287;u Avrupa'dan <strong>en fazla ayr&#305;&#351;man&#305;n ya&#351;and&#305;&#287;&#305; nokta</strong> olarak g&#246;r&#252;nmektedir. Okul &#231;a&#287;&#305;ndan &#246;nceki bu ilerleme, Do&#287;u ve Bat&#305; Avrupa'daki belirgin farkl&#305;la&#351;mayla birlikte, piyasa faaliyetlerinin yayg&#305;nla&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n s&#305;radan vatanda&#351;lar aras&#305;nda say&#305;sal muhakemenin geli&#351;mesini te&#351;vik etti&#287;i varsay&#305;m&#305;na yol a&#231;maktad&#305;r  (<a href="http://10.1017/S0022050709001120">A&#8217;Hearn et al., 2009</a>, s. 806)</p></blockquote><p></p><p>Ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; Whipple Endeksi ile &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;yor. &#304;lk form&#252;l, 0 veya 5 ile biten ya&#351;lar&#305;n s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; sayarak do&#287;rudan ya&#351; yuvarlama oran&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;en Whipple Endeksi. &#304;kinci form&#252;l, Whipple Endeksini, <strong>do&#287;ru ya&#351; bildirme oran&#305;n&#305;</strong> g&#246;steren bir y&#252;zdeye &#231;eviriyor ve bireyler i&#231;in yorumlanabilir bir hale getiriyor. W endeksi ne kadar y&#252;ksekse o kadar s&#305;k ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yap&#305;l&#305;yor anlam&#305;na geliyor.</p><div class="latex-rendered" data-attrs="{&quot;persistentExpression&quot;:&quot;W = \\frac{\\sum (n_{25} + n_{30} + \\dots + n_{65} + n_{70})}{\\frac{1}{5} \\sum_{i=23}^{72} n_i} \\times 100\n\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;JGFCHHKJXB&quot;}" data-component-name="LatexBlockToDOM"></div><div class="latex-rendered" data-attrs="{&quot;persistentExpression&quot;:&quot;\\widetilde{W} = \n\\begin{cases} \n\\text{E&#287;er } W \\geq 100 \\ &amp; \\left(1 - \\frac{W - 100}{400}\\right) \\times 100 \n\\end{cases}&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;UYVNOZKWBL&quot;}" data-component-name="LatexBlockToDOM"></div><p><em><s>LaTex yazarken kafay&#305; yiyordum. E&#287;er  k&#305;sm&#305; yanl&#305;&#351; olabilir, &#246;z&#252;r dilerim :(</s></em></p><h4>Kantitatif &#214;rnekler</h4><p>&#304;talya&#8217;n&#305;n meme&#8217;ini biliyorsunuzdur. G&#252;ney&#8217;deki herhangi bir istatistik her zaman Kuzey&#8217;den k&#246;t&#252; &#231;&#305;kar&#8230;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg" width="708" height="721" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:721,&quot;width&quot;:708,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:47898,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Umu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7331b7c8-a16a-4b61-8b9c-81a09213742e_708x721.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p> Whipple Endeksine bakal&#305;m m&#305;? <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.13087">1871.</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png" width="748" height="692" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:692,&quot;width&quot;:748,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:110415,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iCB6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff0912d72-3fad-43bd-b504-1400fd435401_748x692.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>G&#252;ney eyaletlerinin Whipple endeksi daha y&#252;ksek, yani daha fazla ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yap&#305;yorlar. Bu nokta &#351;imdilik burada kals&#305;n, Amerika&#8217;ya ge&#231;elim.</p><p>E&#287;itim alman&#305;n ya&#351; yuvarlama e&#287;ilimini azaltt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; biliyoruz. A&#8217;Hearn et al. (2009), Tablo 2&#8217;ye bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, IPUMS veri setini kullanarak ABD&#8217;de &#252;&#231; d&#246;nem i&#231;in ya&#351; yuvarlama &#252;zerindeki etkilere bak&#305;yorlar. Bireylerin okuryazarl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve b&#246;lgenin okuryazarl&#305;&#287;&#305;, bireylerin ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; &#252;zerinde etkili.</p><p>B&#246;lgesel okuryazarl&#305;kla ilgili dikkate de&#287;er bir etkile&#351;im s&#246;z konusu: Ki&#351;isel okuryazarl&#305;k, okuryazarl&#305;k oranlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u b&#246;lgelerde ya&#351; yuvarlama olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n azalmas&#305;yla &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir &#351;ekilde ili&#351;kili. Bu &#246;rnekten, okuryazarl&#305;k ve matematik bilgisi aras&#305;ndaki ba&#287;lant&#305;n&#305;n var oldu&#287;unu ve b&#246;lgeler aras&#305;nda de&#287;i&#351;ebilece&#287;ini biliyoruz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png" width="856" height="568" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:568,&quot;width&quot;:856,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:51610,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lFcI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29dfa064-0256-4383-bdb8-c46b55039192_856x568.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Tablo 2, Haz&#305;rlayan Taha Acar.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Tekrar &#304;talya&#8217;ya d&#246;nelim &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bir benzerini &#304;talya&#8217;da <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ehr.13087">g&#246;rmek m&#252;mk&#252;n</a>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png" width="1456" height="204" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:204,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:47976,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Xw1-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5240f9a5-df86-44db-8055-43b07b050e89_1766x248.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Veriye bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda &#351;una dikkat etmeniz gerek. <strong>Okuryazar</strong> ki&#351;iler okula gidip <strong>okumayazma</strong> e&#287;itimi alm&#305;&#351; ki&#351;iler ve e&#287;itim almak ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305;n&#305; tamamen sona erdirmiyor. &#350;ehirli okuryazarlarla &#351;ehirli olmayan okuryazarlar ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yapmaya devam ediyor. Ama bir dakika. <strong>Kentli </strong>e&#287;itim alm&#305;&#351; (yani okuryazar) <em>kuzeyli erkeklerin</em> W endeksi 110 ve <strong>kentli</strong> e&#287;itim alm&#305;&#351; <em>g&#252;neyli kad&#305;nlar&#305;n</em> W endeksi 138. <strong>Kentli</strong> e&#287;itim alm&#305;&#351; erkekler daha az ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yap&#305;yor. Bu fark G&#252;ney/Kuzey e&#287;itim kalitesi fark&#305; olabilir mi? <strong>Kentli</strong> e&#287;itim alm&#305;&#351; <em>kuzeyli kad&#305;nlar&#305;n</em> W endeksi 128, <strong>kentli</strong> e&#287;itim alm&#305;&#351; <em>g&#252;neyli erkeklerin</em> 129. E&#287;itim bu fark&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayabilir mi? Emin de&#287;ilim. Daha da ilginci kuzey  b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;ndeki k&#305;rsal/kent k&#305;sm&#305;na bakal&#305;m. K&#305;rsalda ya&#351;ayan okuryazar olmayan erkeklerin W endeksi 119, kentli okuryazar kad&#305;nlar&#305;n 128? Aradaki 9 puan &#231;arp&#305;c&#305;. Az bir fark gibi? Bu fark, merkez ve g&#252;ney b&#246;lgelerinin k&#305;rsal&#305;nda ya&#351;ayan erkekler i&#231;in ge&#231;erli de&#287;il. G&#252;ney b&#246;lgeleri k&#305;rsaldan &#351;ehre her a&#231;&#305;dan daha k&#246;t&#252; durumda. Ek olarak, buna dikkat edin, g&#252;ney b&#246;lgelerindeki okuryazar/okuryazar olmayanlar aras&#305;ndaki W fark&#305;, di&#287;er b&#246;lgelerdeki okuryazar/okuryazar olmayanlar aras&#305;ndaki W fark&#305;ndan daha b&#252;y&#252;k. &#304;talya&#8217;n&#305;n geli&#351;imindeki farkl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n k&#246;keni buraya kadar uzan&#305;yor olabilir mi? Bunu size b&#305;rak&#305;yorum.</p><p>Kapitalizmi, hesaplaman&#305;n olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir &#252;retim bi&#231;imi olarak hayal etmek zor. K&#226;r, faiz, takas oran&#305; gibi kavramlar kapitalizm i&#231;in &#246;nemli. Tarih&#231;iler, eski d&#246;nemlerdeki okuryazarl&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in (en az&#305;ndan Bat&#305;&#8217;da) imza oranlar&#305;na bak&#305;yorlar &#231;&#252;nk&#252; imza kavram&#305; belirli standartlar&#305; sa&#287;l&#305;yor: (1) Evrensel olmal&#305;, t&#252;m ya&#351;lar&#305;, s&#305;n&#305;flar&#305;, cinsiyetleri ve meslekleri kapsamal&#305;; (2) tutarl&#305; olmal&#305; ve (3) do&#287;rudan, &#246;zellikle okulla&#351;man&#305;n &#246;l&#231;emedi&#287;i okuma ve yazma becerisini &#246;l&#231;meli. Ki&#351;isel imzalar bu gereklilikleri kar&#351;&#305;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan, imza verileri Bat&#305; tarihinde okuryazarl&#305;&#287;&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in yayg&#305;n olarak kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;. &#214;zellikle &#304;ngiltere ve Fransa'da uzun y&#305;llar boyunca b&#252;y&#252;k miktarda mevcut olan evlilik kay&#305;tlar&#305;ndaki imzalar, halk aras&#305;nda temel okuryazarl&#305;&#287;&#305;n &#246;l&#231;&#252;m standard&#305; olarak kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351; (<a href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/esjkyoiku/1/0/1_KJ00004575830/_article">Rubinger, 2006</a>). B&#252;t&#252;n sorunlar&#305;na ra&#287;men imza oranlar&#305; temel okuryazarl&#305;k i&#231;in bir vekil olarak kullan&#305;l&#305;rken, ya&#351; yuvarlama da temel matematik becerisi i&#231;in bir vekil olarak kullan&#305;l&#305;yor. &#304;ki &#246;l&#231;&#252;m de insan sermayesi kavram&#305;n&#305;n bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rmemizi sa&#287;l&#305;yor. &#304;kisi de iyi derecede &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebiliyor ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir korelasyona sahip.</p><p>Bu konuyu &#246;&#287;rendi&#287;imize g&#246;re ba&#351;ka hangi b&#246;lgeler ve gruplar i&#231;in kullanabiliriz? Baten et al., (2022) bunun i&#231;in birka&#231; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma &#246;zetliyor.<a href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000380095.locale=en"> Baten (2021)</a>, Bat&#305; ve  Orta Afrika&#8217;daki bir &#246;nceki jenerasyonun yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; s&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;yla bir sonraki jenerasyonun matematik becerilerine bak&#305;yor. Basit&#231;e jenerasyonlar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yor. Aradaki korelasyon &#231;ok y&#252;ksek. &#214;rne&#287;in, Burkina Faso&#8217;da bu korelasyon 0.78, Nijerya&#8217;da 0.95. Bat&#305; ve  Orta Afrika &#252;lkeleri i&#231;in korelasyon 0.8. Yani bir &#246;nceki jenerasyonun ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yapm&#305;&#351; bir sonraki jenerasyonun k&#246;t&#252; matematik bilgisiyle (matematik testlerinden) y&#252;ksek korelasyon g&#246;steriyor. </p><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147596713001339">Baten and Juif</a> (2014) &#252;lkeler aras&#305; toprak m&#252;lkiyeti e&#351;itsizli&#287;ini ve uzun vadeli insan sermayesi olu&#351;umunu ara&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yor. Bir&#231;ok &#351;ey kontrol edildikten sonra bile toprak m&#252;lkiyeti e&#351;itsizli&#287;ine sahip &#252;lkelerin bili&#351;sel beceleri daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k. Bili&#351;sel becerileri &#246;l&#231;erken de tarihi kay&#305;tlar, n&#252;fus say&#305;m&#305; ve ya&#351; yuvarlama y&#246;ntemlerini kullanm&#305;&#351;lar. Erken d&#246;nem matematik becerisi &#252;lkeler i&#231;in &#231;ok &#246;nemli.</p><p>Chad, Togo ve  Sierra Leone i&#231;in bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda da benzer bir durum var ve daha detayl&#305; (<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.13139">Baten et al., 2022</a>). Jenerasyonlar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmak yerine do&#287;rudan aileye bak&#305;yorlar. Ebeveynleri ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yapan &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik testlerinden ald&#305;&#287;&#305; puanlar daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k. Ailenin zenginli&#287;i kontrol de&#287;i&#351;keni olarak (Togo ve Chad) kullan&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda dahi durum b&#246;yle. Ya&#351; yuvarlama ve okuryazarl&#305;k aras&#305;ndaki korelasyon biraz daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png" width="1080" height="793" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:793,&quot;width&quot;:1080,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:194080,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Hds!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffbdb5631-6d27-4f31-b6cc-b9c9cfbd75bc_1080x793.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">(<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ehr.13139">Baten et al., 2022</a>)</figcaption></figure></div><p>Bunlar&#305;n farkl&#305; b&#246;lgelerdeki modern &#246;rnekler oldu&#287;unu biliyorum ama sizi &#351;a&#351;&#305;rtacak bir &#246;rne&#287;i de biliyorum. <a href="https://elibrary.steiner-verlag.de/article/10.25162/vswg-2022-0010">Baten ve Nalle (2022),</a> &#304;spanyol Engizisyonu taraf&#305;ndan cezaland&#305;r&#305;lan ki&#351;ileri inceliyorlar. &#304;spanyol Engizisyonu, su&#231;lad&#305;klar&#305; ki&#351;ilere matematik becerisi testi uyguluyordu. Ki&#351;ilere &#246;nce ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; soruyorlar ve daha sonra hayat hikayelerini detayl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde - do&#287;umdan &#351;u anki zamana kadar ge&#231;en s&#252;reyi - anlatmalar&#305;n&#305; istiyorlar. E&#287;er s&#246;yledikleri ya&#351;, hayat hikayesinde verilen ya&#351;larla uyu&#351;muyorsa bir sorun oldu&#287;unu anl&#305;yorlard&#305;. Ya&#351;&#305;n&#305; yuvarlayarak s&#246;yleyen ki&#351;i hikayesini detayl&#305; anlat&#305;rken matematik hatalar&#305; yap&#305;yordu. &#214;rne&#287;in: "&#350;u an 30 ya&#351;&#305;nday&#305;m, 20 ya&#351;&#305;nda evlendim. Evlendikten sonra 15 y&#305;l tarlada &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m." Bu anlat&#305;mda bir tutars&#305;zl&#305;k var &#231;&#252;nk&#252; 30 ya&#351;&#305;nda olan bir ki&#351;inin 20 ya&#351;&#305;nda evlenip ard&#305;ndan 15 y&#305;l &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351; olmas&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;il. &#199;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; i&#351;, ya&#351;, din, cinsiyet vb. &#351;eyler kontrol edildi&#287;inde &#231;&#305;kan sonu&#231; ayn&#305;: Hayat hikayelerini anlat&#305;rken say&#305;sal olarak hata yapan ki&#351;iler, ya&#351;lar&#305;yla ilgili daha fazla ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yap&#305;yorlar (yani ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305; 0 veya 5&#8217;e yuvarl&#305;yorlar).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png" width="583" height="822" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:822,&quot;width&quot;:583,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75003,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_c_S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb22d3874-981e-4083-8b3c-e90565a4c27e_583x822.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Baten &amp; Nalle (2022), s. 9</figcaption></figure></div><p>Daha da ilgin&#231; olan&#305;, Orta &#199;a&#287;&#8217;daki Yahudilerin matematik becerileridir. Bir di&#287;er &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda, Nalle, &#304;spanya&#8217;n&#305;n Cuenca b&#246;lgesinde 1520-1720 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda ya&#351;am&#305;&#351; 767 aileyi inceliyor. Bu aileler aras&#305;nda Hristiyanlar (349 aile), daha sonradan Hristiyan olan Yahudiler (&#304;spanya&#8217;da do&#287;anlar ve Portekiz&#8217;den g&#246;&#231; eden 294 aile) ve Hristiyan olan M&#252;sl&#252;manlar (124 aile) bulunuyor. Kay&#305;tlar yine &#304;spanyol Engizisyonundan al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r:</p><blockquote><p>Okur-yazarl&#305;k ve matematik becerisi konusunda, hangi &#246;l&#231;&#252;t se&#231;ilirse se&#231;ilsin, Luso-conversolar&#305;n (Portekiz&#8217;den Kastilya&#8217;ya g&#246;&#231;m&#252;&#351;, yeni Hristiyan olmu&#351; Yahudiler), di&#287;er conversolara (Kastilya&#8217;da do&#287;up b&#252;y&#252;yen ve Hristiyan olan Yahudiler), Hristiyanlara ve Moriskolara (Hristiyan olan M&#252;sl&#252;manlar) k&#305;yasla <strong>istisnai</strong> olduklar&#305;n&#305; kan&#305;tlamak i&#231;in daha fazla kan&#305;ta ihtiya&#231; yoktur (Nalle, 2016, s. 182).</p><p>Hristiyan 247 erkekten sadece 27&#8217;si (%10) hayat hikayelerini anlat&#305;rken tarih vermeyi tercih etti. Tarih verenlerin sadece birka&#231;&#305;, bir hikayeden di&#287;erine rastgele ge&#231;i&#351; yapmak yerine tarih vererek hikayeler aras&#305; ge&#231;i&#351; yapmay&#305; tercih etti. &#214;rneklemdeki 39 Hristiyan kad&#305;n&#305;n hi&#231;biri beyanlar&#305;nda tarih kullanmazken, elli Luso-conversodan yedisi anlat&#305;lar&#305;na tarih eklemi&#351;tir (Nalle, 2016, s. 190).)</p></blockquote><h4>Sonu&#231;</h4><p>&#350;imdiye kadar elde edilen bilgileri &#246;zetlemek gerekirse, ge&#231;mi&#351; y&#252;zy&#305;llarda insanlar&#305;n bili&#351;sel becerilerini &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in iki vekil de&#287;i&#351;ken kullanabilece&#287;imizi biliyoruz: okuryazarl&#305;k i&#231;in imza atma oranlar&#305; ve matematik becerisi i&#231;in ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305;. Bu iki de&#287;i&#351;ken birbirinden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zd&#305;r &#231;&#252;nk&#252; say&#305;sal beceriler okuryazarl&#305;ktan &#246;nce geli&#351;en bir yetenektir; l&#226;kin bu ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;klar&#305;na ra&#287;men aralar&#305;nda y&#252;ksek bir korelasyon bulunmaktad&#305;r. Matematik becerisi, cinsiyetler, &#252;lkeler ve hatta nesiller aras&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir fakt&#246;rd&#252;r. Ge&#231;mi&#351;te, okulla&#351;man&#305;n yayg&#305;n olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; zamanlarda bile, Bat&#305; Avrupa'da artan matematik becerisi, b&#246;lgeyi Do&#287;u Avrupa'dan belirgin bir &#351;ekilde farkl&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kapitalizmin, hesaplama ve pazar dinamikleriyle birlikte ele al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar anlam kazanmaktad&#305;r.</p><h2>Kad&#305;nlar, Erkekler VE Bal&#305;klar (Lepistes)</h2><p>Yaz&#305;n&#305;n bu k&#305;sm&#305; basit bir &#246;n kabulle ba&#351;l&#305;yor: Erkekler ve kad&#305;nlar aras&#305;nda IQ skorlar&#305;nda farkl&#305;l&#305;klar var; bu genel zek&#226;da (g) g&#246;r&#252;len bir farkl&#305;l&#305;k de&#287;il sadece alt testlerde g&#246;r&#252;len bir farkl&#305;l&#305;k.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-GBi!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f8c87df-92fd-4839-9e87-c6355decdc07_2126x859.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160289622000320">(Reynolds et al., 2022)</a>, Fig&#252;r 1.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Yukar&#305;daki fig&#252;rde, genel zek&#226;n&#305;n alt setlerinde hangi cinsiyetin avantajl&#305; oldu&#287;unu g&#246;r&#252;yorsunuz. Erkeklerin, kantitatif ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tmede, zihinsel rotasyonda, mekansal y&#246;nelmede ve k&#305;sa s&#252;reli mekansal-g&#246;rsel ak&#305;lda tutmada daha iyi oldu&#287;u dikkat &#231;ekiyor. Kad&#305;nlar ise kavray&#305;&#351; h&#305;z&#305;nda, objelerin yerini hat&#305;rlamada, anlaml&#305; &#351;eyleri hat&#305;rlamada, serbest hat&#305;rlamada ve k&#305;sa s&#252;reli sesleri ak&#305;lda tutmada daha iyiler. A&#8217;Hearn et al. (2009) &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;nda da dikkat &#231;eken bir di&#287;er &#351;ey, erkeklerin matematik becerilerinin daha iyi olmas&#305;yd&#305; (daha az ya&#351; yuvarlamas&#305; yap&#305;yorlard&#305;, e&#287;itimli olmayanlar bile). G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki testlerde de erkekler kantitatif ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tmede hala daha iyiler. Bunun ilk nedenini anlamak kolay: Ge&#231;mi&#351;te, erkeklerin sahip oldu&#287;u olanaklar daha fazlayd&#305;. G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zdeki &#246;rneklerde de erkek avantaj&#305; oldu&#287;unu anlayabiliyorum, ama Bat&#305; Avrupa ve Do&#287;u Asya&#8217;dan gelen &#246;rneklemler i&#231;in e&#287;itimin ve erkeklere sunulan avantajlar&#305;n bu fark&#305; daha az a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum ki bu farklar hala cinsiyetler aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor. Ayn&#305; &#351;ey kad&#305;nlar&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u avantajlar i&#231;in de ge&#231;erli; &#246;rne&#287;in, kavray&#305;&#351; h&#305;zlar&#305;n&#305;n daha iyi olmas&#305;. Yine de bu farklar&#305;n sistemik bir a&#231;&#305;klamas&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steren bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma yok, genetik ve k&#252;lt&#252;rel fakt&#246;rlerin ne kadar katk&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bilmiyoruz. &#350;imdilik (insan) cinsiyetleri aras&#305; bili&#351;sel yeteneklerdeki tart&#305;&#351;malar bir kenarda dursun. Bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n bal&#305;klardaki &#246;rneklerine bakal&#305;m.</p><h4>Lepistes Bal&#305;&#287;&#305;</h4><p><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2016.0511">Agrillo and Bisazza&#8217;n&#305;n (2018) </a>yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma bal&#305;klardaki &#8220;say&#305;&#8221; alg&#305;s&#305; &#252;zerine bir giri&#351; makalesi. Hayvanlar&#305;n say&#305;sal yeteneklerinin &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;lmas&#305; tarihsel olarak daha &#231;ok memeliler ve ku&#351;lar &#252;zerine yo&#287;unla&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r; l&#226;kinson zamanlarda laboratuvar ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;ndaki pratik avantajlar&#305; nedeniyle teleost bal&#305;klar&#305;n <strong>(guppy veya lepistes bal&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n i&#231;inde oldu&#287;u grup</strong>) olan ilgi artm&#305;&#351;.Bal&#305;klar, grup i&#231;indeki bireylerin say&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; tahmin edebiliyor ve buna g&#246;re kendi g&#252;venlikleri i&#231;in daha b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;ler se&#231;iyorlar; dahas&#305;, daha b&#252;y&#252;k yiyecek miktarlar&#305;n&#305; da tahmin edebiliyorlar. Bu ba&#287;lamda "<strong>ekolojik</strong>" say&#305;sal yetenekleri var. Bahsedilen ayr&#305;m&#305; yapabilen bal&#305;klar, &#231;iftle&#351;me ve y&#305;rt&#305;c&#305; hayvanlardan ka&#231;&#305;nma konusunda daha avantajl&#305;. &#350;a&#351;&#305;rt&#305;c&#305; bir &#351;ekilde, bal&#305;klar aras&#305;ndaki say&#305;sal yeteneklerde bireyler aras&#305;nda (bal&#305;klar aras&#305;nda) farklar g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. &#199;al&#305;&#351;malarda baz&#305; bal&#305;klar, di&#287;er bal&#305;klara g&#246;re b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;leri (bal&#305;k gruplar&#305;n&#305;) ve yiyecek miktarlar&#305;n&#305; daha iyi ay&#305;rt ediyor. Belki daha da ilgin&#231; olan&#305;, lateralize edilmi&#351; bal&#305;klar bu g&#246;revlerde lateralize edilmemi&#351; bal&#305;klara g&#246;re daha iyi performans g&#246;steriyor (Agrillo and Bisazza, 2018, s. 5). </p><p>Lateralizasyonu ger&#231;ekten ilgin&#231; bir detay &#231;&#252;nk&#252; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function">leteralizasyon</a> kavram&#305; yar&#305;m k&#252;reye ayr&#305;lm&#305;&#351; beyinler i&#231;in kullan&#305;l&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in, insan beyni iki yar&#305;m k&#252;reden - sa&#287; ve sol yar&#305;m k&#252;reden - olu&#351;ur ve bu yar&#305;m k&#252;reler belirli spesifik g&#246;revlerde daha bask&#305;nd&#305;r. Baz&#305; durumlarda belirli bir beceri sadece o yar&#305;m k&#252;rede bulunur. &#214;rne&#287;in Broca ve Wernicke b&#246;lgeleri (dille ilgili) sadece Sol yar&#305;m k&#252;rede bulunur. Bal&#305;klar konusu da &#351;&#246;yle &#246;zetlenebilir. Bu &#246;zelli&#287;e sahip bal&#305;klar yukar&#305;daki &#351;eylerin ayr&#305;m&#305;n&#305; daha iyi yap&#305;yor <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444342536.ch14">(Bisazza &amp; Brown, 2011)</a>. &#199;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n daha fazla detay&#305;na girmeyece&#287;im. Gruplar aras&#305; (bal&#305;klar) ilk fark&#305; b&#246;ylece i&#351;lemi&#351; olduk.</p><p>&#304;nsanlar aras&#305;nda beyin b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289616303385">daha y&#252;ksek IQ</a> (0.4 korelasyon) puan&#305;yla ili&#351;kili ve <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289618301703">bu ili&#351;ki nedensel</a>. &#304;nsanlar aras&#305;ndaki bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klara katk&#305; sa&#287;layan &#351;eylerden biri.  <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982212014388">Kotrschal vd. (2013)</a>, lepistes bal&#305;&#287;&#305;nda (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) beyin boyutuyla ilgili evrimsel dengeyi inceliyor. &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma, daha b&#252;y&#252;k beyinlerin bili&#351;sel avantajlar sa&#287;larken enerji a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan pahal&#305; oldu&#287;unu &#246;ne s&#252;ren "<strong>pahal&#305; doku hipotezi</strong>"ni inceliyor. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k bir avantaj&#305; var: yapay se&#231;ilim. &#199;o&#287;u bal&#305;k t&#252;r&#252; (bu bal&#305;k t&#252;r&#252; de dahil) k&#305;sa &#246;m&#252;rl&#252;d&#252;r ve bir jenerasyondan di&#287;erine ge&#231;i&#351; h&#305;zl&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir. Dahas&#305;, di&#351;ilerin ve erkeklerin cinsel olgunlu&#287;a eri&#351;me s&#252;resi k&#305;sad&#305;r. Kotrschal vd. (2013) bu avantaj&#305; kullanarak bal&#305;klara beyin b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kleri &#252;zerinden iki jenerasyon yapay se&#231;ilim uyguluyor. Sonu&#231;: B&#252;y&#252;k beyinli lepistesler say&#305;sal &#246;&#287;renme testlerinde k&#252;&#231;&#252;k beyinlilere g&#246;re daha iyi performans g&#246;steriyor; ancak ba&#287;&#305;rsaklar&#305; v&#252;cutlar&#305;na g&#246;re k&#252;&#231;&#252;k kal&#305;yor ve do&#287;urganl&#305;klar&#305;nda sorun ya&#351;&#305;yorlar.</p><p><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376635717300311">Lucon-Xiccato &amp; Bisazza (2017)</a> epistes bal&#305;klar&#305; aras&#305;nda bili&#351;sel yeteneklerdeki bireysel ve cinsiyet temelli farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; ve bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klara katk&#305;da bulunan &#231;e&#351;itli fakt&#246;rleri inceliyor. Bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klara bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, bu farklar bal&#305;klar aras&#305;nda mevcut ve bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar memeliler ve ku&#351;lar gibi di&#287;er hayvan gruplar&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlenen farklara benzer. Bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar, &#246;&#287;renme, haf&#305;za ve problem &#231;&#246;zme gibi &#231;e&#351;itli bili&#351;sel i&#351;levleri etkileyebilir ve tutarl&#305; ve <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2015.1046">kal&#305;tsal </a>olabilir. </p><p>Cinsiyetler aras&#305;ndaki farklar daha da belirgin ve insanlarda g&#246;r&#252;nenlere yak&#305;n: </p><p>1) &#214;rne&#287;in, erkek ve di&#351;i lepistesler aras&#305;nda <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0156589">genel &#246;&#287;renme</a>  a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan anlaml&#305; bir fark yok; renkleri ve geometrik &#351;ekilleri ay&#305;rt etme performanslar&#305; benzer (Lucon-Xiccato &amp; Bisazza, 2017, 186). </p><p>2) Tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; olsa da omurgal&#305; canl&#305;larda cinsiyetler aras&#305; meksansal beceri konusunda farkl&#305;l&#305;klar var.  &#304;nsanlarda ve &#231;ok e&#351;li primatlarda, etoburlarda ve kemirgenlerde, erkekler di&#351;ilerden daha iyi uzamsal yeteneklere sahip olma e&#287;ilimindedir; l&#226;kin bu cinsiyet fark&#305; belirli g&#246;revlerle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305;d&#305;r ve &#252;reme durumuna ba&#287;l&#305; olabilir (<a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2003-05069-002">Jones vd.,  2003)</a>. Lepistesler &#231;ok e&#351;lidir ve y&#305;l boyunca s&#252;rekli &#252;rerler. Cinsiyetlerin mek&#226;nsal ekolojileri farkl&#305;d&#305;r: erkekler di&#351;ilere g&#246;re daha hareketli olma ve daha fazla da&#287;&#305;lma e&#287;ilimindedir (Croft vd., 2003); ayr&#305;ca erkekler mek&#226;nsal olarak karma&#351;&#305;k habitatlarda k&#305;y&#305; &#351;eridine yak&#305;n ya&#351;ama e&#287;ilimindeyken, di&#351;iler a&#231;&#305;k suda y&#252;zerler (<a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/504853">Croft vd., 2006</a>; <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0308">Darden &amp; Croft, 2008</a>). Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, erkek lepistesler mek&#226;nsal &#246;&#287;renmeye di&#351;ilerden daha yatk&#305;n olabilir (Lucon-Xiccato &amp; Bisazza, 2017, 186). </p><p>3) Lepisteslerdeki ilgin&#231; bir bili&#351;sel cinsiyet fark&#305;, s&#252;r&#252; b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; ay&#305;rt etme ile ilgilidir. Sosyal bal&#305;klar, tehdit alt&#305;nda olduklar&#305;nda, bireysel avlanma riskini azaltmak i&#231;in m&#252;mk&#252;n olan en b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;ye kat&#305;l&#305;rlar. Baz&#305; durumlarda avc&#305;lar &#246;zellikle di&#351;i lepistesleri hedef al&#305;r ve di&#351;iler genellikle avc&#305;lardan saklanmak i&#231;in &#246;rt&#252; bulunmayan derin, a&#231;&#305;k sular&#305; tercih ederler. Bu nedenle, di&#351;ilerin erkeklerden daha fazla s&#252;r&#252; olu&#351;turma davran&#305;&#351;&#305;na g&#252;venmeleri ve bu sayede daha b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;y&#252; belirleme yeteneklerinin geli&#351;mesi beklenir. Testler de bal&#305;k s&#252;r&#252;lerinin b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; tahmin edip se&#231;me &#252;zerinden ilerler. Her iki cinsiyet b&#252;y&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;y&#252; ay&#305;rt edebiliyor ama di&#351;ilerin bunu yapma h&#305;z&#305; daha iyi. &#304;lgin&#231; olan ise erkekler bu ay&#305;rt etmeyi yaparken say&#305;sal olan k&#252;&#231;&#252;k s&#252;r&#252;lerde di&#351;ilerle ayn&#305; derecede h&#305;zl&#305;lar ama s&#252;r&#252;lerin say&#305;sal olarak b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; artt&#305;k&#231;a di&#351;ilerle aralar&#305;ndaki fark a&#231;&#305;l&#305;yor. Bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma, di&#351;i lepisteslerin say&#305;sal ay&#305;rt etme yeteneklerinin geli&#351;mi&#351; olabilece&#287;ini &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;yor. Lakin, cinsiyet fark&#305; yaln&#305;zca testin ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; k&#305;sm&#305;nda tespit edildi&#287;inden, bu durumun, di&#351;ilerin s&#252;r&#252; b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; erkeklerden daha h&#305;zl&#305; i&#351;lemelerinden kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;, daha b&#252;y&#252;k say&#305;sal do&#287;ruluk yetene&#287;ine sahip olmad&#305;klar&#305; daha olas&#305;d&#305;r. Ayr&#305;ca, lepisteslerde sosyal &#246;&#287;renme konusunda da cinsiyet farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; da g&#246;zlemlenmi&#351;tir. <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2000-02612-003">Reader ve Laland (2000)</a>, erkek ve di&#351;i lepistesler aras&#305;nda yeni yiyecek kaynaklar&#305; hakk&#305;ndaki bilgilerin nas&#305;l yay&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; incelemek i&#231;in basit bir labirent testi kullanm&#305;&#351;lar. Di&#351;iler, labirentin yollar&#305;n&#305; ve amac&#305;n&#305;, erkeklerden daha h&#305;zl&#305; &#246;&#287;renmi&#351;ler. Bu bili&#351;sel fark gen&#231; olanlarda yok, sadece yeti&#351;kinlerde var  (Lucon-Xiccato &amp; Bisazza, 2017, 188). </p><h4>Sonu&#231;</h4><p>&#350;imdilik literat&#252;r&#252; burada b&#305;rakt&#305;m ve hepsini linkledim. &#304;lk alan insan tarihiyle daha ili&#351;kili, bu nedenle &#252;zerine okumaya devam edece&#287;im bir alan. &#214;rne&#287;in yak&#305;n zamanda &#8216;Richard Rubinger, &#8220;Signatures and Popular Literacy in Early Seventeenth-Century Japan&#8221;, <em>Educational Studies in Japan</em> 1, sy 0 (2006): 63-75, <a href="https://doi.org/10.7571/esjkyoiku.1.63">https://doi.org/10.7571/esjkyoiku.1.63</a>.&#8217; makalesini okumay&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. Japonya&#8217;da erken d&#246;nem okuma yazma oranlar&#305;n&#305; inceliyor. &#304;kinci alan daha &#231;ok hayvanlarla ilgili. Deneylerin dizaynlar&#305;n&#305; ve &#246;zetlenen istatistik verilerini anlasam da b&#252;t&#252;n detaylar&#305;n&#305; anlayam&#305;yorum. &#214;zetlerken elimden gelenin en iyisini yapt&#305;m, ilgi &#231;ekici buldu&#287;unuzu umuyorum. Bu yaz&#305;ya eklemek istedi&#287;im bir makale vard&#305; ve ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; komik buluyorum: Cinsiyet de&#287;i&#351;tiren Labrodies dimidiatus bal&#305;klar&#305;nda bili&#351;sel yeteneklerde g&#246;r&#252;len cinsiyet farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; (LGBT in shambles). Buran&#305;n konusu olur mu bilmiyorum. Bir tvitle daha sonra &#246;zetlerim. Okudu&#287;unuz  i&#231;in te&#351;ekk&#252;r ederim.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png" width="865" height="878" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:878,&quot;width&quot;:865,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:311584,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CMrn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F35a7e35f-e3d2-4463-9d6e-3ccdd1ad978d_865x878.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Japon Demir & Çelik Endüstrisi (2. Dünya Savaşına Kadar)]]></title><description><![CDATA[19.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305; ve sanayi devrimini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;nde akl&#305;ma demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retiminde kullan&#305;lan b&#252;y&#252;k f&#305;r&#305;nlar gelir.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/japon-demir-and-celik-endustrisi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/japon-demir-and-celik-endustrisi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 11 Jun 2024 15:32:59 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>19.y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305; ve sanayi devrimini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;nde akl&#305;ma demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retiminde kullan&#305;lan b&#252;y&#252;k f&#305;r&#305;nlar gelir. O d&#246;nemin &#304;mparatorluklar&#305; (ve toplumlar&#305;) i&#231;in demir ve &#231;elik &#246;nemliydi. Demir, demiryollar&#305;, k&#246;pr&#252;ler ve binalar&#305;n yap&#305;m&#305;nda kullan&#305;ld&#305;. Buharl&#305; gemilerin yap&#305;m&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305; ki bu da ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;kta bir devrim yaratt&#305;. Ayn&#305; zamanda makine, alet ve silah (&#246;rne&#287;in top ve top mermisi) &#252;retiminde de kullan&#305;larak imalat ve savunma sanayinin ilerlemesine yard&#305;m etti. Ayr&#305;ca demir, kanallar&#305;n ve su kemerlerinin yap&#305;m&#305;nda kullan&#305;larak altyap&#305;n&#305;n geni&#351;letilmesini ve mallar&#305;n ta&#351;&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305; kolayla&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;.  Genel olarak, demirin bollu&#287;u ve g&#252;c&#252; onu 19. y&#252;zy&#305;lda sanayile&#351;me ve ilerleme i&#231;in temel bir malzeme haline getirdi.</p><h2>Japonya, Emperyalizm ve Demir &#199;elik</h2><p>19.y&#252;zy&#305;l Japonya i&#231;in karamsar bir y&#252;zy&#305;ld&#305;. Neredeyse 200 y&#305;ld&#305;r y&#246;netimde olan Tokugawa &#350;ogunlu&#287;u Japonya&#8217;y&#305; d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;ya kapatm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Japonya, fakir olmas&#305;n&#305;n (do&#287;al kaynak yoksunlu&#287;u, yeterli tar&#305;m arazisinin olmamas&#305; gibi) ve izolasyonun sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; avantaj sayesinde Bat&#305;l&#305; devletler taraf&#305;ndan kolonize edilmemi&#351;ti ama ayn&#305; durum kom&#351;ular&#305; i&#231;in ge&#231;erli de&#287;ildi. Birinci ve &#304;kinci Afyon Sava&#351;lar&#305; (1839-42 &amp; 1856-1860) Asya&#8217;n&#305;n ba&#351;at g&#252;c&#252; olan &#199;in&#8217;in Bat&#305; &#304;mparatorluklar kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda g&#252;&#231;s&#252;z oldu&#287;unu g&#246;stermi&#351;ti. &#304;ngilizler, 1824 y&#305;l&#305;nda ilk Burma sava&#351;&#305;n&#305; kazanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;; Endonezya&#8217;n&#305;n neredeyse tamam&#305; 1826 y&#305;l&#305;nda Hollandal&#305;lar&#305;n kontrol&#252;ne ge&#231;mi&#351;ti; Frans&#305;zlar, 1862 y&#305;l&#305;nda Hindi&#231;in&#8217;e giri&#351; yapm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bat&#305; &#304;mparatorluklar&#305; Asya&#8217;daki n&#252;fuzlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;r&#305;yordu. Japonya da her an i&#351;gal edilebilirdi.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Japonya, di&#287;er &#252;lkeler gibi s&#246;m&#252;r&#252;lmek istemiyordu. Bu oyunu (emperyalizm) Bat&#305;l&#305; &#304;mparatorluklar gibi oynamas&#305; gerekti&#287;inin fark&#305;ndayd&#305;. Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkelerin G&#252;neydo&#287;u Asya &#252;lkelerinde ve &#199;in&#8217;de yapt&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;nce, <strong>modern silahlar</strong> i&#231;in demir ve &#231;elik teknolojisinin &#246;nemini fark etti. &#304;lgin&#231;tir ki bu konudaki ilk ad&#305;m Meiji restorasyonundan &#246;nce at&#305;ld&#305;, yani Tokugawa Japonya&#8217;s&#305;nda. Bu d&#246;nemde modern demir &#252;retim teknolojisini ba&#351;latan ki&#351;i bir t&#305;p &#246;&#287;rencisi olan Oshima Takato idi. Bunun nedeni biraz karma&#351;&#305;k. Tokugawa &#350;ogunlu&#287;u d&#246;neminde (neredeyse 220 y&#305;l) <strong>sadece</strong> <strong>Hollandal&#305;lar</strong> Japonya ile ticaret yapabiliyordu. Bu ticaret <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejima">Nagasaki/Dejima</a> b&#246;lgesine kurulan yapay bir adadaki k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir yerle&#351;ke &#252;zerinden ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyordu. Bu mahallede ya&#351;ayan Hollandal&#305; t&#252;ccarlar Japon adalar&#305;na ge&#231;emiyordu; ayn&#305; &#351;ekilde Japon siviller bu yerle&#351;keye ge&#231;emiyordu. Belirli istisnalar vard&#305;. Bu istisnalardan biri Hollandal&#305;lardan t&#305;p e&#287;itimi almak isteyen ki&#351;ilerdi. Bu e&#287;itime &#8220;Hollanda &#199;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;&#8221; veya <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%A6">Renpo </a>deniliyordu.  Oshima Takatou (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E9%AB%98%E4%BB%BB">&#22823;&#23798; &#39640;&#20219;</a>) Morioka b&#246;lgesindeki g&#246;rev yapan bir samuray&#305;n o&#287;luydu. 17 ya&#351;&#305;nda (1842 y&#305;l&#305;nda), Hollandal&#305;lardan t&#305;p e&#287;itimi (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%96%B9%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6">Renpo - &#34349;&#26041;&#21307;&#23398;, Edo d&#246;neminde Nagasaki&#8217;deki Hollandal&#305;lar&#305;n verdi&#287;i Bat&#305;l&#305; t&#305;p e&#287;itimi</a>) alan di&#287;er iki Japon&#8217;un alt&#305;nda doktorluk e&#287;itimi almaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ayn&#305; zamanda madencilik &#246;&#287;rendi. 10 y&#305;l sonra Mito b&#246;lgesinin daimyosu <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E5%B7%9D%E6%96%89%E6%98%AD">Tokugawa Hitoaki </a>taraf&#305;ndan <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E7%8F%82%E6%B9%8A%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E7%82%89">Naka Minato </a>f&#305;r&#305;n&#305;n&#305; in&#351;a etmek i&#231;in b&#246;lgeye davet edildi. &#304;lk denemesi ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305;yd&#305;. F&#305;r&#305;n&#305; in&#351;a  etmi&#351; ve ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir &#351;ekilde ilk top d&#246;k&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Modern anlamda bir fabrika de&#287;ildi ama ilk ad&#305;mlar&#305;yd&#305;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg" width="1024" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:257330,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RR71!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2eaf0f39-9455-4538-9025-29d1977a43bb_1024x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Naka Minato f&#305;r&#305;n&#305;nda d&#246;k&#252;lm&#252;&#351; bir topun yeniden yap&#305;land&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; modeli</figcaption></figure></div><p>Belki de Oshima'n&#305;n tutkusu ve adanm&#305;&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; olmasayd&#305;, Japon demir &#231;elik end&#252;strisinin geli&#351;imi gecikecekti. Di&#287;er &#252;lkelerde oldu&#287;u gibi Japonya'da da sanayile&#351;menin ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;n&#305; ate&#351;leyecek bireysel bir giri&#351;imciye ihtiya&#231; vard&#305;.</p><h2><strong>Meiji D&#246;neminden &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;na</strong></h2><p>Meiji Restorasyonunu takiben Japonya, Kamaishi b&#246;lgesinde devlet yard&#305;m&#305;yla  demir &#231;elik end&#252;strisin temellerini (birka&#231; geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; f&#305;r&#305;n kuruldu) att&#305;. Di&#287;er pek &#231;ok sekt&#246;rde oldu&#287;u gibi demir ve &#231;elikte de modern fabrika &#252;retimine y&#246;nelik ilk giri&#351;imler, Meiji d&#246;neminde ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;tir. &#214;rne&#287;in 1868 ve 1881 y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda Meiji y&#246;netimi, pamuk, ipek, madencilik, gemicilik, gemi in&#351;aat&#305;, m&#252;hendislik, &#231;imento ve kimyasallar&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra demir ve &#231;elik de dahil olmak &#252;zere &#231;ok &#231;e&#351;itli sanayi sekt&#246;rlerinde i&#351;letmeler kurdu. Bu sekt&#246;rlerdeki giri&#351;imler hi&#231;bir zaman k&#226;rl&#305; olmad&#305; ama Meiji d&#246;neminin ba&#351;lar&#305;ndaki bir&#231;ok devlet i&#351;letmesi, yeni &#252;retim y&#246;ntemlerinin &#246;&#287;renilmesine yard&#305;mc&#305; oldu. <strong>Kamaishi</strong> f&#305;r&#305;n&#305; daha sonra sat&#305;ld&#305;.</p><p>1880'ler boyunca, Japonya&#8217;daki ekonomik d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m t&#252;m h&#305;z&#305;yla devam ediyordu. Geni&#351;leyen pamuklu tekstil end&#252;strisi ve demiryolu in&#351;aat&#305; temelinde Japonya, d&#252;nyan&#305;n ekonomik g&#252;&#231;lerinden biri ve emperyalist d&#252;nyan&#305;n bir par&#231;as&#305; olmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Kore konusunda &#199;in ile ya&#351;anan gerilim artt&#305;k&#231;a, &#246;zellikle ordu i&#231;in kendi kendini destekleyen bir demir &#231;elik end&#252;strisine duyulan ihtiya&#231; artt&#305;. Bu nedenle h&#252;k&#251;met Asya'n&#305;n ilk tam entegre tesisini kurmaya karar verdi: devlete ait olan Yawata Tesisleri. </p><p>1891 y&#305;l&#305;nda Japon h&#252;k&#251;meti, Yawate Tesisinin kurulmas&#305; i&#231;in <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Diyet">Ulusal Diyet</a>&#8217;e bir yasa tasar&#305;s&#305; sundu. Bu yasa tasar&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n arkas&#305;nda demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retiminin, metal&#252;rji ve metal kullanan end&#252;striler ve askeri g&#252;&#231; i&#231;in kritik &#246;neme sahip oldu&#287;u tart&#305;&#351;&#305;l&#305;yordu. Ek olarak, kamu giri&#351;iminin di&#287;er bir&#231;ok sekt&#246;re fayda sa&#287;layaca&#287;&#305; da ifade ediliyordu. Muhalefet, kamu finansman&#305; ve yerli hammaddelerin yeterlili&#287;i konusundaki endi&#351;elerini dile getirerek tasar&#305;y&#305; defalarca reddetti. Ama bu muhalefet fazla uzun s&#252;rmedi. &#304;mparator Meiji, yasa tasar&#305;s&#305;na do&#287;rudan m&#252;dahale etti ve Japonya&#8217;daki demir &#231;elik end&#252;strisinin kurulumunu y&#246;netecek bir komite kurdu. Komitede, 1894 y&#305;l&#305;nda, o zamanlar &#246;zel sekt&#246;re ait olan <strong>Kamaishi</strong> i&#351;letmelerinde, Japon kokk&#246;m&#252;r&#252;n&#252;n ilk kez y&#252;ksek f&#305;r&#305;nlarda yak&#305;t olarak kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layan yenilik&#231;i bir k&#246;m&#252;r harmanlama tekni&#287;ini geli&#351;tiren metalurji m&#252;hendisi<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%91%82%E6%99%AF%E7%BE%A9"> </a><strong><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E5%91%82%E6%99%AF%E7%BE%A9">Kageyoshi Noro</a></strong> g&#246;rev yap&#305;yordu.</p><p>Noro, demir-&#231;elik end&#252;strisi ile modern uygarl&#305;&#287;&#305;n geli&#351;imi aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiye dair Japonya h&#252;k&#251;meti i&#231;in bir rapor yazm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Rapor &#351;&#246;yle ba&#351;l&#305;yordu:</p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#8220;&#199;elik, sanayinin anas&#305; ve ulusal g&#252;venli&#287;in <strong>temelidir</strong>. &#199;elik olmadan <strong>end&#252;stri</strong> olamaz... &#199;elik end&#252;strisinin bir ulusun kaderini belirledi&#287;i kabul edilmelidir&#8221;<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-1" href="#footnote-1" target="_self">1</a> </p></div><p>Yawata Tesisleri kurulmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda misyonunda beklenmeyen bir de&#287;i&#351;iklik ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. Tesis, o d&#246;nem ulusal g&#252;venli&#287;i sa&#287;lamak i&#231;in donanman&#305;n istedi&#287;i &#351;eyleri &#252;retmek i&#231;in buna uygun bir cephaneli&#287;e sahip olmal&#305;yd&#305;. Ama  Tar&#305;m ve Ticaret Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, artan sivil talep nedeniyle Yawata tesislerinin &#252;retimini demiryollar&#305;na kayd&#305;rd&#305;. Cephanelik hi&#231;bir zaman in&#351;a edilmedi. Tesis 1901 y&#305;l&#305;nda a&#231;&#305;ld&#305;. Bunun sonucu olarak Donanma, &#246;zel sekt&#246;rle anla&#351;maya gitti. Donanma, teknik yard&#305;m ve y&#252;ksek fiyatlar &#246;demeyi g&#246;ze alarak 2 &#351;irketle yat&#305;r&#305;m anla&#351;mas&#305; yapt&#305;. Birincisi, Hokkaido K&#246;m&#252;r Madeni &#350;irketi ve silah/&#231;elik &#252;retimi  yapan Vickers Armstrong &#351;irketi. Daha sonra bu &#351;irketlerin yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; birle&#351;tirerek <strong>Nippon Steelworks</strong> &#351;irketini kurdu. Nippon Steelworks&#8217;e ek olarak, Donanma Kobe Works &#351;irketini, Donanma&#8217;n&#305;n &#246;zel &#252;reticisi olarak s&#305;n&#305;fland&#305;r&#305;p 1909 y&#305;l&#305;nda batmaktan kurtard&#305;.<a class="footnote-anchor" data-component-name="FootnoteAnchorToDOM" id="footnote-anchor-2" href="#footnote-2" target="_self">2</a> </p><h3><strong>H&#252;k&#251;met M&#252;dahalelerinin Ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;</strong></h3><p>1913 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde ithalat, Japonya'n&#305;n pik demir t&#252;ketiminin yar&#305;s&#305;ndan fazlas&#305;n&#305; ve &#231;elik t&#252;ketiminin &#252;&#231;te ikisini olu&#351;turuyordu. Yawata fabrikas&#305;, Japonya'n&#305;n yerli pik demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retiminin yakla&#351;&#305;k d&#246;rtte &#252;&#231;&#252;n&#252; &#252;retiyordu ve &#231;&#305;kt&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n yar&#305;s&#305; h&#252;k&#251;met demiryolu ve askeriye i&#231;in kullan&#305;l&#305;yordu. Ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta Yawata'da m&#252;tevaz&#305; &#246;l&#231;ekli bir tesis planlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;, ama&#231; sermaye yat&#305;r&#305;m&#305;n&#305; s&#305;n&#305;rlamak, h&#305;zl&#305; &#252;retime ba&#351;lamak ve <strong>geni&#351;lemeyi</strong> Japonya'n&#305;n gerekli makineleri &#252;retmeyi ve yabanc&#305; teknolojiyi yerel kaynaklara uyarlamay&#305; &#246;&#287;renene kadar ertelemekti; l&#226;kin &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar ilerledik&#231;e Tar&#305;m ve Ticaret Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; ba&#351; m&#252;hendisini ve planlar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Alman m&#252;hendisler taraf&#305;ndan tasarlanan Yawata &#199;elik Fabrikas&#305;, ithal edilen Alman ekipmanlar&#305;yla b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli bir tesiste 1901'de &#252;retime ba&#351;lad&#305;. Ard&#305;ndan y&#246;netim ve i&#351;letme ile ilgili beklenmedik zorluklar ya&#351;and&#305;. Yawata, Japonya'n&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k i&#351;letmesiydi ve h&#252;k&#251;met i&#351;letmesi stat&#252;s&#252; esneklik eksikli&#287;ini dayat&#305;yordu. &#304;&#351;letme harcamalar&#305;, ulusal b&#252;t&#231;enin bir par&#231;as&#305; olarak Diet'in onay&#305;n&#305; gerektiriyordu. Ana hedef ticari k&#226;rl&#305;l&#305;kt&#305;; l&#226;kin ayn&#305; zamanda ithalat ikamesi ve askeri kendine yeterlilik sa&#287;lamal&#305;yd&#305;, bu da geni&#351; bir yelpazede &#246;zel &#252;r&#252;nlerin ekonomik olmayan &#252;retimini zorunlu k&#305;l&#305;yordu.</p><h3>Hammaddeler ve Maliyetler</h3><p>Hammadde ba&#351;l&#305; ba&#351;&#305;na bir sorundu. 20. y&#252;zy&#305;l&#305;n ba&#351;lar&#305;nda, demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retimi hammede yo&#287;un bir s&#252;re&#231;ti ve hammaddeler maliyetlerin b&#252;y&#252;k k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turuyordu. Avrupa ve ABD end&#252;strileri, cevher ve k&#246;m&#252;r yataklar&#305; sayesinde b&#252;y&#252;m&#252;&#351;t&#252; ama Japonya gibi kaynak fakiri bir &#252;lke daha &#246;nce hi&#231; &#231;elik &#252;retimine giri&#351;memi&#351;ti. Yawata, k&#246;m&#252;r t&#252;ketiminin %50-60'&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;layabilecek <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikuh%C5%8D_coalfield">Futase k&#246;m&#252;r madenleri</a>n kurulumas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. Ancak, yerli demir cevheri sa&#287;lama planlar&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;medi ve tesis &#231;o&#287;unlukla &#199;in ve Kore'den ithal edilen demir cevheri ve &#246;nemli miktarda pik demir ve k&#246;m&#252;rle sa&#287;land&#305;.</p><p>Yawata i&#231;in planlanan sermaye maliyeti 10,56 milyon yen ve kapasitesi 90.000 ton ham &#231;elikti; l&#226;kin Yawata'n&#305;n &#231;elik &#252;retimi beklentilerin &#231;ok alt&#305;nda kald&#305;: 1901'de 1.700 ton, 1906'da 63.000 ton ve nihayet 1911'de 170.000 ton. 1909'da toplam sermaye maliyetleri 36,9 milyon yene ula&#351;t&#305;; 1910'da biriken i&#351;letme zararlar&#305; 11,1 milyon yen idi. Ana sorunlar aras&#305;nda kokla&#351;ma (coking facilities) tesislerinin ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;taki eksikli&#287;i ve ithal edilen &#231;elik &#252;retim tekniklerini &#246;&#287;renme ve bunlar&#305; yerel hammadde tedarikine uyarlama s&#252;resi vard&#305;. </p><p>Demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retiminin kamu taraf&#305;ndan g&#246;rece k&#246;t&#252; y&#246;netilmesi, sekt&#246;r&#252;n ilk geli&#351;im a&#351;amalar&#305;nda sorunlar &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;na neden oldu. Yine de t&#252;m zorluklar&#305;na ra&#287;men Yawata, Japon i&#351; d&#252;nyas&#305; y&#246;netimi i&#231;in bir model sa&#287;lad&#305;. Yawata'n&#305;n &#252;st y&#246;netimi, Tar&#305;m ve Ticaret Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; taraf&#305;ndan atanan bakanlardan, b&#252;rokratlardan ve teknokratlardan olu&#351;uyordu. Yawata, kamu b&#252;rokratik deneyimlerinden yararlanarak iyi i&#351;leyen, &#231;ok fonksiyonlu bir departman organizasyonu sa&#287;lad&#305;.</p><p>Yawata, kamu y&#246;netimi ve giri&#351;imcilik a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan nispeten y&#252;ksek bir kalite sundu. Yawata, end&#252;strinin teknolojik lideriydi. Burada &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya ba&#351;layan m&#252;hendisler ve vas&#305;fl&#305; i&#351;&#231;iler, daha sonra &#246;zel &#231;elik firmalar&#305;nda &#246;nemli pozisyonlara ge&#231;tiler veya kendi giri&#351;imlerini ba&#351;latt&#305;lar. Yawata'n&#305;n ba&#351;ar&#305;lar&#305;, di&#287;er ilgili sekt&#246;rlerde, yani madencilik, nakliye, &#231;imento, tu&#287;la ve makine imalat&#305;na talep ve e&#287;itim te&#351;viki gibi ek faydalar olu&#351;turdu. Devlet deste&#287;i olmaks&#305;z&#305;n, 1913'te yerli demir ve &#231;elik &#252;retimi &#231;ok d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olurdu.</p><p>Japonya, su ta&#351;&#305;mac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;na dayanarak nakliye masraflar&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;rd&#252; ve nispeten hen&#252;z kullan&#305;lmam&#305;&#351; Asya cevherlerini kullanabiliyordu. &#214;rne&#287;in, Japon h&#252;k&#251;meti, &#199;inli tedarik&#231;i<a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Han-Ye-Ping-Iron-and-Coal-Company"> Han Yeh Ping</a>'den demir cevheri sat&#305;n almak i&#231;in Japonya Sanayi Bankas&#305;'na b&#252;y&#252;k krediler vermesini gizlice emretti. Japonya'n&#305;n Kore'yi ilhak etmesinden sonra Yawata, Kore'nin demir cevheri madeninin kontrol&#252;n&#252; de ald&#305;. Japonya, hammaddele ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; dezavantaj&#305;n&#305;, Asya kaynaklar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k maliyet avantaj&#305;n&#305; kullanarak a&#351;t&#305;.</p><p>Yawata, I. D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; &#246;ncesi y&#305;llarda olduk&#231;a k&#226;rl&#305; hale geldi. Japonya'n&#305;n &#246;zel &#231;elik &#252;reticileri de ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231;ta zararda olmalar&#305;na ra&#287;men, ucuz Hindistan pik demiri ithalat&#305;ndan faydaland&#305;lar. Demir &#252;retiminde Japon &#252;retim maliyetleri di&#287;er geli&#351;mi&#351; &#252;lkelere g&#246;re hala y&#252;ksekti; yine de 1907'den sonra maliyet fark&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de darald&#305;. Japonya, ula&#351;&#305;m maliyetleri ve 1911'den sonra %15'lik bir tarife ile korundu. Sava&#351; zaman&#305; patlamas&#305;nda, Almanya ve &#304;ngiltere'den ithalat kapand&#305; ve Yawata'n&#305;n k&#226;r&#305;, birikmi&#351; zararlar&#305; ve kuruldu&#287;undan bu yana yap&#305;lan yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;layacak kadar y&#252;ksek oldu.</p><p>H&#252;k&#251;metin stratejik askeri endi&#351;elere dayanarak end&#252;striyi destekleme karar&#305;, I. D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;'n&#305;n geli&#351;iyle do&#287;rulanm&#305;&#351; oldu. Japon h&#252;k&#251;meti, modern askeri yetenekler geli&#351;tirme amac&#305;yla sanayiye hedeflenmi&#351; yat&#305;r&#305;mlar yapt&#305; ve bu, demir ve &#231;elik end&#252;strisinin h&#305;zla b&#252;y&#252;mesini sa&#287;lad&#305;. Bu m&#252;dahaleler, Japonya'n&#305;n ekonomik kalk&#305;nmas&#305;n&#305; h&#305;zland&#305;ran ve &#246;nemli sosyal getiriler sa&#287;layan bir "iti&#351;" etkisi yaratt&#305;.</p><h2><strong>1. D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; ve Sonras&#305;ndaki Ekonomik B&#252;y&#252;me</strong></h2><p>Sava&#351; d&#246;nemi (Birinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;) , fiyatlar&#305;n h&#305;zla artmas&#305;, y&#252;ksek k&#226;rlar, b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli yat&#305;r&#305;mlar, teknik ilerlemeler ve bir&#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli &#246;zel firman&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra birka&#231; b&#252;y&#252;k firman&#305;n sekt&#246;re girmesiyle sonu&#231;land&#305;. Sekt&#246;re yeni giri&#351; yapan firmalar, uzmanla&#351;maya katk&#305; sa&#287;layarak end&#252;stri genelinde verimlili&#287;i artt&#305;rd&#305;. Yawata, &#231;elik &#252;retim tesislerinin &#246;l&#231;e&#287;ini uluslararas&#305; standartlara uyacak &#351;ekilde art&#305;rd&#305; ve &#246;zel firmalar daha kapsaml&#305; iyile&#351;tirmeler yapt&#305;, bu da Yawata'n&#305;n teknolojik &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; daraltt&#305;. En &#246;nemli &#246;zel &#231;elik i&#351;letmeleri, %50'den fazla hisse senedine sahip olan <strong>zaibatsu</strong> taraf&#305;ndan kontrol ediliyordu. &#214;nde gelen <strong>zaibatsu</strong>, esasen kapitalist bir piyasa ortam&#305;nda rekabet etti; l&#226;kin siyasi ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305; ve finansal ve y&#246;netsel kaynaklar&#305;yla &#246;ne &#231;&#305;kt&#305; ve h&#252;k&#251;met taraf&#305;ndan ba&#351;ar&#305;lar&#305; i&#231;in ekonomik ajanlar olarak &#231;a&#287;r&#305;ld&#305;.</p><h3>1920'ler ve Ekonomik Bask&#305;lar</h3><p>Sava&#351; s&#305;ras&#305;nda nominal &#252;cretler h&#305;zla artt&#305;. 1920'ler, i&#231; ve d&#252;nya &#231;ap&#305;nda durgunluk, yenin a&#351;&#305;r&#305; de&#287;erlenmesi, i&#231; piyasadaki de&#287;erli maden rezervlerinin s&#252;rekli d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252; ve Japonya'n&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra &#246;nde gelen yabanc&#305; h&#252;k&#251;metlerin alt&#305;n standard&#305;na d&#246;nme &#231;abalar&#305; nedeniyle deflasyonist bask&#305;lar getirdi. Y&#252;ksek &#252;cretler ve a&#351;&#305;r&#305; de&#287;erlenmi&#351; yen, demir ve &#231;elik end&#252;strisinin maliyet rekabet&#231;ili&#287;ini kaybetmesine neden oldu. K&#246;m&#252;r madencili&#287;i emek yo&#287;un oldu&#287;undan, y&#252;ksek &#252;cretler yerli k&#246;m&#252;r&#252;n maliyeti &#252;zerinde &#246;zellikle b&#252;y&#252;k bir etki yapt&#305;. Pik demir ithal eden &#231;elik &#252;reticileri, ucuz Hindistan malzemelerinden yeterince faydaland&#305; ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;k k&#226;rlar elde etmeye devam etti.</p><h3>H&#252;k&#251;metin Kurtarma Tedbirleri</h3><p>Maliyet &#252;st&#252;nden sa&#287;lanan rekabet &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;n kayb&#305; nedeniyle end&#252;strinin kurtar&#305;lmaya ihtiyac&#305; vard&#305;. H&#252;k&#251;met kurtarma tedbirleri aras&#305;nda &#231;elik &#252;zerindeki tarife vergilerinin art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; (1921 ve 1926) ve pik demir &#252;retimine s&#252;bvansiyonlar (1926) yer ald&#305;. H&#252;k&#251;met ayr&#305;ca bankalara, ekonomideki b&#252;y&#252;k firmalara yeniden finansman sa&#287;lama talimat&#305; verdi; Japonya Bankas&#305;, bankalar&#305; zararlardan koruyarak ve h&#252;k&#251;met, b&#252;y&#252;k miktarda iskonto yaparak bu s&#252;reci destekledi. Koruma, s&#252;bvansiyon ve bor&#231; yeniden yap&#305;land&#305;rmas&#305;, ithalat tehdidini azaltarak, nispeten verimli yerli firmalara maliyetleri azaltabildik&#231;e artan ko&#351;ullu kiralar sa&#287;lad&#305;. Ko&#351;ullu kiralar, firma yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; finanse etmek i&#231;in kullanabilecekleri &#246;z kaynaklar&#305; yeniledi. Entegre ve pik demir &#252;reticileri y&#252;ksek riskle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya oldu&#287;undan, kazan&#305;lan &#246;z kaynaklar, banka kredilerindeki temsilcilik maliyetlerini de azaltarak &#246;nemli bir avantaj sa&#287;lad&#305;.</p><p>1926'da Yawata, yar&#305; &#246;zel bir &#351;irket haline getirildi ve b&#252;t&#231;esi ulusal b&#252;t&#231;eden &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;. 1924 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde, t&#252;m pik demir ve entegre &#252;reticiler Mitsubishi veya Mitsui zaibatsu taraf&#305;ndan veya Yawata taraf&#305;ndan sat&#305;n al&#305;nm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. H&#252;k&#251;met tedbirleri, bir&#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;k, zay&#305;f firman&#305;n batmas&#305;na ve &#246;nde gelen firmalar&#305;n oligopol olmas&#305;na neden oldu. &#214;nde gelen firmalar, kazan&#305;lan kaynaklar&#305; daha verimli hale gelmek i&#231;in kulland&#305;lar. &#214;zellikle pik demir operasyonlar&#305;nda b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli y&#252;ksek f&#305;r&#305;nlar, yard&#305;mc&#305; ekipmanlar, hammadde &#246;n i&#351;lemleri ve yan &#252;r&#252;n gazlar&#305;n&#305;n kullan&#305;m&#305; gibi yat&#305;r&#305;mlar yap&#305;ld&#305;.</p><h3>1930'lar ve Alt&#305;n Standard&#305;ndan &#199;&#305;k&#305;&#351;</h3><p>1931'de Japonya alt&#305;n standard&#305;n&#305; terk etti ve yenin de&#287;eri %40 d&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu geli&#351;meden sonra, &#231;elik maliyeti Almanya&#8217;dan ithalat edilen &#231;eli&#287;in maliyetinin alt&#305;na d&#252;&#351;t&#252; ve Japon &#231;elik &#252;reticileri olduk&#231;a k&#226;rl&#305; hale geldi. K&#226;rlar, s&#252;bvansiyonlar&#305;n 1934'e kadar devam etmesi, devam eden tarifeler ve 1933'ten sonra d&#246;viz kontrolleri ile desteklendi. </p><h4> End&#252;striyel Politika ve Askeri Geli&#351;meler</h4><p>1920'ler ve 1930'larda, h&#252;k&#251;met, end&#252;striyi kontrol alt&#305;na almak i&#231;in yeni &#246;nlemler getirdi. Bu &#246;nlemler kartelle&#351;meyi te&#351;vik etmekten zorunlu konsolidasyona kadar de&#287;i&#351;iyordu. 1925 y&#305;l&#305;nda kurulan Ticaret ve Sanayi Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;, istenilen &#252;retim kapasitesini hayata ge&#231;irmek i&#231;in demir ve &#231;elik kartelle&#351;mesini te&#351;vik etti. Ard&#305;ndan, pik demir ve &#231;e&#351;itli &#231;elik &#252;r&#252;n hatlar&#305;nda karteller olu&#351;tu. Karteller, belirli &#252;r&#252;nlerin belirli firmalarca daha fazla kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. Ancak, fiyat sabitleme giri&#351;imleri 1930 Showa depresyonu ile ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z oldu. 1934'teki yasalar, kamuya ait Yawata &#199;elik &#350;irketi ve be&#351; di&#287;er &#246;nde gelen &#351;irketin birle&#351;mesini zorunlu k&#305;ld&#305; ve Japon Demir ve &#199;elik &#350;irketi kuruldu. Bu &#351;irket, kuruldu&#287;unda Japonya'da &#252;retilen pik demirin %97'sinden ve ham &#231;eli&#287;in %56's&#305;ndan sorumluydu. 1937'nin sonlar&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde, Japon demir ve &#231;elik t&#252;ketimi ve &#252;retimi askeri h&#252;k&#251;metin kontrol&#252; alt&#305;na girdi.</p><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-1" href="#footnote-anchor-1" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">1</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>Seiichir&#333; Yonekura, <em>The Japanese Iron and Steel Industry: 1850 - 1990&#8239;; Continuity and Discontinuity</em>, 3. Dr., Studies in the Modern Japanese Economy (Basingstoke: Macmillan [u.a.], 1996).</p></div></div><div class="footnote" data-component-name="FootnoteToDOM"><a id="footnote-2" href="#footnote-anchor-2" class="footnote-number" contenteditable="false" target="_self">2</a><div class="footnote-content"><p>K&#333;z&#333; Yamamura, ed., <em>The Economic Emergence of Modern Japan</em> (Cambridge, UK&#8239;; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).</p><p></p></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Çekoslovakya, Sosyalizm, JZD Slušovice ]]></title><description><![CDATA[JZD Slu&#353;ovice, &#199;ekoslovakya'da kurulan birle&#351;ik bir tar&#305;m kooperatifiydi, bir bak&#305;ma sosyalist (veya gri-sosyalizm) bir mucizeydi; l&#226;kin d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z &#351;ekilde de&#287;il.]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/cekoslovakya-sosyalizm-jzd-slusovice</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/cekoslovakya-sosyalizm-jzd-slusovice</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 29 Apr 2024 02:17:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>JZD Slu&#353;ovice, &#199;ekoslovakya'da kurulan birle&#351;ik bir tar&#305;m kooperatifiydi, bir bak&#305;ma sosyalist (veya gri-sosyalizm) bir mucizeydi; l&#226;kin d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z &#351;ekilde de&#287;il. Bu kooperatifi &#246;&#287;reneli birka&#231; g&#252;n oldu (Asianometry) ve &#252;st&#252;ne &#304;ngilizce hi&#231;bir kaynak bulamad&#305;m. Google &#231;eviri, birka&#231; &#199;ek sitesi ve tez yard&#305;m&#305;yla &#246;&#287;rendiklerimi yaz&#305;ya d&#246;kt&#252;m. Daha &#231;ok &#351;ey bulamamak &#252;z&#252;c&#252;&#8230; &#214;&#287;rendiklerimi, Asianometry&#8217;nin videosuyla birle&#351;tirdim. Kendisinin kaynaklar&#305;na eri&#351;emiyorum ama <strong>nereden</strong> yararland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; buldum. Slu&#353;ovice &#252;st&#252;ne birka&#231; &#199;ek&#231;e site, bir tane de Tez (hepsi a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da ve yaz&#305;ya g&#246;m&#252;l&#252; &#351;ekilde) var. Yaz&#305;m, Asianometry&#8217;nin videosunu takip ediyor, <strong>kendisinin yaz&#305;s&#305; da do&#287;rudan yaz&#305;lan</strong> tezi takip ediyor. </p><p>Basit&#231;e, JZD Slu&#353;ovice, sosyalist &#199;ekoslovakya&#8217;da b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de &#246;zerk bir &#351;ekilde faaliyet g&#246;steren, &#252;lke i&#231;inde ba&#351;ka bir &#252;lkeye, politikac&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan korunan, mafya ili&#351;kileri olan garip bir kooperatifti. &#220;rettikleri sadece tar&#305;m &#252;r&#252;nleri de&#287;ildi, ilgin&#231; olan k&#305;sm&#305; da bu. &#220;rettikleri &#351;eyler aras&#305;nda  biyokimya ve s&#252;t &#252;r&#252;nleri, modern b&#246;cek ila&#231;lar&#305;, hidroponik olarak yeti&#351;tirilen sebzeler ve bilgisayar vard&#305;?</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 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https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!zWEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd048a9c0-85a4-4da5-961b-193f18db191a_1024x683.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">TNS serisi bilgisayarlar ("Ten Na&#353;e Syst&#233;m &#8216;in k&#305;saltmas&#305;) 1982&#8217;den 1989'a kadar JZD Slu&#353;ovice taraf&#305;ndan &#252;retilmi&#351;tir.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Sosyalist &#199;ekoslovakya'daki tuhaf ve e&#351;i benzeri g&#246;r&#252;lmemi&#351; bir i&#351; yerini inceleyece&#287;iz. Bu i&#351; yerinin - bundan sonra kooperatif diyeyim - k&#246;kenleri 1948 y&#305;l&#305;na gidiyor. 1948 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#199;ekoslovakya Kom&#252;nist Partisi y&#246;netimi ele ge&#231;irerek &#199;ekoslovak Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti'ni kurdu. Bundan sonra sosyalistler neredeyse 40 y&#305;l boyunca &#199;ekoslovakya&#8217;y&#305; y&#246;netecekti. Y&#246;netim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;inin ard&#305;ndan kabul edilen yeni kurallar, &#252;lke i&#231;inde para kazanma faaliyetlerini k&#246;k&#252;nden de&#287;i&#351;tirdi. Finans ve ula&#351;&#305;m sistemleri gibi ekonominin &#231;e&#351;itli alanlar&#305; kamula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;. H&#252;k&#251;met, Sovyetlerde g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; &#231;iftliklere taklit ederek devlete ait, devasa kolektif &#231;iftlikleri yaratmak istiyordu. Bunun i&#231;in gerekli  yasay&#305; 1949 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#231;&#305;kartt&#305;: <a href="https://www.ustrcr.cz/uvod/citanka-kolektivizace/zdruzstevnovani/zakon-o-jzd/">Act on Unified Agricultural Cooperatives</a>. &#199;ek&#231;e k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n okunmas&#305; biraz zor ama ikinci penceredeki &#8220;sample text&#8221; k&#305;sm&#305; ne yap&#305;lmak istendi&#287;ini anlat&#305;yor. Kolektif &#231;iftliklerin kurulmas&#305; &#252;&#231; a&#351;amal&#305; &#351;ekilde ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirildi: 1) G&#246;n&#252;ll&#252; olarak &#231;iftliklerin birle&#351;tirilmesi, 2) H&#252;k&#251;metin &#231;iftlikleri sat&#305;n almas&#305; ve 3) Zor kullanarak &#231;iftlikleri kamula&#351;t&#305;rma. Bunun sonucu olarak kolektifle&#351;tirilen &#231;iftliklere &#199;ek&#231;ede "Birle&#351;ik Tar&#305;m Kooperatifleri" veya JZD ("<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednotn%C3%A9_zem%C4%9Bd%C4%9Blsk%C3%A9_dru%C5%BEstvo">Jednotn&#233; zem&#283;d&#283;lsk&#233; dru&#382;stvo</a>") ad&#305; veriliyordu. Bu kooperatiflerinin genel amac&#305; <a href="https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1988-90">Devlet Plan&#305;n&#305;n</a> (State Plan, B&#246;l&#252;m 1, Madde 1) &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; &#351;eyleri yerine getirmekti, yani sosyalist kalk&#305;nma modeline uygun olarak i&#351; yapmak.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png" width="1162" height="540" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:540,&quot;width&quot;:1162,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:69701,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qXxQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc9618a6-9ff8-4681-9b12-d687c069a2d6_1162x540.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">&#199;eviri yard&#305;m&#305;yla bu kadar oluyor: 90/1988 Coll. Act on Agricultural Cooperatives (zakonyprolidi.cz)</figcaption></figure></div><p>&#350;u an bahsetti&#287;imiz bu kooperatif - <strong>JZD Slu&#353;ovice</strong> - <strong>1952 y&#305;l&#305;nda</strong> Slu&#353;ovice k&#246;y&#252;nde kuruldu. &#350;u anda &#199;ekya'da bulunan Slu&#353;ovice, Prag'a yakla&#351;&#305;k 300 kilometre uzakl&#305;kta ve Zlin kasabas&#305;n&#305;n hemen d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndad&#305;r. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg" width="647" height="480" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:480,&quot;width&quot;:647,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Undefined&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Undefined" title="Undefined" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dHrJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6da075b1-3937-41c8-a40b-370904bddee7_647x480.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;ya giden Otoyol</figcaption></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg" width="1200" height="801" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:801,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba" title="Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dbk7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F50fe19b1-a8a2-4a00-b29e-e13e8c9fef32_1200x801.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba</figcaption></figure></div><p>Slu&#353;ovice, &#351;u an yakla&#351;&#305;k 3000 ki&#351;inin ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir k&#246;y. Genel olarak k&#252;&#231;&#252;k ve verimsiz bir yermi&#351; zaten. Bu nedenle JZD Slu&#353;ovice'nin k&#252;&#231;&#252;k kollektif &#231;iftli&#287;i hi&#231;bir zaman yeterli mal &#252;retmedi. B&#246;lgenin topra&#287;&#305; da pek verimli de&#287;il. Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba gelmeden &#246;nce etkili bir y&#246;netimi olmayan, ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;z bir kooperatifti. 1963 y&#305;l&#305;nda Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba, hen&#252;z daha 27 ya&#351;&#305;ndayken, tar&#305;m kooperatifinin Ba&#351;kan&#305; oldu. </p><p>&#268;uba&#8217;n&#305;n hayat hikayesi ilgin&#231;. &#199;ift&#231;i &#231;ocu&#287;u olsa da imtiyazl&#305; yeti&#351;mi&#351;. 1936'da Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;ya 2.5 km uzakl&#305;&#287;&#305;nda olan B&#345;ezov&#225; k&#246;y&#252;nde bir &#231;ift&#231;inin o&#287;lu olarak do&#287;du. Prag'daki Ziraat &#220;niversitesi'nden (g&#252;ncel ad&#305;yla Czech University of Life Sciences Prague) mezun olduktan sonra Kom&#252;nist Partiye kat&#305;ld&#305; ve Zl&#237;n kasabas&#305;nda bulunan &#199;ek Bilimsel, Teknik ve Yat&#305;r&#305;m Geli&#351;tirme Komisyonu'nda &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya ba&#351;lad&#305;. Aradaki hikayeyi tam olarak &#246;&#287;renemedim ama Slu&#353;ovice k&#246;y&#252;ne yak&#305;n bir yerde &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in (Zl&#237;n, &#246;nceki ad&#305; Gottwaldov), daha sonra bir &#351;ekilde Slu&#353;ovice kooperatifinin ba&#351;&#305;na geliyor siyasi ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; kullanarak. Bu noktadan sonra yazaca&#287;&#305;m &#231;o&#287;u &#351;eyi a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki tezden ald&#305;m. &#199;eviri kullanarak ne oldu&#287;unu anlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;m ve &#246;nemli &#351;eylere tekrar tekrar bakt&#305;m. Sayfa 14-29 aras&#305; bu kooperatifin tarih&#231;esi (1963-1989). Sayfa 32-40 aras&#305; da i&#351;&#231;ilerin nas&#305;l motive edildi&#287;ini anlat&#305;yor. &#304;ndirmek bedava, ismini yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda sitesi &#246;n&#252;n&#252;ze geliyor. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png" width="627" height="825" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:825,&quot;width&quot;:627,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:119020,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7jfd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe677da29-9b92-4a79-a18b-aaf751180ec6_627x825.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">JZD AK Slu&#353;ovice-hospod&#225;&#345;sk&#253; z&#225;zrak za socialismu | CU Digital Repository (cuni.cz), JZD AK Slu&#353;ovice-hospod&#225;&#345;sk&#253; z&#225;zrak za socialismu | CU Digital Repository (cuni.cz)</figcaption></figure></div><p>JZD'nin 1962'deki sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305; yakla&#351;&#305;k 1.3 milyon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic#:~:text=Currency,Czechoslovak%20koruna">&#199;ek korunas&#305;</a> veya kronuydu. &#268;uba, bunu art&#305;rmak istiyordu. Bunu nas&#305;l yapacakt&#305;?  JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;&#305;n i&#351;&#231;ileri disiplinden yoksundu ve  motivasyon eksikli&#287;i  ya&#351;&#305;yordu. Kooperatif sistemin s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; i&#231;indeki insanlar&#305; motive etmenin yollar&#305;n&#305; bulmas&#305; gerekiyordu. &#304;&#351;&#231;ileri disipline etmek ve motivasyon kazand&#305;r gerekti. Kendisinin &#246;n&#252;nde pek &#231;ok sorun vard&#305;: Kooperatif y&#246;netimi uzman olmayan ki&#351;ilerle doluydu, makinele&#351;me neredeyse hi&#231; yoktu, &#252;retim ko&#351;ullar&#305; k&#246;t&#252;yd&#252;... &#304;&#351;&#231;iler, Zl&#237;n kentindeki Svit &#351;irketinde &#231;al&#305;&#351;mak i&#231;in k&#246;y&#252; terk ediyorlard&#305; &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Svit &#351;irketinin maa&#351;lar&#305; JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;den olduk&#231;a fazlayd&#305;. Bir&#231;ok i&#351;&#231;i kooperatifte g&#246;n&#252;ls&#252;z olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yordu ve performanslar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;kt&#252;.</p><h2>EFSANEN&#304;N BA&#350;LANGICI</h2><p>Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba el eme&#287;ine &#231;ok de&#287;er veriyordu (bunu akl&#305;n&#305;zda tutun) ve memleketi B&#345;ezov&#225;'daki JZD'deki &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma ko&#351;ullar&#305;n&#305; &#246;&#287;renmi&#351;ti. Not etti&#287;i bir &#351;ey vard&#305;: &#214;zellikle b&#252;y&#252;k i&#351;letmelerdeki bir&#231;ok i&#351;&#231;inin, yapt&#305;klar&#305; i&#351;in kalitesinin i&#351;letmenin nihai &#231;&#305;kt&#305;s&#305; (yani &#252;r&#252;n&#252;) &#252;zerinde &#231;ok az etkisi oldu&#287;u hissi nedeniyle pasif olma e&#287;iliminde oldu&#287;unu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu (Kooperatif daha 1970'lerin ilk yar&#305;s&#305;nda, &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar&#305;n yap&#305;lan i&#351;in nicelik ve niteli&#287;ine kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r). &#304;&#351;&#231;ilerin &#246;ncelikle <strong>disipline</strong> ihtiyac&#305; vard&#305;. Derhal &#252;&#231; yeni kural getirdi:</p><ol><li><p>&#304;&#351;yerinde i&#231;ki i&#231;mek yasakland&#305;.</p></li><li><p>Kooperatifi terk eden ki&#351;iler kooperatife tekrar al&#305;nmayacakt&#305;.</p></li><li><p>&#304;&#351;e ge&#231; kalanlar o g&#252;n &#246;deme alamayacakt&#305;  (ss. 14-15): </p></li></ol><p>Bu kurallar &#231;ok fazla  i&#351;&#231;inin kooperatifi terk etmesine neden oldu. Makinele&#351;me eksikli&#287;i, emek verimlili&#287;indeki art&#305;&#351;&#305; engelledi. &#304;&#351;&#231;i say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n dolay&#305; &#231;e&#351;itli &#252;retim alanlar&#305;nda sorun ya&#351;and&#305;.&#268;uba, kooepratifteki belirli i&#351;lerle bizzat kendisi ilgileniyordu.&#304;&#351;&#231;ilerin disipline edilmekten &#246;te motive edilmesi gerekti&#287;inin de fark&#305;ndayd&#305;. Pasif i&#351;&#231;ileri motive etmek i&#231;in &#252;&#231; farkl&#305; mekanizma geli&#351;tirdi (ss. 33-39).</p><ol><li><p>&#304;&#351;yerindeki m&#252;d&#252;rleri k&#246;t&#252; i&#351;&#231;ileri azarlamak ve iyi i&#351;&#231;ileri &#246;vmekle g&#246;revlendirdi. M&#252;d&#252;rlerin ofislerinin hemen i&#351;&#231;ilerinin yan&#305;nda olmas&#305;n&#305; zorunlu k&#305;ld&#305;. Kendisi de JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;in ilk y&#305;llar&#305;nda i&#351; yerlerini s&#252;rekli ziyaret ediyordu. Kooperatif b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;kten sonra bu i&#351;leri di&#287;er &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar&#305;na b&#305;rakt&#305;.</p></li><li><p>Yap&#305;lan i&#351;lerin g&#252;nl&#252;k de&#287;erlendirmesi yap&#305;lmaya ba&#351;land&#305; ve departmanlar i&#231;in planlar olu&#351;turuldu. &#304;&#351;&#231;ilerin, bir i&#351; bitirmek i&#231;in ge&#231; kalmalar&#305; veya planlanandan fazla &#252;retmeleri takip edilmeye ba&#351;land&#305;. Uzun s&#252;reli &#252;retken i&#351;&#231;ileri g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r hale getirmek i&#231;in onur panosu haz&#305;rland&#305; ve bir &#246;nceki g&#252;n en iyi &#231;al&#305;&#351;an i&#351;&#231;ileri &#246;ven g&#252;nl&#252;k hat&#305;rlatmalar haz&#305;rland&#305;.</p></li><li><p>D&#252;&#351;&#252;k performansl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar d&#252;zenli olarak de&#287;i&#351;tirildi. &#199;al&#305;&#351;anlara zorlu g&#246;revler verildi ve bu g&#246;revi tamamlayanlar terfi ettirildi, t&#246;kezleyenler ise daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k bir pozisyona indirildi. Bu kural, e&#287;itim ve di&#287;er fakt&#246;rlerden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z olarak her zaman ve her i&#351; kolunda ge&#231;erliydi.</p></li></ol><p>Hali haz&#305;rda &#231;al&#305;&#351;an pasif i&#351;&#231;ilerin motivasyonlar&#305; yukar&#305;daki kurallar &#231;er&#231;evesinde iyile&#351;tirilirmi&#351;ti. Kooperatifte y&#246;netici olarak &#231;al&#305;&#351;maya ba&#351;layacak olan i&#351;&#231;ilerin se&#231;imindeki kriterler de g&#252;ncelledi. &#214;rne&#287;in y&#246;netici pozisyonlar&#305;nda kooperatife kat&#305;lacak i&#351;&#231;ilere 1) Departman ba&#351;kan&#305; taraf&#305;ndan g&#246;r&#252;&#351;me ve de&#287;erlendirme yap&#305;ld&#305; 2) Psikolojik de&#287;erlendirme &#8211; <strong>IQ</strong>, nitelik ve nicelik a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan performans kapasitesi, karakteristik &#246;zellikler ve motivasyon de&#287;erlendirmesi (Slu&#353;ovice, psikolojik de&#287;erlendirme i&#231;in test yap&#305;ld&#305; ki ba&#351;ka kimse o d&#246;nemler bunu yapm&#305;yor) 3. Kooperatif ba&#351;kan&#305; ile r&#246;portaj birebir m&#252;lakat zorunlulu&#287;u getirildi.</p><p>&#304;&#351;&#231;ileri motive eden en &#246;nemli &#351;eylerden biri, g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m kadar&#305;yla, JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;un kurdu&#287;u <strong>Pensioners' Care Unit</strong> birimiydi. JZD'de 10 y&#305;l &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351; <strong>herkes emekli</strong> maa&#351;&#305; al&#305;yordu, yani emekli olmak i&#231;in ya&#351; &#246;nemli de&#287;ildi, sadece i&#351; performans&#305; (i&#351;e ge&#231; kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda o g&#252;n &#246;deme alam&#305;yordunuz - &#231;al&#305;&#351;mam&#305;&#351; varsay&#305;l&#305;yordu) &#246;nemliydi. Emekli maa&#351;&#305; alman&#305;n yan&#305;nda &#231;e&#351;itli haklar da vard&#305;. Bu haklar aras&#305;nda kooperatifin sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305; ula&#351;&#305;mdan bedava yararlanma, k&#252;lt&#252;r &amp; spor etkinliklerine kat&#305;lma, kooperatif mutfa&#287;&#305;ndan ucuza yemek yeme gibi haklar vard&#305;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png" width="771" height="568" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:568,&quot;width&quot;:771,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:168333,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VaIA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3c1f7cb7-496f-4a3a-bdb0-7682001ac696_771x568.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Sayfa 45. Emeklilik, 10 y&#305;l &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Yukar&#305;da bahsedilen b&#252;t&#252;n iyile&#351;tirmeler yap&#305;l&#305;rken, JZD Slu&#353;ovice &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir f&#305;rsat yakalad&#305;. JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;un sahip oldu&#287;u arazi sadece s&#305;&#287;&#305;r yeti&#351;tirmek i&#231;in elveri&#351;liydi. Zaten kooperatifin modern tar&#305;m makinelerine eri&#351;imi yoktu. Basit&#231;e, kooperatifin &#231;ok fazla s&#305;&#287;&#305;r&#305; ama &#231;ok az patatesi vard&#305;. &#268;uba, yak&#305;nlardaki da&#287;l&#305;k b&#246;lgedeki bir ba&#351;ka kooperatifin tam tersi sorun ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; fark etti, patatesleri var ama s&#305;&#287;&#305;rlar&#305; yok. Tar&#305;m Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;ndan izin ald&#305; ve iki kooperatif aras&#305;nda bu &#252;r&#252;nler &#252;zerinden takasa ba&#351;lad&#305;. Bu durum kooperatife kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmal&#305; &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k sa&#287;lad&#305; 1966 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#252;retken olmayan departmanlar kapat&#305;ld&#305; ve kooperatif daha &#231;ok s&#305;&#287;&#305;r &#252;retimine odakland&#305;. Kooperatif y&#305;llar i&#231;inde makinele&#351;ti. JZD Slu&#353;ovice, kom&#351;u JZD'lerle birle&#351;me yoluyla geni&#351;ledi. Kendi ba&#351;&#305;na 392 hektar olan k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir kooperatifken 1989 y&#305;l&#305;nda di&#287;er 19 k&#246;y&#252; kapsayan neredeyse 7000 hektara sahip bir kooperatif oldu. (Bu paragraf&#305;n tamam&#305;, ss. 15-16). </p><p>Not: Tezde yaz&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;ekilde bu birle&#351;meler g&#246;n&#252;ll&#252; ger&#231;ekle&#351;memi&#351;. Devlet, JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;&#305;n di&#287;er JZD&#8217;lere g&#246;re daha ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;unu fark ettik&#231;e birle&#351;meleri zorlam&#305;&#351;. Bu da i&#351;&#231;i disipliniyle ilgili zamanla s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305; &#231;&#305;karm&#305;&#351; ama toparlam&#305;&#351;lar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png" width="686" height="256.9119579500657" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:285,&quot;width&quot;:761,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:686,&quot;bytes&quot;:63283,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pIV6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0e2def95-6da7-4c67-a2f5-e04c4ddb0299_761x285.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Di&#287;er JZD'lerin Slu&#353;ovice JZD'ye Ba&#287;lanma Y&#305;l&#305; ve K&#252;milatif Hektar</figcaption></figure></div><p>D&#246;nemin sosyalist &#199;ekoslovakya&#8217;s&#305; &#8220;&#231;ift&#231;iler sadece &#231;ift&#231;ilik yapar&#8221;  slogan&#305;n&#305; benimsiyordu. &#268;uba, bu anlay&#305;&#351; &#231;er&#231;evesinde a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a yasaklanm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men, JZD'yi basit tar&#305;m i&#351;lerinin &#246;tesine ge&#231;irmeye karar verdi. &#199;ekoslovakya pazar&#305;ndaki bo&#351;luklar&#305; arad&#305; ve bu &#252;r&#252;nleri &#252;retmek i&#231;in projeler ba&#351;latt&#305;. JZD, uzmanlar&#305; ve profes&#246;rleri, yeni alanlar ve &#252;retimler hakk&#305;nda konu&#351;mak &#252;zere davet ettikleri bir s&#252;r&#252; toplant&#305; ve ara&#351;t&#305;rma komisyonu d&#252;zenledi. Bu toplant&#305;lar sonucu, pazarda g&#246;r&#252;len bo&#351;luklar&#305; dolduracak bir &#252;r&#252;n &#252;retilebilece&#287;ine karar verilirse, bunu yapmak i&#231;in yeni bir departman kuruldu (s. 16)</p><p>&#268;uba, ger&#231;ekten yetenekli y&#246;neticilerin say&#305;ca az oldu&#287;u ve bu nedenle yeterli e&#287;itimi olmayan bir ki&#351;inin bile lider pozisyonuna ula&#351;abilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu. Kendisi i&#231;in <strong>do&#287;u&#351;tan gelen</strong> beceriler &#246;nemliydi. Ayr&#305;ca, y&#246;netim pozisyonlar&#305;na gelmek isteyen y&#252;ksek e&#287;itimli ki&#351;ilerin el i&#351;lerinde deneyim kazanmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;nemli buluyordu (s.33, akl&#305;n&#305;zda tutun dedi&#287;im yeri hat&#305;rlam&#305;&#351;s&#305;n&#305;zd&#305;r). Y&#246;netici vasf&#305;na sahip olan ki&#351;ileri bulmak i&#231;in bir&#231;ok ki&#351;iyi, hatta Sosyalist partide kendisine muhalif olan ki&#351;ileri dahi, yukar&#305;daki kriterler &#231;er&#231;evesinde kooperatife ald&#305;. Kendisi i&#231;in parti i&#231;indeki d&#252;&#351;manl&#305;&#287;&#305;n &#246;nemi yoktu. &#214;nemli olan tek &#351;ey kooperatifin kriterlerini sa&#287;layan insanlar&#305; bulmak ve onlar&#305; g&#246;reve getirmekti. &#8220;Her &#351;irketin var olan sistemle belli bir &#351;ekilde ili&#351;ki kurmas&#305;, daha sonra kendi ba&#351;&#305;na daha da geli&#351;mesi gerekir. Sosyalist ya da kapitalist bir i&#351;letme yoktur. <a href="https://www.reflex.cz/clanek/causy/73407/frantisek-cuba-autor-slusovickeho-zazraku-komunista-i-batuv-ucednik.html">Sadece i&#351;letme vard&#305;r</a>&#8221; diyordu &#268;uba, Robert Sedl&#225;&#269;ek'in 1999 tarihli Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba: Slu&#353;ovice Mucizesi belgeselinde&#8230;</p><p>Bahsetti&#287;im gibi &#199;ekoslovakya yasalar&#305; JZD'lerin tar&#305;m d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki ekonomik faaliyetlerle u&#287;ra&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; belirli &#246;l&#231;&#252;lerde k&#305;s&#305;tl&#305;yordu. JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;nin ba&#351;ar&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; fark eden gazeteciler daha 1964 y&#305;l&#305;nda Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;y&#305; haber yapmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;de &#231;al&#305;&#351;an ki&#351;ilerin her g&#252;n on saate kadar &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;klar&#305; &#246;&#287;renilince herkes &#351;a&#351;&#305;rd&#305; (Sosyalist &#252;lkelerde uzun &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma saatleri sorunu). &#268;uba ve di&#287;er JZD yetkilileri, &#231;e&#351;itli i&#351;ler yapmalar&#305;n&#305; (tar&#305;mdan farkl&#305;) ve uzun saatler &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n&#305; hakl&#305; &#231;&#305;karmak i&#231;in s&#252;rekli olarak Slu&#353;ovice topra&#287;&#305;n&#305;n verimsizli&#287;ine vurgu yapt&#305;. Elbette, sadece bu bahane de&#287;ildi kendilerini kurtaran, ayn&#305; zamanda politik dostlar&#305; vard&#305;. &#268;uba, Kom&#252;nist Partsi &#252;yesiydi ve Kom&#252;nist partide &#246;nemli m&#252;ttefikleri ve d&#252;&#351;manlar&#305; vard&#305;. En &#246;nemli m&#252;ttefiki Ba&#351;bakan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubom%C3%ADr_%C5%A0trougal">Lubom&#237;r &#352;trougal</a> idi ve en &#246;nemli d&#252;&#351;man&#305; &#199;ekoslovakya Kom&#252;nist Partisi Birinci Sekreteri ve daha sonra Ba&#351;kan olan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k">Gustav Husak</a> idi. Husak, Slu&#353;ovice'ye b&#252;y&#252;k bir dikkatle takip ediyordu. </p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Ba&#351;kan G. Hus&#225;k'&#305;n tar&#305;m kooperatifimize ilgi g&#246;sterdi&#287;ine dair s&#305;k s&#305;k bilgi al&#305;yorduk. Gazetelerin Slu&#353;ovice'den bahsetti&#287;i yerleri i&#351;aretliyordu. Bir kez, Ba&#351;bakan'dan (Lubom&#237;r &#352;trougal) &#246;zellikle &#231;e&#351;itli kalk&#305;nma programlar&#305; i&#231;in paray&#305; nereden buldu&#287;umuz ve bunlar&#305;n arkas&#305;nda kimin oldu&#287;u konusunda bir a&#231;&#305;klama talep etti. H&#252;k&#251;metin, Slu&#353;ovice'ye para vermedi&#287;i y&#246;n&#252;ndeki her a&#231;&#305;klama kendisini rahats&#305;z etti.&#8221;</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>Ba&#351;ka bir yerde &#352;trougal'&#305;n etkisini do&#287;rudan anlat&#305;yor. &#8220;&#214;rne&#287;in, &#252;st d&#252;zey politikac&#305;lardan biri, yeni in&#351;a edilen dev sera kompleksini gezdikten sonra, &#8216;Bunu yapmak i&#231;in size kim izin verdi?&#8217; diye sordu. Slu&#353;ovice &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar&#305; sessiz kal&#305;nca, hayal k&#305;r&#305;kl&#305;&#287;&#305;na u&#287;ram&#305;&#351; bir &#351;ekilde devam etti: 'Size &#352;trougal m&#305; izin verdi? Yine kimse cevap vermedi. Bunun &#252;st&#252;ne politikac&#305;: 'San&#305;r&#305;m bu <a href="https://www.reflex.cz/clanek/causy/73407/frantisek-cuba-autor-slusovickeho-zazraku-komunista-i-batuv-ucednik.html">da yan&#305;n&#305;za k&#226;r kalacak&#8221;</a> dedi.</p></blockquote><p>&#268;uba&#8217;n&#305;n ayn&#305; zamanda &#199;ekoslovak gizli polisi (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StB">StB</a>) ile de g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ba&#287;lar&#305; vard&#305;; bu da JZD Slu&#353;ovice'nin Bat&#305; &#252;lkelerinden ithalat <a href="https://www.reflex.cz/clanek/causy/73407/frantisek-cuba-autor-slusovickeho-zazraku-komunista-i-batuv-ucednik.html">yapmas&#305;na olanak sa&#287;&#305;l&#305;yordu.</a> 1980'lerin sonunda zirveye ula&#351;an JZD Slu&#353;ovice, biyokimya ve s&#252;t &#252;r&#252;nleri, modern b&#246;cek ila&#231;lar&#305;, hidroponik olarak yeti&#351;tirilen sebzeler, hatta bilgisayar &#252;retip sat&#305;yordu.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png" width="701" height="380" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:380,&quot;width&quot;:701,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:37964,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tgEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc259e7b-1817-460a-b67f-8d5a7d0ba892_701x380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">ABD, Sosyalist &#199;ekoslovakya ve JZD Slsovice&#8217;de Y&#305;ll&#305;k Ortalama S&#252;t &#220;retimi Grafi&#287;i, s. 19</figcaption></figure></div><p> Slu&#353;ovice'nin kendi bankas&#305; da vard&#305;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png" width="728" height="526.5585585585585" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:562,&quot;width&quot;:777,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:126632,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rW_H!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7cf29404-760f-4364-a878-23bb0f130db4_777x562.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Banka B&#246;l&#252;m&#252;, s. 27.</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ayn&#305; zamanda, Bat&#305;&#8217;dan gelen &#252;r&#252;nlerin de bulundu&#287;u - &#246;rne&#287;in Coca Cola/Pepsi - geni&#351; &#231;apl&#305; yerel ma&#287;azalar&#305; vard&#305;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png" width="921" height="682" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:682,&quot;width&quot;:921,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:857803,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kQEN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F344c4ccd-70d6-456c-a4f9-fa476874ae47_921x682.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Kendi futbol tak&#305;mlar&#305;na, hatta 6 adet u&#231;a&#287;&#305; olan <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Moravia">Air Moravia</a> ad&#305;nda s&#246;zle&#351;meli bir havayolu &#351;irketine sahiplerdi. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png" width="1161" height="622" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:622,&quot;width&quot;:1161,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:153166,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EoR_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F20cfdbe3-1f0b-43a1-b4f8-2eb2a1057449_1161x622.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Ek olarak, kooperatif d&#252;zenli olarak at yar&#305;&#351;lar&#305; d&#252;zenliyordu ve turistlerin ilgisini &#231;ekiyordu. Zamanla Slu&#353;ovice'yi turistik bir cazibe merkezi haline getirdi. 1980'lerde Slu&#353;ovice yerel ve yabanc&#305; medyada &#231;ok fazla ilgi g&#246;rmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;. Kooperatif, i&#351;&#231;iler i&#231;in gerekli sosyal konut, sa&#287;l&#305;k merkezi ve bir kooperatif mutfa&#287;&#305; in&#351;a etti. Daha 1970'lerde kooperatif kendini halka sadece &#252;r&#252;nlerinin kalitesiyle de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda sporla da tan&#305;tmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Motor yar&#305;&#351;lar&#305; ve at yar&#305;&#351;lar&#305; d&#252;zenliyordu, daha sonra ba&#351;ka sekt&#246;rler de eklendi (s. 17).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png" width="1205" height="732" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:732,&quot;width&quot;:1205,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Dzv5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72f3edbd-d023-4748-b847-fa10a0ff5a6b_1205x732.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">1980&#8217;lerden Cuba&#8217;yla R&#246;portaj.</figcaption></figure></div><h2>B&#304;LG&#304;SAYAR &#220;RET&#304;M&#304;</h2><p>&#268;uba, 1970'lerin ba&#351;&#305;ndan beri kulland&#305;klar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;k performans g&#246;steren <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_family_of_computers">Minsk 22 bilgisayar&#305; yenilemek</a> istiyordu. Bu ama&#231;la Slovakya Bilimler Akademisi'ndeki ba&#287;lant&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; kullanarak birka&#231; programc&#305;y&#305; i&#351;e ald&#305; ve ilk bilgisayarlar&#305;n&#305; &#252;rettiler. &#304;lk bilgisayarlar, s&#252;t &#252;retimini izlemek ve di&#287;er basit otomatik g&#246;revleri ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmek i&#231;in kullan&#305;ld&#305;. Bir&#231;ok kurulu&#351; bu yeni bilgisayar&#305; duydu ve sat&#305;n almak i&#231;in Slu&#353;ovice'ye geldi. &#268;uba ve ekibi ilk ba&#351;ta Terminal A&#287; Sistemi'nin k&#305;saltmas&#305; olan TNS'yi satma konusunda teredd&#252;t etti; l&#226;kin daha sonra geriye d&#246;n&#252;k olarak onu <a href="https://www.poznatsvet.cz/historie/pocitace-vyroba-slusovice/?seznam-hp=1#:~:text=Vrcholn%C3%BDm%20po%C4%8Dinem%20se%20stal%20po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D%20TNS%20%E2%80%93%20%E2%80%9ETen,pr%C5%AFkopn%C3%ADka%20v%20oblasti%20%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD%20proces%C5%AF%20v%20re%C3%A1ln%C3%A9m%20%C4%8Dase.">Ten N&#225;&#353; System veya "bizim sistemimiz" olarak yeniden adland&#305;rd&#305;.</a> TNS bilgisayarlar&#305;, Bat&#305;'da bulunan 8 bitlik bilgisayarlar&#305;n kopyalar&#305;yd&#305;, do&#287;al olarak <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80">Zilog Z80 </a>i&#351;lemcisini kullan&#305;yordu. TNS, biyoteknolojik s&#252;re&#231;lerden hidroponik bitki &#252;retimine kadar her &#351;eyi kontrol eden ve Slu&#353;ovice'i ger&#231;ek zamanl&#305; s&#252;re&#231; kontrol&#252; alan&#305;nda &#246;nc&#252; yapan &#231;ok kullan&#305;c&#305;l&#305; ve &#231;ok g&#246;revli, ger&#231;ekten devrim niteli&#287;inde bir bilgisayard&#305;. Kooperatif 1974 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#252;lkede bilgisayarla donat&#305;lan ilk tar&#305;msal i&#351;letme olmu&#351;tur ve bilgisayar kullan&#305;m&#305; verimlilikte ve &#252;retimin optimizasyonunda &#246;nemli bir iyile&#351;meye yol a&#231;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kooperatifin k&#226;r&#305; artm&#305;&#351; ve bu sayede &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar&#305;n&#305;n ya&#351;amlar&#305;na yat&#305;r&#305;m yapma imk&#226;n&#305; bulmu&#351;tur. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp" width="640" height="426" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:426,&quot;width&quot;:640,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;JZD Slu&#353;ovice was also engaged in the production of computers&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="JZD Slu&#353;ovice was also engaged in the production of computers" title="JZD Slu&#353;ovice was also engaged in the production of computers" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6KSo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff375a032-9f10-483b-a614-d7426ba258c7_640x426.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Bilgisayar &#252;retim merkezinden.</figcaption></figure></div><p>TNS bilgisayarlar&#305;, 1982 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#246;d&#252;l ald&#305;&#287;&#305; bir <strong>tar&#305;m fuar&#305;nda</strong> gururla &#252;lkede tan&#305;t&#305;ld&#305;. Bu bilgisayarlar daha sonra gen&#231;lerin e&#287;itimi i&#231;in okullara sat&#305;ld&#305;. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp" width="1366" height="910" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:910,&quot;width&quot;:1366,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;JZD Agrokombin&#225;t Slu&#353;ovice pat&#345;il k nejproduktivn&#283;j&#353;&#237;m zem&#283;d&#283;lsk&#253;m podnik&#367;m v &#268;SSR&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="JZD Agrokombin&#225;t Slu&#353;ovice pat&#345;il k nejproduktivn&#283;j&#353;&#237;m zem&#283;d&#283;lsk&#253;m podnik&#367;m v &#268;SSR" title="JZD Agrokombin&#225;t Slu&#353;ovice pat&#345;il k nejproduktivn&#283;j&#353;&#237;m zem&#283;d&#283;lsk&#253;m podnik&#367;m v &#268;SSR" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!TuDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43928b6e-c827-47d1-b3fe-96f5afc2d10b_1366x910.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><a href="https://www.poznatsvet.cz/historie/pocitace-vyroba-slusovice/?seznam-hp=1#:~:text=Vrcholn%C3%BDm%20po%C4%8Dinem%20se%20stal%20po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8D%20TNS%20%E2%80%93%20%E2%80%9ETen,pr%C5%AFkopn%C3%ADka%20v%20oblasti%20%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD%20proces%C5%AF%20v%20re%C3%A1ln%C3%A9m%20%C4%8Dase.">Ten N&#225;&#353; System </a>(the system that is ours) Tan&#305;t&#305;m&#305;, 1982.</figcaption></figure></div><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_68000">1980'lere gelindi&#287;inde Bat&#305; &#252;lkeleri, Motorola 68000 </a>gibi g&#252;&#231;l&#252; &#231;iplerle desteklenen 16 bitlik bilgisayarlar&#305;n &#252;retimine ba&#351;lad&#305;. Bu &#231;ipler <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comecon">comecon </a>&#252;lkelerin &#252;rettiklerinden daha ileri seviyedeydi, bu nedenle JZD Slu&#353;ovice, daha geli&#351;mi&#351; bu &#231;ipleri yurtd&#305;&#351;&#305;ndan ithal etmek zorunda kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. </p><h2>Her &#350;eyin &#199;&#246;kt&#252;&#287;&#252; O Y&#305;l</h2><p>JZD Slu&#353;ovice,  Franti&#353;ek &#268;uba&#8217;n&#305;n liderli&#287;inde 1989 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde sat&#305;&#351;lar&#305;nda 7 milyar krona ula&#351;m&#305;&#351; ve k&#226;r&#305; 830 milyona yakla&#351;m&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ayn&#305; y&#305;l Kadife Devrim ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. Kom&#252;nist Partinin neredeyse 40 y&#305;l s&#252;ren y&#246;netiminin sonuna geldi. H&#305;zl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde piyasa ekonomisine ge&#231;ildi. Kapitalist yeni rejim kooperatife pek iyi davranmad&#305;. Yeni ba&#351;kan Vaclav Havel,  Slu&#353;ovice'yi &#199;ek g&#305;da end&#252;strisini kontrol eden ve varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; her yerde hissettiren bir mafya olmakla su&#231;lad&#305;. &#268;uba, 1990 y&#305;l&#305;nda istifa etti.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Bug&#252;n, Vala&#353;sk&#233; Klobouky b&#246;lgesinin vadilerinde bir yerlerde, konsept olarak kooperatif &#231;ift&#231;ili&#287;inin mevcut a&#351;amas&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok ilerisinde olan; konseptinin modernli&#287;ini, refah&#305;n&#305; ve uygulanabilirli&#287;ini g&#246;steren bir tar&#305;msal i&#351;letmenin in&#351;a edilmi&#351; olmas&#305;ndan gurur duyuyorum.&#8221; (s. 20)</p></blockquote><p>Daha sonra kooperatif &#252;yeleri i&#231;in &#246;zel banka hesaplar&#305; olu&#351;turma ve &#199;ekoslovak Devlet Bankas&#305; d&#252;zenlemelerini ihlal etme su&#231;uyla su&#231;land&#305;; l&#226;kin 2000 y&#305;l&#305;nda bu su&#231;lardan beraat etti. Kooperatifin varl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;o&#287;u y&#252;zden fazla &#351;irkete devredildi ve kooperatif iflasa s&#252;r&#252;klendi. Ana organizasyon da ilgin&#231; bir &#351;ekilde kendi adlar&#305;ndaki "JZD"yi koruyarak bir &#351;irkete d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. JZD Slu&#353;ovice zaman&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok ilerisindeydi, rejim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i birka&#231; y&#305;l sonra ger&#231;ekle&#351;seydi e&#287;er daha da ileride olabilirdi </p><p>&#268;uba, emekli olduktan &#199;ekya&#8217;da Senat&#246;r olarak g&#246;rev yapt&#305;. G&#246;rev s&#252;resi boyunca &#199;ekya'n&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;klerinden biri olan Holesov'da bir sanayi b&#246;lgesinin kurulmas&#305;n&#305; onaylad&#305;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png" width="703" height="655" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:655,&quot;width&quot;:703,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:114991,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FE3p!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5b174b6b-9518-4767-b834-15acc00e41dc_703x655.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>2016 y&#305;l&#305;na do&#287;ru sa&#287;l&#305;k sorunlar&#305; ba&#351;lad&#305;. 2018 y&#305;l&#305;nda  g&#246;revinden istifa etti. 2019  y&#305;l&#305;nda vefat etti. JZD Slu&#353;ovice&#8217;den Asianometry videosuna kadar herhangi bir yerde bahsedildi&#287;ini duymad&#305;m. Duydu&#287;umda da bulabildi&#287;im kaynaklardan okudum ve Asianometry videosu ile birle&#351;tirdim. Yine de eri&#351;emedi&#287;im &#351;eyler var. A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki videolar&#305;n tamam&#305; &#199;ek&#231;e, hatta bir belgeseli dahi var. Herhangi bir altyaz&#305; olmad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in &#231;eviri kullanam&#305;yorum ama ilk videoyu a&#231;arsan&#305;z bilgisayarlar&#305;, Slu&#353;ovice k&#246;y&#252;n&#252;, eski i&#351; yerini vb. &#351;eyleri g&#246;rebilirsiniz. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png" width="1052" height="882" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:882,&quot;width&quot;:1052,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:560706,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F1_9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd65733c8-7cb4-4a3d-a353-6f8f3739aa5e_1052x882.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" 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x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Hepsi &#199;ek&#231;e :(</figcaption></figure></div><p> </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[IQ, Kalıtım, Öğrendiklerim]]></title><description><![CDATA[Uzun...]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/iq-hakknda-bilmeniz-gerekenler</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/iq-hakknda-bilmeniz-gerekenler</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Apr 2024 14:31:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bu yaz&#305;, IQ ve zek&#226; ile ilgilenmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda bilmeniz gereken birka&#231; maddeye de&#287;inecek. Uzun uzun giri&#351; yazmak istemiyorum, o y&#252;zden ayr&#305;mlarla ve tart&#305;&#351;malarla ba&#351;layal&#305;m. Kaynaklar yaz&#305;n&#305;n i&#231;indeki eylemlere g&#246;m&#252;l&#252; olacakt&#305;r.</p><h2><strong>1) IQ ve Zek&#226; Nedir?</strong></h2><p>Zek&#226;: "Zeka, ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme, planlama, problem &#231;&#246;zme, soyut d&#252;&#351;&#252;nme, karma&#351;&#305;k fikirleri kavrama, h&#305;zl&#305; &#246;&#287;renme ve deneyimlerden &#246;&#287;renme becerilerini i&#231;eren <strong>genel bir zihinsel</strong> yetenektir. Sadece kitaptan &#246;&#287;renme, dar bir akademik beceri ya da test &#231;&#246;zme becerisi de&#287;ildir. Daha ziyade, &#231;evremizi kavramaya y&#246;nelik daha geni&#351; ve daha derin bir yetene&#287;i yans&#305;t&#305;r - 'kavramak', bir &#351;eyleri 'anlamland&#305;rmak' veya ne yapaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; 'bulmak'. Daha &#246;z bir ifadeyle, zeka "h&#305;zl&#305; ve do&#287;ru problem &#231;&#246;zme" olarak <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1412107">tan&#305;mlanabilir. </a></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Bu nedenle zek&#226;n&#305;n baz&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda <strong>&#8220;general factor of intelligence/Genel Zek&#226; Fakt&#246;r&#252;&#8221; veya</strong><em><strong> g</strong></em><strong> factor/</strong><em><strong>g</strong></em><strong> fakt&#246;r olarak</strong> yaz&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;rs&#252;n&#252;z. &#304;statistiksel bir olgu olarak genel zeka (g), farkl&#305; bili&#351;sel test bataryalar&#305;ndan elde edilen evrensel bir bulgudur.</p><p>IQ, bir bireyin belirli bir IQ testi ile &#246;l&#231;&#252;len genel zek&#226;s&#305;n&#305;n <strong>puan&#305;d&#305;r</strong>. Normal da&#287;&#305;l&#305;mda nerede kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir. Zek&#226;y&#305; ifade etmemizi sa&#287;layan bir say&#305;d&#305;r sadece. S&#246;z konusu testte elde edilen zek&#226;y&#305; yans&#305;t&#305;r. IQ skorlar&#305;n&#305; anlamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken yap&#305;lan en b&#252;y&#252;khata, IQ testi puanlar&#305;n&#305;n metre, litre veya gram vb. &#246;l&#231;&#252; birimlerine benzer oldu&#287;unu varsaymakt&#305;r; l&#226;kin IQ &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252; b&#246;yle de&#287;il. Metre, litre ve gram gibi &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerde bir &#351;eyi s&#305;f&#305;r olarak &#246;l&#231;mek, ger&#231;ekten <strong>s&#305;f&#305;r</strong> anlam&#305;na gelir ve &#8220;100 birim&#8221; <strong>50 birimin</strong> iki kat&#305;d&#305;r . IQ testi puanlar&#305; aral&#305;kl&#305; &#246;l&#231;ekler kullanarak bir yap&#305;y&#305; (construct) &#246;l&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r ve yaln&#305;zca ayn&#305; ya&#351;taki di&#287;er insanlara g&#246;re anlam ta&#351;&#305;r. &#214;l&#231;&#252;m, di&#287;er insanlar&#305;n da testi &#231;&#246;zmesiyle anlam kazan&#305;r. Y&#252;ksek puan alan ki&#351;iler genellikle bili&#351;sel yetenekleri &#246;l&#231;en di&#287;er testlerde daha ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; olurlar, ancak 130 IQ puan alan biri 100 IQ puan&#305; alan birinden %30 daha zeki de&#287;ildir. 130 puan, ki&#351;iyi n&#252;fusun en y&#252;ksek %2&#8217;lik dilimine yerle&#351;tirirken, 100 puan ortalamaya koyar. IQ skorunun 100'den 103'e &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; ile 133'ten 136'ya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305; ayn&#305; &#351;ey <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3950413/pdf/fnsys-08-00034.pdf">de&#287;ildir.</a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:230,&quot;width&quot;:359,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Normal Distribution of IQ Test Scores:&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Normal Distribution of IQ Test Scores:" title="Normal Distribution of IQ Test Scores:" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0Bxm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_lossy/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66958b4f-6b41-461e-ac77-023c3cc2fd5b_359x230.gif 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg" width="474" height="407" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:407,&quot;width&quot;:474,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;11 Bell ideas | bell curve, statistics math, curve&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="11 Bell ideas | bell curve, statistics math, curve" title="11 Bell ideas | bell curve, statistics math, curve" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0jCo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F928dbe28-3096-4b9e-9f4f-5ee7ab41b273_474x407.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Bu &#246;l&#231;e&#287;in &#252;st&#252;ne biraz daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;zde, asl&#305;nda, IQ skorlar&#305; di&#287;er insanlar&#305;n da&#287;&#305;l&#305;mda nereye d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;ne g&#246;re anlaml&#305;. En d&#252;&#351;&#252;k puan&#305; alanlar zek&#226; gerili&#287;i ya&#351;ayan &#231;ocuklar ve bu &#231;ocuklar IQ testlerinin giri&#351; sorular&#305;n&#305; yapabiliyorlar ama di&#287;erlerinde zorlan&#305;yor. Bu &#246;rne&#287;i daha iyi anlamak isterseniz TYT puanlar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;en sitelere girin. Matematik netinize 1 yaz&#305;n ve farkl&#305; y&#305;llara g&#246;re ka&#231; puan ald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;za bak&#305;n. Al&#305;nan puanlar, o sene s&#305;nava giren insanlar&#305;n da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m&#305;na g&#246;re anlam kazan&#305;r. Puanlar farkl&#305; normland&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in al&#305;nan puanda farkl&#305;l&#305;k g&#246;receksiniz. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png" width="1217" height="648" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:648,&quot;width&quot;:1217,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:36210,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v2Ed!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82d44c5f-1c72-45b5-88db-ed8260c21dad_1217x648.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Yukar&#305;daki &#246;rnekte rastgele netler girdim. Dikkatinizi ne &#231;ekiyor? Y&#305;llara g&#246;re yap&#305;lan netler sizi da&#287;&#305;l&#305;mda farkl&#305; bir yere koyuyor. IQ skorlar&#305;n&#305; da bir pop&#252;lasyondaki da&#287;&#305;l&#305;ma g&#246;re d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeniz gerekli, di&#287;er insanlar da &#231;&#246;zd&#252;k&#231;e anlam kazan&#305;yor. </p><h2><strong>2) Kal&#305;t&#305;m Derecesi Nedir?</strong></h2><p>&#304;nsanlar&#305;n bunu anlarken &#231;ok zorland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rd&#252;m. Bu nedenle &#252;zerinde durmak istiyorum. </p><p>Kal&#305;tsall&#305;k/Heritability (istatistik &#246;zelinde <strong>kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi k</strong>elimesini daha do&#287;ru buluyorum), insanlar&#305;n genlerindeki (genotip) farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n, <strong>&#246;zelliklerindeki farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; (fenotip)</strong> ne kadar iyi a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252;d&#252;r. &#214;zellikler aras&#305;nda boy, g&#246;z rengi ve zek&#226; olabilir. Bunlar&#305;n yan&#305; s&#305;ra &#351;izofreni ve otizm spektrum bozuklu&#287;u gibi rahats&#305;zl&#305;klar&#305; da i&#231;erebilir. Bilimsel anlamda kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi, belirli bir &#246;zellikteki varyasyonun ne kadar&#305;n&#305;n genetik varyasyona atfedilebilece&#287;ini a&#231;&#305;klayan istatistiksel bir kavramd&#305;r (h&#178; olarak g&#246;sterilir). Bir &#246;zelli&#287;in kal&#305;tsall&#305;&#287;&#305;na ili&#351;kin bir tahmin, bir &#231;evrede ya&#351;ayan <strong>pop&#252;lasyona &#246;zg&#252;d&#252;r</strong> ve ko&#351;ullar de&#287;i&#351;tik&#231;e zaman i&#231;inde de&#287;i&#351;ebilir.</p><p>Bu bilgiyi sindirelim ve basitle&#351;tirelim. Ben size zek&#226; %80 kal&#305;tsald&#305;r dedi&#287;im zaman sizin zek&#226;n&#305;z&#305;n %80&#8217;inin genetik &#246;zelliklerden, geri kalan&#305;n&#305;n &#231;evreden geldi&#287;ini s&#246;ylemiyorum. Kal&#305;tsall&#305;k bir <strong>pop&#252;lasyon</strong> istatisti&#287;idir. &#304;nsanlar ARASI g&#246;r&#252;len farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n ne kadar&#305;n&#305;n genetik &#231;e&#351;itlilikten kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;r. Bu nedenle kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru her zaman &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;n yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; pop&#252;lasyona <strong>&#246;zeldir</strong>. Pop&#252;lasyonlar&#305;n &#231;evresi farkl&#305; oldu&#287;u i&#231;in kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru de&#287;i&#351;ebilir. Bu noktay&#305; hat&#305;rlay&#305;n &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bir sonraki ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z bu zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;t&#305;m&#305; &#252;zerine olacak. Haydi biraz daha derine inelim:</p><p>A. Kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi, <strong>bir &#246;zelli&#287;in</strong> hangi oran&#305;n&#305;n genler taraf&#305;ndan, hangi oran&#305;n&#305;n &#231;evre taraf&#305;ndan belirlendi&#287;ini g&#246;stermez. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, <strong>0.7'lik</strong> bir kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi, bir &#246;zelli&#287;in %70 oran&#305;nda genetik fakt&#246;rlerden kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez; bir <strong>pop&#252;lasyondaki &#246;zellikteki farkl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n %70'inin</strong> insanlar aras&#305;ndaki genetik farkl&#305;l&#305;klardan kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p>B. Bir &#246;zelli&#287;in kal&#305;tsall&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bilmek, hangi genlerin veya &#231;evresel etkilerin s&#246;z konusu oldu&#287;u veya bunlar&#305;n &#246;zelli&#287;i belirlemede ne kadar &#246;nemli oldu&#287;u hakk&#305;nda bize kesin bilgiler vermez.</p><p>C. Kal&#305;tsall&#305;k, irsi demek de&#287;ildir. &#214;rne&#287;in, insanlar iki bacakl&#305; canl&#305;lard&#305;r. &#304;ki bacakl&#305; olmam&#305;z haricinde bir genotipimiz yoktur. Yani, genetik olarak tek bacakl&#305; &#8220;insan&#8221; t&#252;r&#252; yoktur. &#304;nsanlar aras&#305;nda bacak say&#305;s&#305;nda g&#246;zle g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r bir da&#287;&#305;l&#305;m olu&#351;turacak &#351;ekilde farkl&#305;l&#305;klar g&#246;rmeyiz, g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z fark genellikle bir kaza sonucu baca&#287;&#305;n&#305; kaybetmi&#351; insanlard&#305;r veya genetik bir <strong>sorundan</strong> dolay&#305; baca&#287;&#305; olmayan ki&#351;ilerdir. &#304;nsanlar aras&#305;nda bacak say&#305;s&#305;nda bir fark g&#246;r&#252;lmedi&#287;i i&#231;in bacak say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n &#8220;kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi&#8221; yoktur. Bacak say&#305;m&#305;z genetik olarak belirlenmi&#351;tir. Ama boy &#246;yle mi? Hay&#305;r. &#304;nsanlar&#305;n boylar&#305;, g&#246;z renkleri, sa&#231; &#351;ekilleri ve renkleri birbirinden farkl&#305;d&#305;r. Bu farkl&#305;l&#305;klar <strong>&#8220;genetik&#8221;</strong> bir sorundan dolay&#305; ger&#231;ekle&#351;miyor. 175cm olan bir erkekle 185cm olan erkek aras&#305;nda boy se&#231;ilimini etkileyen <strong>genetik bir sorun</strong> yok. Tart&#305;&#351;abilece&#287;iniz tek &#351;ey <strong>&#8220;c&#252;celik&#8221;</strong> olabilir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; farkl&#305; hastal&#305;klarla &amp; sorunlarla ili&#351;kili.</p><p>D. Kal&#305;tsall&#305;k, bir &#246;zelli&#287;i de&#287;i&#351;tirmenin ne kadar kolay veya zor oldu&#287;u hakk&#305;nda B&#304;ZE kesin bir bilgi vermez. &#214;rne&#287;in, sa&#231; rengi y&#252;ksek kal&#305;t&#305;m skoruna sahip bir &#246;zelliktir (siyah, sar&#305;, k&#305;z&#305;l) ancak boya ile de&#287;i&#351;tirilmesi &#231;ok kolayd&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png" width="680" height="679" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:679,&quot;width&quot;:680,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!7hT_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6e45716c-ed32-44fc-9b14-812017e6cc4c_680x679.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three Laws of Behavior Genetics and What They Mean. <em>Current Directions in Psychological Science</em>, <em>9</em>(5), 160-164. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00084">https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00084</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Kal&#305;tsall&#305;k kavram&#305;n&#305; anlad&#305;ktan sonra davran&#305;&#351; geneti&#287;inin yasalar&#305;na bakal&#305;m. Her davran&#305;&#351; &#246;zelli&#287;i kal&#305;tsald&#305;r ve ayn&#305; ailede yeti&#351;tirilmenin etkisi genlerin etkisinden azd&#305;r. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252;, basit&#231;e, insanlar aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len davran&#305;&#351;lar&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u genler ve  payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evre (aile ortam&#305;, b&#252;y&#252;d&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z ev) ile de&#287;il payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre ile a&#231;&#305;klan&#305;r <strong>(payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre = toplum, epigenetik, okul, arkada&#351;lar, di&#287;er yeti&#351;kinler. Payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre ayn&#305; ailedeki karde&#351;leri birbirinden farkl&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. Eh, o zaman payla&#351;&#305;lan &#231;evrenin de yak&#305;nla&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rebilirsiniz). </strong>Bu nedenle genel kural genlerin %40-%50, payla&#351;&#305;lan ve payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evrenin %50-60 oldu&#287;udur (De&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;ini g&#246;rece&#287;iz). Bir &#351;eyi daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim. Davran&#305;&#351; geneti&#287;inde ETK&#304; boyutu k&#252;&#231;&#252;k olan bir&#231;ok gen davran&#305;&#351;larda g&#246;r&#252;len farkl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; etkiler. Tek bir genin etkiledi&#287;i &#351;eyler &#231;ok nadirdir ve genelde hastal&#305;klard&#305;r. </p><p><strong>&#350;imdi daha tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; &#351;eylere de&#287;inelim. Bu noktadan sonras&#305;n&#305; benim siyasi g&#246;r&#252;&#351;lerimden ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z okuyun. Ben elimden geldi&#287;ince her taraf&#305; sunarak anlataca&#287;&#305;m; l&#226;kin nereyi daha makul buldu&#287;unuz size kalm&#305;&#351;. Konumuz Amerikan Siyahlar&#305; ve Amerikan Beyazlar&#305; aras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len 15IQ puan fark&#305;.</strong> </p><p>Arthur Jensen basit bir form&#252;l geli&#351;tirdi. h&#178; (kal&#305;t&#305;m) =  Genler (0,80) + Aileler Aras&#305; &#199;evre (0,12) + Mikro &#199;evre (0,08). Dikkat edin, form&#252;l aileler aras&#305; &#231;evreyi &#246;l&#231;meye &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yor, yani bunu topluma ne kadar genelleyebilece&#287;imizi g&#246;steriyor. Form&#252;le g&#246;re gruplar aras&#305; (between-group) farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayan en &#246;nemli &#351;ey genler. Aileler aras&#305; (veya hadi gruplar aras&#305; diyelim) farklar sosyoekonomik stat&#252;y&#252;, fakirli&#287;i, e&#287;itim seviyesini vb. her &#351;eyi kaps&#305;yor. Mirko &#231;evre ise ilk &#231;ocuk veya son &#231;ocuk olmay&#305;, k&#252;&#231;&#252;kken kafa travmas&#305; ge&#231;irmeyi vb &#351;eyleri kaps&#305;yor (evde ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z her &#351;ey). Jensen, sosyoekonomik stat&#252;n&#252;n gruplar aras&#305; IQ farklar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klayabilece&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252; i&#231;in mikro &#231;evreyi daha &#246;nemsiz kabul ediyordu ve &#351;&#246;yle dikkat &#231;ekiyordu: &#8220;Bireyler aras&#305;ndaki IQ farklar&#305;n&#305;n %12'sini a&#231;&#305;klamak, &#231;evre ile IQ aras&#305;nda yakla&#351;&#305;k 0,33'l&#252;k bir korelasyon oldu&#287;unu g&#246;sterir&#8221;. &#350;imdi normal da&#287;&#305;l&#305;ma ge&#231;elim. A&#231;&#305;klanan y&#252;zdenin karek&#246;k&#252; korelasyona e&#351;ittir, yani 0,12'nin karek&#246;k&#252; = 0,34't&#252;r. E&#287;er durum buysa, iki grup aras&#305;ndaki &#231;evresel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar ile a&#231;&#305;klanan IQ b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;&#252; aras&#305;ndaki oran yakla&#351;&#305;k 3'e 1 olurdu. Jensen, Siyah ve Beyaz aras&#305;ndaki IQ fark&#305;n&#305; bir standart sapma olarak belirlemi&#351;tir. Dolay&#305;s&#305;yla, aradaki fark&#305;n tamam&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamak i&#231;in siyahlar&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u ortalama &#231;evrenin, beyazlar&#305;n sahip oldu&#287;u ortalama &#231;evreden 3 standart sapma daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k olmas&#305; gerekir. Siyahlar&#305;n ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; &#231;evrenin o kadar k&#246;t&#252; olmas&#305; gerekir ki, beyazlar&#305;n sadece %0,2'si bunun alt&#305;nda kals&#305;n. Ya da tam tersi, ortalama beyaz ortam&#305;n&#305;n o kadar iyi olmas&#305; gerekir ki, siyahlar&#305;n sadece %0,2'si bunun &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;kabilsin.</p><p>Bu arg&#252;mana nas&#305;l kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k verebiliriz? En &#246;nemli kar&#351;&#305; arg&#252;man kal&#305;t&#305;m skorunun bir pop&#252;lasyon istatisti&#287;i oldu&#287;udur. Beyaz (&#305;rk&#305; do&#287;ru kabul edersek) pop&#252;lasyonun sahip oldu&#287;u kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesini Siyahlarda e&#351;it g&#246;r&#252;p buradan nas&#305;l &#8220;gruplar aras&#305;&#8221;  kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru &#231;&#305;kartabiliyoruz? Bir hata var. Basit&#231;e, inceledi&#287;imiz pop&#252;lasyonun kendi i&#231;inde IQ (within-population) i&#231;in g&#246;r&#252;len kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesi, &#305;rklar aras&#305;ndaki (between-populations) ortalama IQ farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n tamamen veya k&#305;smen genetik farkl&#305;l&#305;klardan kaynakland&#305;&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelmez &#231;&#252;nk&#252; kal&#305;t&#305;m o belirli bir <strong>&#231;evrede</strong> ya&#351;ayan pop&#252;lasyonlar hakk&#305;nda bize bilgi verir &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#231;evre de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;inde kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru de&#287;i&#351;ebilir. Ve &#199;evrenin pop&#252;lasyonlar aras&#305; <strong>e&#351;it</strong> oldu&#287;unu kan&#305;tlamak ayr&#305; bir zorluk&#8230; </p><p>Lewontin&#8217;in arg&#252;man&#305; &#351;&#246;yle:</p><p>Genetik farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n bir <strong>&#246;zellik (boy gibi)</strong> i&#231;in <strong>t&#252;m bireysel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;</strong> belirledi&#287;i iki pop&#252;lasyon d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim. Boy &#246;zelli&#287;i i&#231;in bu pop&#252;lasyonda ya&#351;ayan bireyler/canl&#305;lar aras&#305; g&#246;r&#252;len b&#252;t&#252;n farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n genetik oldu&#287;unu anlar&#305;z. Yine de, ilk grubun her &#252;yesini e&#351;it derecede <strong>etkileyen; l&#226;kin </strong>ikinci grupta hi&#231; bulunmayan zararl&#305; bir &#231;evresel fakt&#246;r varsa, o zaman iki grup aras&#305;ndaki ortalama &#246;zellik fark&#305; tamamen &#231;evresel olacakt&#305;r. Lewontin, <strong>boyu uzatan</strong> genler a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan birbirinden farkl&#305; olan bir miktar (2x) tohum hayal etmemizi ister. Tohumlar&#305; rastgele iki torbaya da&#287;&#305;t&#305;n, her torba benzer ortalama kalitede genlere sahip tohumlarla dolacakt&#305;r. Bir torbadaki (x) tohumlar&#305; her bitki i&#231;in hem <em><strong>optimal</strong> </em>hem de <em><strong>e&#351;it</strong> </em>olan bir topra&#287;a (&#231;evre) ekin. Bu, <strong>genlerin</strong> o pop&#252;lasyon i&#231;indeki <em><strong>boy farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n tamam&#305;n&#305;</strong> </em>belirleyece&#287;i anlam&#305;na gelir. Sonu&#231;ta, toprak her bitki i&#231;in hem optimal hem de e&#351;itse &#231;evre boyu nas&#305;l etkileyebilir? Anlaml&#305; bir fark yaratmayacak &#231;&#252;nk&#252; b&#252;t&#252;n tohumlar i&#231;in e&#351;ittir. Di&#287;er tohumlar&#305; (x), &#231;inko i&#231;ermeyen <strong>optimal</strong> bir topra&#287;a ekin. Bu pop&#252;lasyonda bitkiler aras&#305;nda g&#246;rece&#287;imiz boy farkl&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n TAMAMINI genler belirleyecek; l&#226;kin unutmay&#305;n bu &#231;evrede &#231;inko yok. <strong>Ancak</strong>, iki pop&#252;lasyon aras&#305;ndaki ortalama boy fark&#305; <strong>tamamen</strong> <strong>&#231;evreye</strong> (&#231;inkonun varl&#305;&#287;&#305; ya da yoklu&#287;u) ba&#287;l&#305; olacakt&#305;r. &#199;inkonun oldu&#287;u &#231;evre/topraktaki bitkilerin ortalama boyu, bunu i&#231;ermeyen toprak/&#231;evrede yeti&#351;en bitkilerin ortalama boyundan y&#252;ksek olacak. Bu arg&#252;man&#305; tekrar tekrar okuyun ve kendinize &#351;unu sorun: Siyahlar&#305;n &#231;evresinde var olan ve Beyazlar&#305;n &#231;evresinde var olmayan *fakt&#246;r/fakt&#246;rler* neler olabilir? Ayn&#305; fakt&#246;rleri, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de ya&#351;ayan K&#252;rtler-T&#252;rkler-Araplar vb. etnisiteler aras&#305;nda d&#252;&#351;&#252;nebiliyor musunuz? Peki global seviyede? Bu arg&#252;man&#305;n da kar&#351;&#305; arg&#252;man&#305; var ama bu yaz&#305; &#231;ok uzar&#8230; Uzman&#305;ndan <a href="https://james-flynn.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/flynn2018-Reflections-about-intelligence-over-40-years.pdf">okuyun</a>.  </p><h2><strong>3 - Wilson Etkisi</strong></h2><p>Kal&#305;t&#305;m derecesini ve tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n&#305; &#246;&#287;rendikten sonra bilmemiz gereken en &#246;nemli etki <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/twin-research-and-human-genetics/article/wilson-effect-the-increase-in-heritability-of-iq-with-age/FF406CC4CF286D78AF72C9E7EF9B5E3F">Wilson etkisi. </a>Wilson Etkisi &#252;st&#252;ne &#231;ok uzun konu&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m bir &#351;ey de&#287;il; l&#226;kin ger&#231;ekten<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956797613478618?journalCode=pssa&amp;fbclid=IwAR1xPvOxYD72Apl4NzPLt8CQxF6DXOo_R-eKNNxwO379Mx1nfxb9jITx3vc&amp;"> &#246;nemli bir etki.</a> Kal&#305;t&#305;m skorunun etkisi ya&#351;la birlikte art&#305;yor. &#199;ocuklar&#305;n zek&#226; skorlar&#305; &#246;l&#231;&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde zek&#226; skorlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki farkl&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamada &#231;evrenin etkisi &#231;ok daha y&#252;ksek. Yani &#231;ocuklar aras&#305;nda zek&#226;da g&#246;r&#252;len farklar&#305; &#231;evreyle a&#231;&#305;klamam&#305;z daha kolay. Ya&#351;&#305;m&#305;z ilerledik&#231;e &#231;evre etkileri azalmaya ba&#351;l&#305;yor (hem payla&#351;&#305;lan hem payla&#351;&#305;lmayan &#231;evre) ve geneti&#287;in etkisi artmaya ba&#351;l&#305;yor. Alanda &#231;al&#305;&#351;an ki&#351;ilere g&#246;re artan kal&#305;t&#305;m skorunun nedeni, insan&#305;n geli&#351;imi s&#305;ras&#305;nda beyin yap&#305;s&#305; ve i&#351;levinde meydana gelen de&#287;i&#351;iklikler g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda makul g&#246;r&#252;nen ve inovasyon olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan bir s&#252;re&#231; olan yeni <strong>genetik etkilerin</strong> devreye girmesi <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4739500/pdf/emss-66004.pdf">olabilir. </a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png" width="1078" height="701" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:701,&quot;width&quot;:1078,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SDVH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6de43be5-9b8b-4cc8-99ce-28441c7fdae3_1078x701.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">A&#231;&#305;k Eri&#351;im: Top 10 Replicated Findings from Behavioral Genetics - PMC (nih.gov)</figcaption></figure></div><h2>4) Scarr-Rowe Hipotezi</h2><p>&#304;kinci ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zla ili&#351;kili olarak en tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; konulardan birine geldik. Scarr-Rowe hipotezi: &#199;ocukluk d&#246;neminde d&#252;&#351;&#252;k sosyoekonomik stat&#252;deki &#231;evrelerde b&#252;y&#252;yen ki&#351;iler aras&#305;nda zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;tsall&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;unu iddia eden bir hipotez. Zek&#226;n&#305;n kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru sosyoekonomik stat&#252;n&#252;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u &#231;evrelerde yeti&#351;en &#231;ocuklarda daha az. &#199;evre, zek&#226; &#252;zerinde daha etkili. Bu hipotezin biraz Amerika i&#231;in yaz&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; anlayabilirsiniz &#231;&#252;nk&#252; Beyaz pop&#252;lasyonu i&#231;in kal&#305;t&#305;m skorunun daha y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;unu, Siyah pop&#252;lasyon i&#231;in de kal&#305;t&#305;m skorunun daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;unu tart&#305;&#351;&#305;yor. Peki destekleniyor mu? HEM EVET HEM HAYIR. Bu noktada tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; okumak size kalm&#305;&#351; ve bunu nas&#305;l kurgulayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305; size b&#305;rak&#305;yorum. En az&#305;ndan hipotezi bilmeniz yeterli. Bu hipotezi T&#252;rkiye ba&#287;lam&#305;nda da d&#252;&#351;&#252;nebilirsiniz.</p><p>Scarr&#8217;&#305;n ilk <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.174.4016.1285">&#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;</a>. Destekleyen bir &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma daha <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4749455/">var</a>. Yak&#305;n zamanda destekleyen bir <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-023-10145-y">ba&#351;ka </a>&#231;al&#305;&#351;ma ve bir <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289618301041?via%3Dihub">Alman </a>&#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305; var. Bu <a href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20040462">Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;</a> tam tersini buluyor,  yani daha fakir insanlar aras&#305;nda kal&#305;t&#305;m skoru daha y&#252;ksek. <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1708491114">Florida&#8217;daki ikizlerde</a> bu hipotez desteklenmiyor. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10519-021-10080-w">Texas-Colorado ikiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;nda</a> desteklenmiyor. <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/twin-research-and-human-genetics/article/genetic-and-environmental-influences-on-cognitive-abilities-in-extreme-poverty/3D4BE69D37A3493D58E6E9E8D11AE832">Sahra Alt&#305; &#304;kiz &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;</a> desteklemiyor. </p><p>Buradan ne &#231;&#305;karmam&#305;z gerekiyor? A&#231;&#305;k&#231;as&#305; bilmiyorum. Scarr-Rowe hipotezi sezgisel olarak akl&#305;ma yatan ve do&#287;ru buldu&#287;um bir hipotez. Tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; ve iyi haz&#305;rlanm&#305;&#351; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n farkl&#305; sonu&#231;lar bulmas&#305; hipoteze g&#252;venle ilgili sorun yarat&#305;yor. </p><h2>5) IQ, modern toplumdaki ba&#351;ar&#305;yla do&#287;ru orant&#305;l&#305; (&#231;&#252;nk&#252; modern toplum IQ'yu se&#231;en &#246;zelliklere daha uygun)</h2><p>IQ skoru modern toplumdaki ba&#351;ar&#305;yla <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/job.714">do&#287;ru </a><a href="https://www.vox.com/2016/5/24/11723182/iq-test-intelligence">orant&#305;l&#305;</a>. &#214;rne&#287;in, m&#252;kemmel olmasa da IQ skoru, duygusal zek&#226; veya Big Five daha iyi &#351;ekilde i&#351; performans&#305;n&#305; tahmin eder.</p><p>Bu noktada insanlar&#305;n kulland&#305;&#287;&#305; kar&#351;&#305; arg&#252;man&#305; do&#287;ru buluyorum. &#214;rne&#287;in, Sentinelese halk&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n. Bu halk, Hint Okyanusundaki k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir adada ya&#351;ayan, d&#252;nyan&#305;n en izole kabilesi. Bu insanlar&#305;n bizim de&#287;er verdi&#287;imiz nicel ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme, s&#246;zc&#252;k bilgisi, bizim kabul etti&#287;imiz genel k&#252;lt&#252;r vb. &#351;eylere ayn&#305; derecede de&#287;er verdi&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nm&#252;yorum. Ama sorun &#351;u, insanlar&#305;n &#246;nemli bir k&#305;sm&#305; bu kabilenin insanlar&#305; kadar izole ya&#351;am&#305;yor. Ve bizim zek&#226; olarak kabul etti&#287;imiz &#351;ey &#231;o&#287;u &#252;lkede kabul edilmi&#351; durumda, buna uygun testleri ve &#252;lkelere uygun normlar&#305; haz&#305;rlan&#305;yor. &#214;rne&#287;in &#231;ocuklar i&#231;in haz&#305;rlanm&#305;&#351; <strong>Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children</strong> (<strong>WISC</strong>) testi, Japonlar, Koreliler, &#304;talyanlar, Endonezyal&#305;lar, &#304;sve&#231;liler ve di&#287;er gruplar taraf&#305;ndan kendilerine uygun &#351;ekilde &#231;evrilmi&#351; ve normlanm&#305;&#351; &#351;ekilde bulunuyor. </p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in, <strong>Japanese Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children testi </strong>Japon &#231;ocuklar&#305;n zek&#226;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;mek i&#231;in var. A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada &#231;ocuklar&#305;n zek&#226;lar&#305;n&#305; &#246;l&#231;erken ayn&#305; zamanda Japoncadaki Kana okumas&#305;n&#305; da &#246;l&#231;m&#252;&#351;ler &#231;&#252;nk&#252; &#304;ngilizceden farkl&#305; olarak Kanalar&#305;n (Hiragana/Katakana) okunu&#351;lar&#305; ve sesleri tamamen ayn&#305;. Bunu erken ya&#351;ta &#246;&#287;renmek daha sonra Japonca kelimelerin do&#287;ru okunmas&#305; i&#231;in &#246;nemli. Ve bu, say&#305;sal ak&#305;l y&#252;r&#252;tme, t&#252;mevar&#305;m, basit tepki s&#252;resi vb. modern toplumlarda g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;m&#252;z &#351;eye ek bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;m sadece. </p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png" width="1456" height="890" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:890,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NuB-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb5eabcfa-d180-43ca-abee-fc9f5ec80cbb_2000x1223.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Fujisawa, K. K., Todo, N., &amp; Ando, J. (2019). Changes in genetic and environmental influences on cognitive ability, executive function, and preacademic skills in Japanese preschool age twins. <em>Developmental Psychology</em>, <em>55</em>(1), 38&#8211;52. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000627">https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000627</a></figcaption></figure></div><p>Dahas&#305;, zek&#226; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n&#305; y&#252;r&#252;ten ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar aras&#305;nda zek&#226;n&#305;n en az&#305;ndan nelerden olu&#351;tu&#287;una dair bir uzla&#351;&#305; var. &#214;rne&#287;in, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289623000120">bu &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada</a> Bat&#305; &#252;lkelerinde zek&#226; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;yla u&#287;ra&#351;an ki&#351;iler ile Arap &#252;lkelerinde zek&#226; &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;yla u&#287;ra&#351;an ki&#351;ilerin zek&#226;dan ne anlad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rm&#305;&#351;lar. Her iki grup da zek&#226;y&#305; olu&#351;turan (ak&#305;&#351;kan, kristalize, haf&#305;za, i&#351;leme, g&#246;rsel ve en sonunda <em>g</em>) &#351;eyler &#252;zerinde ger&#231;ek anlamda bir fark g&#246;rm&#252;yorlar. Toplumsal olarak verdi&#287;imiz de&#287;erler aras&#305;nda b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;&#252;de farklar yok. IQ puan&#305;, kendi toplumunuzda nerde kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305; g&#246;steriyor ve de&#287;er verdi&#287;imiz &#351;eyleri &#246;l&#231;&#252;yor.</p><h1>6) Bir toplumda Y&#252;ksek Zek&#226;l&#305; Olmak &#304;yidir&#8230; </h1><p></p><p>Bili&#351;sel yetenekler (IQ skoru); <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289618300278?via%3Dihub">e&#287;itim, kazan&#231;</a>, do&#287;urganl&#305;k, <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ije/article/40/3/626/742085">sa&#287;l&#305;k ve &#246;l&#252;m</a> dahil olmak &#252;zere hayatta &#246;nemli &#351;eylerin &#231;ok iyi bir yorday&#305;c&#305;s&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p>Daha y&#252;ksek IQ, kardiyovask&#252;ler hastal&#305;klar, solunum yolu hastal&#305;klar&#305;, &#231;o&#287;u kanser t&#252;r&#252;, cinayet, intihar ve kaza dahil olmak &#252;zere &#231;o&#287;u nedenden kaynaklanan daha <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289616302331">d&#252;&#351;&#252;k &#246;l&#252;m riski ile ili&#351;kilidir. </a>&#304;yi &#246;rneklemli &#231;al&#305;&#351;malarda, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170757/pdf/emss-60254.pdf">daha y&#252;ksek IQ</a>, &#231;o&#287;u ak&#305;l hastal&#305;&#287;&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879926/">koruyucudur</a>. Daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k zek&#226;l&#305; insanlar su&#231;lu pop&#252;lasyonlar&#305;nda <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/vgi.v3i0.14834">a&#351;&#305;r&#305; temsil edilirler.</a> E&#287;itime kat&#305;l&#305;mlar&#305;, incelenen pop&#252;lasyon i&#231;indeki e&#287;itime <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289618300278?via%3Dihub">kat&#305;l&#305;mdan daha azd&#305;r.</a></p><p><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37504784/">Zeki &#231;ocuklar </a>(literat&#252;rde gifted children) ya&#351;&#305;tlar&#305;na g&#246;re daha az anksiyete sahibidir ve daha az m&#252;kemmeliyet&#231;ilerdir. Daha depresif de&#287;illerdir, ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305; duygusal sorunlar di&#287;er &#231;ocuklarla ayn&#305;d&#305;r; hayat kaliteleri ya&#351;&#305;tlar&#305;na g&#246;re biraz daha iyidir (hem fiziksel hem zihinsel anlamda); d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; gibi sosyal ili&#351;kilerde &#8211; n&#246;rogeli&#351;imsel sorunlar ya&#351;amad&#305;klar&#305; s&#252;rece &#8211; sorun ya&#351;am&#305;yorlar, asl&#305;nda &#231;ok k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir az&#305;nl&#305;&#287;&#305; sosyal ili&#351;kilerde zorlan&#305;yor. Ahlaki geli&#351;imlerinde bir sorun yok, bu konularda &#231;ok farkl&#305; de&#287;iller. Liderlik becerileri hakk&#305;nda &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m yapmak zor, yine de ya&#351;&#305;tlar&#305;ndan &#231;ok farkl&#305; de&#287;iller.</p><p>Yeti&#351;kinlikte de ki&#351;ilik ve zek&#226; aras&#305;nda, zeki &#231;ocuklarda g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252; <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2212794120">gibi belirli korelasyonlar var.</a> Zeka, anksiyete ve sinirli olma haliyle negatif ili&#351;kili. Zeki insanlar daha uyumlu ki&#351;iler de&#287;iller ama ki&#351;iler aras&#305; ili&#351;kilere biraz daha duyarl&#305;lar ve daha &#351;efkatliler. Daha &#231;al&#305;&#351;kanlar, daha d&#252;zenli, daha g&#252;venilir ve daha ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z fikirliler. Daha zeki insanlar daha d&#305;&#351;ad&#246;n&#252;k de&#287;ildir; l&#226;kin daha aktif insanlar. Genelde yeni &#351;eylere daha a&#231;&#305;k ki&#351;ilerdir. &#304;stisnalar aras&#305;nda &#231;e&#351;itlilik aray&#305;&#351;&#305;, duygusal a&#231;&#305;kl&#305;k var. Zeka ayn&#305; zamanda hem <strong>alfa</strong> hem de <strong>beta</strong> fakt&#246;rleriyle ili&#351;kiliydi. Alfa, istikrar/sosyalle&#351;medir ve sosyal olarak iyi i&#351;lev g&#246;rmenin bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;d&#252;r. Beta ise esnekliktir ve <a href="https://twitter.com/cremieuxrecueil/status/1677791286848356353">bilgi edinme e&#287;ilimini g&#246;sterir.</a> </p><p>Bunlar&#305;n iyi bir &#246;zetini okumak isterseniz ba&#351;lang&#305;&#231; olarak Russell T. Warne taraf&#305;ndan yaz&#305;lan <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Know-Debunking-Myths-about-Intelligence/dp/1108493343">In the Know: Debunking 35 Myths about Human Intelligence</a> </em>kitab&#305;n&#305; &#246;neririm.</p><h1>7) B&#252;t&#252;n ele&#351;tirilere ra&#287;men iyi bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;m</h1><p>Daha genel olarak, IQ testleri psikoloji alan&#305;ndaki g&#252;venilir &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerden <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Intelligence-That-Matters-Stuart-Ritchie/dp/1444791877/">biridir</a> ve daha &#246;nemlisi iyi replike eden bir &#246;l&#231;&#252;m olarak Psikoloji biliminin <a href="https://aeon.co/ideas/how-clever-is-it-to-dismiss-iq-tests">ba&#351;ar&#305;lar&#305;ndan </a>biridir.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg" width="680" height="617" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:617,&quot;width&quot;:680,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IY1R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4d5a91a-2fc3-4937-9fd6-b944825fdb9d_680x617.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>8) Zek&#226; art&#305;r&#305;labilir mi?</h1><p>K&#305;sa cevab&#305; hay&#305;r. Uzun cevab&#305; evet ama nereden bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;za ba&#287;l&#305;.</p><p>A&#231;&#305;klayay&#305;m. Genel bili&#351;sel yetenek veya zek&#226; veya <em>g</em> i&#231;in geli&#351;tirilmi&#351; bili&#351;sel e&#287;itimler var; l&#226;kin bu bili&#351;sel e&#287;itimler e&#287;itim bittikten sonra kayboluyor. Bili&#351;sel e&#287;itimden ald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z becerileri genel zek&#226;n&#305;za &#8220;aktarman&#305;z&#8221; zor. Zaten bir soru var. Bili&#351;sel e&#287;itimlerden ne kadar fayda sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z dahi zek&#226;n&#305;z taraf&#305;ndan filtreleniyor olabilir. Bu konuda <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(18)30252-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661318302523%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">iki</a> &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35939827/">okuyabilirsiniz.</a></p><p>&#350;imdi, e&#287;er formal e&#287;itimler istedi&#287;imiz &#351;eyi sa&#287;lam&#305;yorsa ba&#351;ka nelere bakabiliriz? Daha iyi iyile&#351;tirmelere! &#214;rne&#287;in a&#287;&#305;r metal zehirlenmesi. <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412021004232?via%3Dihub">G&#252;ney Kore'de hamile olan kad&#305;nlardan</a> (gebeli&#287;in ikinci &#252;&#231; ayl&#305;k d&#246;neminde) kan al&#305;p kanlar&#305;ndaki Kur&#351;un, C&#305;va, Kadmiyum ve Manganez oranlar&#305;na bakm&#305;&#351;lar. Bu s&#252;rede kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ba&#351;ka bir sa&#287;l&#305;k sorunu olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;na dikkat etmi&#351;ler. Do&#287;um olduktan sonra &#231;ocuklara IQ testi yapm&#305;&#351;lar. &#304;ki farkl&#305; kohorta bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in 4 ve 6 ya&#351;&#305;nda iki grup &#231;ocuk var. Koreli &#231;ocuklar i&#231;in geli&#351;tirilen KEDI-WISC (Kore Wechsler Intelligence) testini &#231;ocuklara yapm&#305;&#351;lar. Hamilelik d&#246;neminde annesinin kan&#305;nda bu metallerin kar&#305;&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n yo&#287;un oldu&#287;u &#231;ocuklar&#305;n IQ skorlar&#305; daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k &#231;&#305;km&#305;&#351;. Neredeyse 5 puan fark yaratabiliyor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png" width="1125" height="773" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:773,&quot;width&quot;:1125,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Image&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Image" title="Image" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!klh2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff640d284-197b-4d77-b119-7ed052f3e88e_1125x773.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><a href="https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/85/2/article-p333.xml">Vietnam &#246;rne&#287;inde </a>parazit y&#252;k&#252; y&#252;ksek olan &#231;ocuklar&#305;n IQ skorlar&#305;n&#305;n d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;. &#199;ocuklara parazit d&#246;k&#252;c&#252; verilmi&#351; ve IQ skorlar&#305;na daha sonra tekrar bak&#305;lm&#305;&#351;. Ger&#231;ek anlamda iyile&#351;me var.</p><p>&#304;yot eksikli&#287;inin beyin geli&#351;imini etkiledi&#287;i biliniyor. &#304;yot eksikli&#287;i ya&#351;amak do&#287;rudan bili&#351;sel sorunlarla <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2014.922042">ili&#351;kili</a>.</p><h1>9) Zek&#226; Alan&#305;ndaki Sonu&#231;lar, Di&#287;er Alanlardakiler kadar Yanl&#305; m&#305;? </h1><p>Bir alan&#305;n kalitesini anlamak i&#231;in bakabilece&#287;imiz &#231;ok fazla kriter var. Bunlardan biri yay&#305;n yanl&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305; yani bir deneyin veya ara&#351;t&#305;rma &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305;n sonucunun, o deneyin ve ara&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n yay&#305;nlamas&#305;n&#305; etkiledi&#287;i durumlarda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan bir sorundur.. Yaln&#305;zca <strong>&#246;nemli bir bulgu g&#246;steren sonu&#231;lar&#305;n</strong> yay&#305;nlanmas&#305;, bulgular&#305;n dengesini olumlu sonu&#231;lar lehine bozar. Di&#287;eri g&#252;&#231;le ilgili. Zek&#226; alan&#305;ndaki &#8220;istatistiksel g&#252;&#231;&#8221; durumuna bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za birka&#231; &#351;ey &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Temelde, bu alandaki bir&#231;ok &#231;al&#305;&#351;may&#305; inceledikten sonra, de&#287;i&#351;kenler aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kinin ortalama olarak yakla&#351;&#305;k r = .26 oldu&#287;u bulunmu&#351;. &#199;o&#287;u &#231;al&#305;&#351;mada ortanca 60 kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305; var. &#199;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n ne kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;unu tahmin etmek i&#231;in "g&#252;&#231;lerini" hesaplamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;&#351;lar, yani ger&#231;ek bir etkiyi bulma olas&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; hesaplam&#305;&#351;lar. Sonu&#231; olarak, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir etkiyi tespit etmede ortanca g&#252;c&#252;n %11,9 oldu&#287;unu, orta b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kte bir etkiyi tespit etmede %54,5 oldu&#287;unu ve b&#252;y&#252;k bir etkiyi tespit etmede ise %93,9 oldu&#287;unu bulmu&#351;lar. &#214;zetle, b&#252;y&#252;k etkileri bulmakta daha ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; olurken, k&#252;&#231;&#252;k etkileri bulmak daha zor. </p><p>Di&#287;er alanlarla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, zek&#226; ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;ndaki potansiyel sorunlar g&#246;rece daha az sorunlu g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor. &#304;lk olarak, zeka ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda ortanca g&#252;&#231;, n&#246;robilimde (%8-31; <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23571845/">Button vd., 2013</a>), psikolojide (%12 ile %44 aras&#305;nda; <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30321017/">Stanley vd., 2018</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28253258/">Szucs ve Ioannidis, 2017</a>), davran&#305;&#351;sal ekoloji ve hayvan ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda (%13-16 k&#252;&#231;&#252;k bir etki i&#231;in ve %40-47 orta b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;kte bir etki i&#231;in; <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7720125/#B53-jintelligence-08-00036">Jennions ve Moller, 2003)</a>, ekonomide (%18; <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ej/article-abstract/127/605/F236/5069452">Ioannidis vd., 2017</a>) ve sosyal-ki&#351;ilik ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;nda (r = 0.20 i&#231;in %50; <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25296159/">Fraley ve Vazire, 2014</a>) tahmin edilen ortanca g&#252;&#231;ten daha y&#252;ksek g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wkfx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F469fc9c7-7ed5-41e5-9ce0-9c336efdf1a6_732x687.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wkfx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F469fc9c7-7ed5-41e5-9ce0-9c336efdf1a6_732x687.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wkfx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F469fc9c7-7ed5-41e5-9ce0-9c336efdf1a6_732x687.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wkfx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F469fc9c7-7ed5-41e5-9ce0-9c336efdf1a6_732x687.png 1272w, 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stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Japonya'nın Doğum Oranları, Tartışmalar ve Kayıp Yıllar ]]></title><description><![CDATA[1970'lerda ba&#351;layan &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;...]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/7-japonyann-dogum-oranlar-tartsmalar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/7-japonyann-dogum-oranlar-tartsmalar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 03 Dec 2023 09:01:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Japonya&#8217;daki ilk bebek  patlamas&#305; (herhangi bir zaman aral&#305;&#287;&#305;nda <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fum_oran%C4%B1">do&#287;um oran&#305;nda</a> meydana gelen b&#252;y&#252;k art&#305;&#351;) 1947-49 (&#22243;&#22602;&#19990;&#20195;) y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. &#304;kinci bebek patlamas&#305; 1971-74 (&#22243;&#22602;&#12472;&#12517;&#12491;&#12450;&#19990;&#20195;) y&#305;llar&#305; aras&#305;nda ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti. 74&#8217;&#252;nden sonra do&#287;um oranlar&#305; d&#252;zenli olarak  d&#252;&#351;meye ba&#351;lad&#305;. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; bir bebek patlamas&#305; hi&#231; ya&#351;anmad&#305;.</p><p>Japon devletinin 'd&#252;&#351;&#252;k do&#287;urganl&#305;k sorunu' (shoushika mondai - &#23569;&#23376;&#21270;&#21839;&#38988;) oldu&#287;unu fark etmesinin &#252;zerinden 30 y&#305;l ge&#231;ti. Bu fark&#305;ndal&#305;&#287;&#305; kazanmalar&#305;, genellikle 1990 yaz&#305;nda Japon h&#252;k&#251;metinin &#252;lkenin bir &#246;nceki y&#305;la ait toplam do&#287;urganl&#305;k oran&#305;n&#305;n (TRF) 1.57'ye d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; bildirmesiyle ba&#351;lar; bu oran bat&#305;l inan&#231;lar&#305;n etkisiyle 1966'da kaydedilen 1.58'lik rekor seviyenin de alt&#305;ndad&#305;r. 1966 y&#305;l&#305;nda Japonya'daki &#231;iftler, &#199;in burcunun damgas&#305;n&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yacak ve &#231;ekici olmayan &#8220;e&#351;ler&#8221; olarak damgalanacak ate&#351; at&#305; (fire horse burcu, &#19993;&#21320; (&#12402;&#12398;&#12360;&#12358;&#12414;) k&#305;zlar&#305;n&#305; do&#287;urmaktan istemiyorlard&#305;, o y&#305;l &#231;ocuk do&#287;urmaktan ka&#231;&#305;nm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>1990'da yeni rekor d&#252;&#351;&#252;kl&#252;k i&#231;in b&#246;yle bir 1966 y&#305;l&#305;ndakine benzer bir a&#231;&#305;klama yoktu. Japonya'n&#305;n do&#287;urganl&#305;k oran&#305; 1970'lerin ortalar&#305;ndan beri istikrarl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde d&#252;&#351;mekteydi ve 2000'lerin ortalar&#305;na kadar neredeyse her y&#305;l yeni rekor d&#252;&#351;&#252;kl&#252;kler kaydetmeye devam edecekti.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png" width="1275" height="822" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:822,&quot;width&quot;:1275,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:197480,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5HjB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F440a3880-afc2-4ef1-8c52-cd790e4e4762_1275x822.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Do&#287;um Oranlar&#305;n&#305;n ve Bebek Patlamas&#305;n&#305;n Grafik &#220;zerinden &#214;zeti</figcaption></figure></div><p>Japonya'n&#305;n do&#287;urganl&#305;k oran&#305; sorunu oldu&#287;unun fark&#305;na var&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; 1990 y&#305;l&#305;ndan bu yana, bunun nedeni ve bu konuda ne yap&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i hakk&#305;nda tart&#305;&#351;malar sosyal yorumcular&#305;, sosyal bilimcileri, h&#252;k&#251;met yetkililerini ve Japon kamuoyunu giderek artan derecede me&#351;gul etmi&#351;tir. Bu konudaki kamuoyu tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305; nas&#305;l ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;tir? Veriler nelerdir? &#214;rne&#287;in, Japon politika yap&#305;c&#305;lar d&#252;&#351;&#252;k do&#287;um oran&#305;n&#305;n nedenini belirlediler mi? Bir politika tedavisi buldular m&#305;? Ve do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305; art&#305;rmak i&#231;in kamu politikalar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;i&#351;tirme &#231;abalar&#305; ba&#351;ar&#305;ya ula&#351;t&#305; m&#305;?</p><p>Do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n azalmas&#305; konusunda ne yap&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ine ili&#351;kin son 15 y&#305;ll&#305;k tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n ilk 15 y&#305;ldan farkl&#305; olmas&#305;n&#305;n bir nedeni, son y&#305;llarda politika yap&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n politika de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;inin hedefleri konusunda daha keskin konu&#351;malar&#305;d&#305;r. &#304;lk 15 y&#305;ll&#305;k d&#246;nemde yetkililer do&#287;urganl&#305;k oranlar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;rman&#305;n kendi hedefleri aras&#305;nda oldu&#287;unu kabul etmekte teredd&#252;t ediyorlard&#305;. 1999 tarihli Sa&#287;l&#305;k ve Refah Beyaz Kitab&#305;'n&#305;n alt ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; '&#231;ocuk do&#287;urman&#305;n ve yeti&#351;tirmenin yeniden bir "hayal" oldu&#287;u bir toplum yaratmak' idi. Ama&#231;, t&#252;m &#231;iftlerin istedikleri kadar &#231;ocuk sahibi olmalar&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamakt&#305; (MHW 1999). Buna kar&#351;&#305;n, Ba&#351;bakan Abe Shinzo'nun kabinesi 2 Haziran 2016 tarihinde Japon TRF&#8217;sini 2025 y&#305;l&#305;na kadar 1.80'e y&#252;kseltme plan&#305;n&#305; kabul etti&#287;inde bunu olduk&#231;a a&#231;&#305;k &#351;ekilde halkla payla&#351;t&#305;lar.</p><h3>Tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n &#304;lk On Y&#305;l&#305;</h3><p>Do&#287;urganl&#305;k oran&#305;ndaki d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;n bir 'sorun' olarak tan&#305;mlanmas&#305;ndan sonraki ilk y&#305;llarda Japon feministler bu s&#246;yleme itiraz ederek tepki g&#246;sterdiler. Do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;a odaklanman&#305;n, h&#252;k&#251;metin do&#287;um kontrol&#252;ne eri&#351;imi k&#305;s&#305;tlad&#305;&#287;&#305; ve Japonya'n&#305;n 'b&#252;y&#252;k g&#252;&#231;' olarak kalmas&#305; i&#231;in yeterli say&#305;da asker ve i&#351;&#231;iye sahip olmas&#305;n&#305; sa&#287;lamak amac&#305;yla kad&#305;nlar&#305; 'ileri gitmeye ve &#231;o&#287;almaya' (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E3%82%81%E3%82%88%E6%AE%96%E3%82%84%E3%81%9B%E3%82%88">umeyo fuyaseyo</a>) te&#351;vik etti&#287;i sava&#351; y&#305;llar&#305; &#246;ncesinde ve s&#305;ras&#305;nda g&#246;r&#252;len t&#252;rden do&#287;um yanl&#305;s&#305; m&#252;dahaleleri yeniden canland&#305;rma riski ta&#351;&#305;mas&#305;ndan endi&#351;e ediyorlard&#305;. Ueno Chizuko gibi &#246;nde gelen feministler, evlenmemeyi ve &#231;ocuk sahibi olmamay&#305; tercih eden kad&#305;nlar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305;ndaki art&#305;&#351;&#305; bir ilerleme i&#351;areti olarak g&#246;r&#252;yordu (Ueno 1998). Kad&#305;nlar art&#305;k kendi ya&#351;am tercihlerini yapmakta &#246;zg&#252;rd&#252; ve feministler bunun bir 'sorun' olarak g&#246;r&#252;lmek yerine kutlanmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yordu. </p><p>Demografi uzmanlar&#305; bile Japonya'n&#305;n bir do&#287;urganl&#305;k sorunu oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;&#351;&#252;ne kat&#305;lmakta isteksizdi. Ulusal n&#252;fus projeksiyonlar&#305;n&#305;n her biri 1992 ve 1997 y&#305;llar&#305;nda TFR (Topalm Do&#287;um Oran&#305; i&#231;in k&#305;saltaca&#287;&#305;m)'deki d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252; &#231;iftlerin evlili&#287;i ve &#231;ocuk do&#287;urmay&#305; ertelemesinin ge&#231;ici bir sonucu olarak ele al&#305;yordu. TFR'nin tekrar 1.8'e (1992 projeksiyonunda) veya 1.6'ya (1997'de) y&#252;kselmesi bekleniyordu. Bu noktada <strong>Toplam Do&#287;urganl&#305;k H&#305;z&#305; (TRF)</strong> istatisti&#287;i &#252;zerine konu&#351;mam&#305;z gerekli. TFR biraz yapay bir istatistiktir. Belirli <strong>bir y&#305;lda</strong> <strong>her ya&#351; i&#231;in</strong> <strong>ya&#351;a &#246;zel do&#287;urganl&#305;k oranlar&#305;n&#305;</strong> (1989'da 21 ya&#351;&#305;nda olan kad&#305;nlar&#305;n do&#287;urdu&#287;u &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305;, 1989'da 22 ya&#351;&#305;nda olan kad&#305;nlar&#305;n do&#287;urdu&#287;u &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305;, vb.) toplayarak, tek bir kad&#305;n&#305;n t&#252;m ya&#351;am&#305; boyunca her ya&#351; grubundaki kad&#305;nlar&#305;n o y&#305;l yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; gibi davranmas&#305; halinde do&#287;uraca&#287;&#305; toplam &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305;n&#305; verir. Kad&#305;nlar&#305;n daha ge&#231; ya&#351;larda aile kurdu&#287;u d&#246;nemlerde, bu kad&#305;nlar&#305;n hepsi annelerinin sahip oldu&#287;u 2,1 &#231;ocu&#287;a sahip olsa bile TFR d&#252;&#351;er. Kad&#305;nlar aile kurmay&#305; geciktirirken d&#252;&#351;en TFR oran&#305;, gecikme sona erdi&#287;inde ve ertelenen &#231;ocuklara sahip olmaya ba&#351;lad&#305;klar&#305;nda hemen geri d&#246;ner.</p><p>Bu noktada yeniden canlanma tahminlerini yapan n&#252;fus bilimcileri baz&#305; &#351;eyleri yanl&#305;&#351; anlad&#305;klar&#305; i&#231;in su&#231;lanmamal&#305;d&#305;r. Onlar eldeki verilerle s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; sosyal bilimcilerdi ve veriler Japon &#231;iftlerin <strong>daha ge&#231;</strong> evlendi&#287;ini g&#246;steriyordu.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png" width="1436" height="1080" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1080,&quot;width&quot;:1436,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:197971,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!wZwJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2a22e52e-0a31-4067-affd-472ccbf796a0_1436x1080.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Japon Evlilikleri Grafi&#287;i</figcaption></figure></div><p>Ayr&#305;ca anket yapt&#305;klar&#305; bekar kad&#305;nlar da evlenmeyi ve ikiden fazla &#231;ocuk sahibi olmay&#305; planlad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yordu. Ulusal N&#252;fus ve Sosyal G&#252;venlik Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305; Enstit&#252;s&#252;'nde (NIPSSR) &#231;al&#305;&#351;an ve yasa gere&#287;i m&#252;mk&#252;n olan en iyi ve veriye dayal&#305; n&#252;fus projeksiyonlar&#305;n&#305; geli&#351;tirmekle y&#252;k&#252;ml&#252; olan uzmanlar, bu rakamlar&#305; modellerine dahil etmi&#351; ve &#231;iftlerin daha ge&#231; evlenip &#231;ocuk sahibi olmas&#305;yla do&#287;urganl&#305;k oranlar&#305;n&#305;n uzun vadede 1,8 veya 1,6'ya y&#252;kselece&#287;i sonucuna varm&#305;&#351;lard&#305;. Gelecekteki do&#287;urganl&#305;k oranlar&#305; n&#252;fus projeksiyonlar&#305;nda &#231;ok &#246;nemli bir de&#287;i&#351;ken oldu&#287;undan, bu uzmanlar ayn&#305; zamanda Japonya'n&#305;n ya&#351;lanmas&#305;n&#305;n ve n&#252;fus d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n m&#252;tevaz&#305; olaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve h&#252;k&#251;metin sosyal g&#252;venlik sisteminde yapaca&#287;&#305; baz&#305; makul de&#287;i&#351;ikliklerle, kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;n kadar &#246;de &#252;zerinden &#231;al&#305;&#351;an emeklilik ve sa&#287;l&#305;k sistemlerini ayakta tutabilece&#287;ini tahmin etmi&#351;ti. Bu t&#252;r demografik 'bilgi' yani - <strong>TFR'deki d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;n, &#231;iftlerin aile kurmay&#305; ertelemeleri nedeniyle &#8220;ge&#231;ici bir etki&#8221; oldu&#287;unu ve n&#252;fus ya&#351;lanmas&#305;n&#305;n &#305;l&#305;ml&#305; olaca&#287;&#305; bilgisi -</strong> 1990'lar&#305;n on y&#305;l&#305; boyunca do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n azalmas&#305;na ili&#351;kin ilk endi&#351;elerin bir k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305;n yat&#305;&#351;mas&#305;na yard&#305;mc&#305; olmu&#351;tur.</p><h3>Tart&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n &#8220;Demografi Uzmanlar&#305; Japonya'n&#305;n Do&#287;urganl&#305;k Sorunu Oldu&#287;unu Do&#287;rulad&#305;&#8221; A&#351;amas&#305;na Ge&#231;i&#351;i (2002)</h3><p>1997 n&#252;fus projeksiyonu yay&#305;nland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, Japonya'n&#305;n TFR'si 1.39 idi. Be&#351; y&#305;l sonra, 2002 projeksiyonu yay&#305;nland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, do&#287;urganl&#305;k oran&#305; &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de d&#252;&#351;memi&#351; ve 1.32 olarak kay&#305;tlara&nbsp;ge&#231;mi&#351;tir. Fakat sorunun alg&#305;lanma &#351;ekli bu be&#351; y&#305;ll&#305;k s&#252;re i&#231;inde olduk&#231;a dramatik bir &#351;ekilde de&#287;i&#351;mi&#351;tir. Sosyal bilim analizindeki de&#287;i&#351;iklikler - yeni veriler, bunlar&#305; analiz etmenin farkl&#305; yollar&#305; ve bu yeni bilgiyi &#231;er&#231;evelemenin farkl&#305; yollar&#305; - bu d&#246;nemde tart&#305;&#351;man&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;mesine yard&#305;mc&#305; olmu&#351;tur. Bir kez daha, NIPSSR'deki demografi uzmanlar&#305; ve <strong>Sa&#287;l&#305;k, &#199;al&#305;&#351;ma ve Refah Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;'ndaki (MHLW)</strong> b&#252;rokratlar bu de&#287;i&#351;imin ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesinde &#246;nemli bir rol oynam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bir sonraki n&#252;fus projeksiyonunun yay&#305;nland&#305;&#287;&#305; 2002 y&#305;l&#305;na gelindi&#287;inde, NIPSSR taraf&#305;ndan istihdam edilen Japonya'n&#305;n &#246;nde gelen uzmanlar&#305; 2000 n&#252;fus say&#305;m&#305;ndan elde edilen yeni verilere eri&#351;ebilmi&#351;tir. Daha &#246;nceki anketlerde sadece <strong>evlili&#287;i ertelediklerini</strong> ve <strong>evlenip iki &#231;ocuk sahibi olmay&#305; planlad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; s&#246;yleyen</strong> daha gen&#231; ku&#351;aktaki kad&#305;nlar&#305;n daha da y&#252;ksek oranlarda evlenmeden ve &#231;ocuk sahibi olmadan ya&#351;ad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rd&#252;ler&#8230;!</p><p>1997 projeksiyonlar&#305;, 1961-1965 jenerasyonunda yer alan ve 30'lu ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda (o tarihte) %19,7'si evlenmemi&#351; olan kad&#305;nlar&#305;n, 30'lu ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n sonuna kadar bu oran&#305; %12,5'e d&#252;&#351;&#252;recek seviyede, yeterli oranlarda evlenece&#287;i ve en az bir &#231;ocuk sahibi olaca&#287;&#305; beklentisine dayanmaktayd&#305;. 2000 y&#305;l&#305;nda yap&#305;lan n&#252;fus say&#305;m&#305;, evlenmemi&#351; olanlar&#305;n ger&#231;ek oran&#305;n&#305;n %13,8'de kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ortaya koymu&#351;tur. 1966-1970 jenerasyonunun &nbsp;nerede olaca&#287;&#305;na dair tahminleri de ger&#231;ek say&#305;n&#305;n alt&#305;nda kalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Otuzlu ya&#351;lar&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda evlenmemi&#351; kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ger&#231;ek oran&#305;, 1997'deki 25,5'lik tahminlerine k&#305;yasla %26,6'd&#305;r. Japonya'da evlilik d&#305;&#351;&#305; do&#287;um oran&#305;n&#305;n son derece d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, bir&#231;ok kad&#305;n&#305;n beklenenden daha ge&#231; evlendi&#287;i ya da hi&#231; evlenmedi&#287;i y&#246;n&#252;ndeki bu kan&#305;t, bir&#231;ok kad&#305;n&#305;n hi&#231; &#231;ocuk sahibi olmayaca&#287;&#305; ve ge&#231; evlenen di&#287;er kad&#305;nlar&#305;n da sadece bir &#231;ocuk sahibi olaca&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na geliyordu. NIPSSR, en son verilere dayan&#305;p ileriye d&#246;n&#252;k tahminlerde bulunarak, <strong>do&#287;urganl&#305;k y&#305;llar&#305;n&#305;n sonuna kadar hi&#231; evlenmemi&#351; olanlar&#305;n</strong> oran&#305;n&#305;n yak&#305;nda zamanda <strong>bu jenerasyonun</strong> %20 ila %30'una olu&#351;turaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve bunlar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;unun hi&#231; &#231;ocuk sahibi olmayaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; tahmin ediyordu.</p><p>Demografi uzmanlar&#305;n&#305;n ara d&#246;nemde toplad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir di&#287;er veri ise evli kad&#305;nlar aras&#305;nda &#231;ocuk do&#287;urma al&#305;&#351;kanl&#305;klar&#305;yla ilgilidir. NIPSSR her be&#351; y&#305;lda bir evli kad&#305;nlara ka&#231; &#231;ocuk sahibi <strong>olduklar&#305;n&#305;</strong> ve ka&#231; &#231;ocuk sahibi olmay&#305; <strong>planlad&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;</strong> sormaktad&#305;r. 2002'de yay&#305;nlanan anket sonu&#231;lar&#305; (NIPSSR 2002) her iki konuda da olduk&#231;a endi&#351;e vericiydi. 1997'de yap&#305;lan bir &#246;nceki ankete kadar, 10-14 y&#305;ll&#305;k evli kad&#305;nlar&#305;n sahip olduklar&#305; ve sahip olmay&#305; planlad&#305;klar&#305; &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305; olduk&#231;a tutarl&#305;yd&#305;. &#199;ok az&#305;n&#305;n hi&#231; &#231;ocu&#287;u yoktu; yakla&#351;&#305;k %10'unun bir &#231;ocu&#287;u vard&#305; ve en b&#252;y&#252;k oran&#305;n (yakla&#351;&#305;k %55) iki &#231;ocu&#287;u vard&#305;. 2002 ara&#351;t&#305;rmas&#305;, evlili&#287;in &#252;zerinden y&#305;llar ge&#231;tikten sonra tek &#231;ocuk sahibi olanlar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305;nda keskin bir art&#305;&#351; g&#246;stererek %16'ya y&#252;kselmi&#351;tir. &#220;&#231; ya da daha fazla &#231;ocuk sahibi olanlar&#305;n say&#305;s&#305; ve planlanan toplam &#231;ocuk say&#305;s&#305; azalm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Verilerdeki bu de&#287;i&#351;imler, NIPSSR'nin gelecekte do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n sadece be&#351; y&#305;l &#246;nce tahmin etti&#287;inden &#231;ok daha az toparlanaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rmesine neden olmu&#351;tur. Do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n 1,6'ya y&#252;kselmesi yerine, 2002 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;nlanan orta de&#287;i&#351;kenli projeksiyonda TFR'nin 1,39'da sabitlenece&#287;i &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Japonlar&#305;n beklenenden daha uzun ya&#351;ad&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, bu verilere dayanan gelecek n&#252;fus modelleri, Japonya'n&#305;n &#231;ok daha sert bir n&#252;fus d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252; ile kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya kalaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve &#252;lkenin 65 ya&#351; &#252;st&#252; n&#252;fus i&#231;indeki pay&#305;n&#305;n %35'in &#252;zerine &#231;&#305;kaca&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r (2002'de %19'du).</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png" width="1420" height="1062" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1062,&quot;width&quot;:1420,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155109,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!tNJM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F196091e5-9f00-4e0e-9347-b2e9f52dcfcb_1420x1062.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">25-29, 30-34 ve 50 Ya&#351;&#305;nda Evli Olmayanlar&#305;n Y&#305;llara G&#246;re Oranlar&#305;</figcaption></figure></div><p>Bu ara&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n yay&#305;nlanmas&#305;ndan bu yana NIPSSR, en yenisi 2017'de olmak &#252;zere &#252;&#231; n&#252;fus projeksiyonu daha yay&#305;nlam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu tahminler daha da y&#252;ksek ya&#351;lanma oranlar&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rmektedir (en son tahmin 65 ya&#351; &#252;st&#252; n&#252;fusun %41'e kadar &#231;&#305;kabilece&#287;ini s&#246;ylemektedir), l&#226;kin ayarlamalar esas olarak uzun &#246;m&#252;rl&#252;l&#252;&#287;e ili&#351;kin revize edilmi&#351; tahminlerden kaynaklanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. 2002'de yay&#305;nlanan do&#287;urganl&#305;k tahmini, do&#287;urganl&#305;k d&#252;&#351;&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;n 'dibini' olduk&#231;a do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde tahmin etmi&#351;tir ve en son tahminler, do&#287;urganl&#305;&#287;&#305;n 1.39'da istikrar kazanaca&#287;&#305; y&#246;n&#252;ndeki 2002 tahmininden &#246;nemli &#246;l&#231;&#252;de farkl&#305;la&#351;mamaktad&#305;r (2012 tahmini 1.35'lik istikrarl&#305; bir oran &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;rken, 2017 tahmini 1.44'l&#252;k bir oran beklemektedir). Profesyonel demografi uzmanlar&#305; Japonya'n&#305;n bir do&#287;urganl&#305;k sorunu oldu&#287;u te&#351;hisini do&#287;rulamas&#305; 1990'daki <strong>1.57 &#351;okundan</strong><code> </code>sonra on y&#305;ldan fazla zaman alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. En son elde edilen verilerin dikkatli analizi ve modelleme ara&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n kullan&#305;m&#305; ile sosyal demografi bilimi 2000'li y&#305;llar&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda uzun vadeli e&#287;ilimleri ve olduk&#231;a do&#287;ru bir &#351;ekilde te&#351;his etmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Yaz&#305;n&#305;n devam&#305; haftaya.</p><p><strong>KAYNAK&#199;A</strong></p><p>Ueno,&nbsp;Chizuko. 1998. &#8216;The Declining Birthrate: Whose Problem?&#8217;. Review of Population and Social Policy 7: 103&#8211;128.</p><p>Ministry of Health and Welfare. 1999. K&#333;sei Hakusho: Sh&#333;shi Shakai o Kangaeru&#8212;Kodomo o Umisodateru koto ni &#8216;Yume&#8217; o Moteru Shakai o (White Paper on Health and Welfare: Considering a Society with Declining Fertility&#8212;Creating a Society in which Child-Bearing and -Rearing is a &#8220;Dream&#8221; Again). Tokyo: MHW. </p><p>Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. 2000. Sh&#333;shika Taisaku Kankei Shiry&#333;shu (Documents Concerning the Policy Response to Declining Fertility). Tokyo: MHLW.</p><p>Tobita,&nbsp;Eiko. 2016. &#8216;Exploring the Feasibility of &#8220;Japan&#8217;s Plan for Dynamic Engagement of All Citizens&#8221;&#8212;With a Particular Focus on Responses to Structural Change&#8217;. JRI Research Journal. pp. 16&#8211;36. Available at https://www.jri.co.jp/ english/periodical/jrirj/2016/.</p><p>Hiroshima Kiyoshi (&#24291;&#23947;&#28165;&#24535;) (2000). &#36817;&#24180;&#12398;&#21512;&#35336;&#20986;&#29983;&#29575;&#20302;&#19979;&#12398;&#35201;&#22240;&#20998;&#35299;: &#22827;&#23142;&#20986;&#29983;&#29575;&#12399;&#23492;&#19982;&#12375;&#12390;&#12356;&#12394;&#12356;&#12363;?. &#20154;&#21475;&#23398;&#30740;&#31350;, 26, 1-20.</p><p>Iwasawa Miho (&#23721;&#28580;&#32654;&#24070;) (2002). &#36817;&#24180;&#12398;&#26399;&#38291; TFR &#22793;&#21205;&#12395;&#12362;&#12369;&#12427;&#32080;&#23130;&#34892;&#21205;&#12362;&#12424;&#12403;&#22827;&#23142;&#12398;&#20986;&#29983;&#34892;&#21205;&#12398;&#22793;&#21270;&#12398;&#23492;&#19982;&#12395;&#12388;&#12356;&#12390; (&#29305;&#38598;: &#20840;&#22269;&#23558;&#26469;&#20154;&#21475;&#25512;&#35336;&#12395;&#38306;&#36899;&#12375;&#12383;&#30740;&#31350; (&#12381;&#12398; 1)). &#20154;&#21475;&#21839;&#38988;&#30740;&#31350;, 58(3), 15-44.</p><p>Iwasawa Miho (&#23721;&#28580;&#32654;&#24070;). (2008). &#21021;&#23130;&#12539;&#38626;&#23130;&#12398;&#21205;&#21521;&#12392;&#20986;&#29983;&#29575;&#12408;&#12398;&#24433;&#38911;. &#20154;&#21475;&#21839;&#38988;&#30740;&#31350;, 64(4), 19-34.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[1) Nedensellik Nedir? Veriler, Deneyler ve Gözlemler.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Serinin Ba&#351;&#305;]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/1-nedensellik-nedir-veriler-deneyler</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/1-nedensellik-nedir-veriler-deneyler</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Sep 2023 13:00:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png" width="420" height="596.6308243727599" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1189,&quot;width&quot;:837,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:420,&quot;bytes&quot;:252803,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xawV!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F205dc662-6f84-4151-a255-86d9db50fccf_837x1189.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences, 2008 </figcaption></figure></div><p>Son zamanlarda sosyal medyada (X) payla&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z makalelerin (Deleuze ve Ben) &#8220;nedenselliklerinin&#8221; tam anla&#351;&#305;lmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorum. T&#252;rkiye&#8217;deki sosyal bilimlerde de nedensellik e&#287;itiminin zay&#305;f oldu&#287;unu bir sosyal bilimci (U. &#304;li&#351;kiler) olarak biliyorum. Bunlar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nerek bu iki yaz&#305;y&#305; yazmaya karar verdim. Belki de &#252;&#231;e &#231;&#305;kartabilirim, &#351;imdilik bilmiyorum. Yine de gelin bir giri&#351; yapal&#305;m!</p><p>Sosyal bilimlerdeki modellerde iki de&#287;i&#351;kenden bahsederiz: <strong>ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;ken ve ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken</strong>. Ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;ken, a&#231;&#305;klay&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kendir. Ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenin ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken (a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z &#351;ey) &#252;zerinde etkisi oldu&#287;unu varsayar&#305;z. &#214;rne&#287;in, su&#231; ve gelir. Modelimiz gelirin su&#231;a neden oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yl&#252;yorsa ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenimiz su&#231; (a&#231;&#305;klanan de&#287;i&#351;ken) ve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenimiz gelir (a&#231;&#305;klayan de&#287;i&#351;kendir). Peki bu ikisi aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki her zaman varsayd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z &#351;ekilde mi ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir? Gelirin, ger&#231;ekten su&#231;a neden oldu&#287;unu mu d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yoruz? Yoksa ikisi aras&#305;nda korelasyon oldu&#287;unu mu? <strong>Korelasyon</strong>, de&#287;i&#351;kenler aras&#305;nda istatistiksel bir ili&#351;ki oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelir; nedensellik, ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kendeki bir birim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;in ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kende bir de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;e neden olmas&#305; anlam&#305;na gelir. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>&#214;rnek: Gelirin su&#231;a neden oldu&#287;unu varsay&#305;yoruz, <em>ceteris paribus. </em>Geliri iki gruba b&#246;ld&#252;k: y&#252;ksek gelir ve d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelir. E&#287;er varsay&#305;m&#305;m&#305;z do&#287;ruysa geliri art&#305;r&#305;p y&#252;ksek gelire y&#252;kseltti&#287;imizde su&#231;un d&#252;&#351;mesini bekleriz. Ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kende yaratt&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;in ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kende anlaml&#305; bir de&#287;i&#351;iklik yaratmas&#305;n&#305; bekleriz. Yine de ger&#231;ek hayat bu kadar basit de&#287;ildir&#8230;</p><p>Sosyal bilimlerdeki bir ara&#351;t&#305;rman&#305;n amac&#305; tipik olarak sonu&#231;lar&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamak, trendleri veya olaylar&#305; g&#246;zlemlemektir; l&#226;kin sosyal d&#252;nya ve insanlar olduk&#231;a karma&#351;&#305;kt&#305;r. Bu nedenle sosyal bilimciler taraf&#305;ndan ara&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lan olgular&#305;n &#231;o&#287;u, birka&#231; ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kene sahiptir. Hayal edelim. </p><p>&#199;ocu&#287;unuz 4. s&#305;n&#305;fa gidiyor ve okulunuzda 6 tane 4.s&#305;n&#305;f var (4-A, 4-B, 4-C, 4-D, 4-E, 4-F). 4. s&#305;n&#305;fa giden &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik dersinden ald&#305;&#287;&#305; notlar&#305; bir s&#252;tuna, matematik &#246;devlerini yapmak i&#231;in harcad&#305;klar&#305; vakti di&#287;er s&#252;tuna yazd&#305;n&#305;z (Rastgele yazd&#305;m, 4. s&#305;n&#305;f &#246;&#287;rencileri tabii ki hep 50 alacak de&#287;il)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png" width="444" height="424" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:424,&quot;width&quot;:444,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:17224,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uYBy!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F036bd80c-a5e1-463f-9f67-b8007d80132f_444x424.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Hipotez 1: Matematik &#246;devlerini yapmak i&#231;in harcanan saat art&#305;k&#231;a, al&#305;nan not art&#305;yor. </p><p>Bu da gayet iyi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor sanki? Harcanan saat art&#305;k&#231;a al&#305;nan notlar ger&#231;ekten y&#252;kselmi&#351;. K&#305;z&#305;n&#305;z&#305;n odas&#305;na gidiyorsunuz ve diyorsunuz ki &#8220;K&#305;z&#305;m bak, matematik &#246;devlerine daha &#231;ok vakit ay&#305;r&#305;rsan notun y&#252;kselir.&#8221; K&#305;z&#305;n&#305;z da size hemen itiraz ediyor &#8220;Baba, peki ya ebeveynler? Baz&#305; &#231;ocuklar&#305;n ebeveynleri daha e&#287;itimli ve o &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik notlar&#305; daha y&#252;ksek! Hatta baz&#305; &#231;ocuklar&#305;n anne-babalar&#305; bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351;, onlar&#305;n notlar&#305; daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k!&#8221;. Gayet makul bir itiraz, demek ki tek bir de&#287;i&#351;ken her &#351;eyi a&#231;&#305;klayabilecek durumda de&#287;il. Bir ba&#351;ka fakt&#246;r olan aileyi de &#246;l&#231;&#252;m&#252;n&#252;ze katman&#305;z gerekti&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorsunuz. &#199;ocu&#287;unuzun ilk s&#246;yledi&#287;i &#351;ey de&#287;il ama ikinci s&#246;yledi&#287;i &#351;ey akl&#305;n&#305;za tak&#305;ld&#305;: <strong>bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351;</strong> ailelerin &#231;ocuklar&#305;. Masan&#305;za tekrar oturdunuz, bilgiyardan exceli a&#231;t&#305;n&#305;z, listeyi &#246;n&#252;n&#252;ze getirdiniz ve bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351; ailelerin &#231;ocuklar&#305;na bakt&#305;n&#305;z. K&#305;z&#305;n&#305;z hakl&#305; g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor, anne-babas&#305; bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351; &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik notlar&#305; di&#287;er &#231;ocuklardan <strong>ortalamada</strong> daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k. Bunun <strong>neden</strong> olabildi&#287;iyle ilgili d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeye ba&#351;lad&#305;n&#305;z: </p><p>Hipotez 2: Bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351; ailelerin &#231;ocuklar&#305; daha istikrars&#305;z bir evde ya&#351;&#305;yor, kendilerini &#231;ok uzun s&#252;re etkileyecek duygusal sorunlar ya&#351;&#305;yorlar.</p><p>Hipotez 3: Bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351; anne-baba &#231;ocu&#287;una daha az vakit ay&#305;r&#305;yor, &#231;ocuklar&#305;n&#305;n e&#287;itimine &#246;nem vermiyor.</p><p>Bu sebeplerin ger&#231;ek hayatta kar&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305; var, akl&#305;n&#305;za ve sezgilerinize yat&#305;yor. Yine de, en az&#305;ndan nedensellik* konu&#351;urken, yukar&#305;da yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mlar tamamen yanl&#305;&#351; oluyor &#231;&#252;nk&#252; bu nedenselli&#287;i <strong>cross-sectional</strong> (<strong>enlemesine</strong>) bir veri seti &#252;zerine yapt&#305;n&#305;z. Enlemesine veri belirli bir zamansal noktada* (veriyi s&#305;nav sonu&#231;lar&#305; a&#231;&#305;kland&#305;ktan sonraki g&#252;n toplad&#305;n&#305;z diyelim) sadece bir kere toplan&#305;lan veridir. Yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m&#305;n neden hatal&#305; oldu&#287;unu sadece 30 saniye d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmenizi istiyorum. </p><p>D&#252;&#351;&#252;nmeniz bittiyse devam edelim. Siz h&#226;lihaz&#305;rda aileleri bo&#351;anm&#305;&#351; &#231;ocuklar&#305;n skorlar&#305;n&#305;n ortalamada d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;unu g&#246;rd&#252;n&#252;z; hatta bu d&#252;&#351;&#252;kl&#252;k matematik &#246;devlerine ay&#305;rd&#305;klar&#305; vakti sabit tuttu&#287;unuzda da g&#246;r&#252;nen bir &#351;eydi. &#214;l&#231;medi&#287;iniz &#351;ey ne? Bu &#231;ocuklar&#305;n <strong>aileleri bo&#351;anmadan &#246;nceki</strong> matematik notlar&#305;. E&#287;er bo&#351;anman&#305;n &#231;ocuklar&#305;n ders notlar&#305;nda etki etti&#287;ini g&#246;stermek istiyorsan&#305;z, bu &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik notlar&#305;n&#305;, aileleri bo&#351;anmadan &#246;nce ve bo&#351;anmadan sonra, toplamam&#305;z gerekiyor. Bir &#351;ekilde elinize &#231;ocuklar&#305;n aileleri bo&#351;anmadan &#246;nceki matematik notlar&#305; ge&#231;ti. Elinizde yakla&#351;&#305;k 3 y&#305;l&#305; kapsayan veriler var. Bir &#351;ey dikkatinizi &#231;ekti: bu &#231;ocuklar&#305;n notlar&#305; aileleri bo&#351;anmadan &#246;nce de zaten ortalamadan daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;km&#252;&#351;. Varsay&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;z yalanland&#305;. Tersini de bulabilirdiniz, elbette. &#199;ocuklar&#305;n matematik notlar&#305; aileleri bo&#351;anmadan &#246;nce ortalamaya yak&#305;n/ortalaman&#305;n &#252;st&#252;ndeyken, bo&#351;and&#305;ktan sonra &#231;ok h&#305;zl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde d&#252;&#351;m&#252;&#351;. Sosyal bilimlerde bu verilere boylamsal veri diyoruz. Boylamsal veriler veya <strong>panel veriler</strong>, her bir varl&#305;&#287;&#305;n (&#231;ocuklar&#305;n) <strong>iki veya daha fazla</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in &#231;ocuklar&#305;n matematik notlar&#305;n&#305;n yaz&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;u karneler, her y&#305;l elinize 1 kere ge&#231;iyor ve 3 y&#305;l&#305;n karnesine sahipsiniz) <strong>zaman diliminde</strong> g&#246;zlemlendi&#287;i birden fazla varl&#305;k i&#231;in verilerdir.</p><p>Panel veriler yukar&#305;da bahsetti&#287;im &#246;rnekten dolay&#305; nedenselli&#287;in kurulmas&#305;nda &#231;ok &#246;nemlidir. Birincisi, zaman &#246;nceli&#287;ine dikkat etmeliyiz. Nedensellik zamanda geriye do&#287;ru i&#351;lemez, dolay&#305;s&#305;yla zaman i&#231;inde bir de&#287;i&#351;kenin di&#287;erinden &#246;nce ger&#231;ekle&#351;ti&#287;ini/olu&#351;tu&#287;unu tespit edebilirsek nedenselli&#287;i kurmam&#305;z kolayla&#351;&#305;r. Boylamsal verilere ara&#351;t&#305;rmada bu kadar de&#287;er verilmesinin bir nedeni de budur; <strong>sonu&#231;lar&#305;m&#305;z</strong> (matematik notlar&#305;) <strong>nedenlerimizden</strong> (al&#305;nan notlar) sonra &#246;l&#231;&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde, sebep-sonu&#231; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m&#305; (yani burada bir nedensellik oldu&#287;unu s&#246;ylerken) yapmam&#305;z kolayla&#351;&#305;r. Yine de enlemsel verilerle bile mant&#305;ksal zaman &#246;nceli&#287;ini belirlemek &#231;o&#287;u zaman m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. Nas&#305;l m&#305;? &#214;rne&#287;in &#8220;cinsiyet&#8221; de&#287;i&#351;kenini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nelim. </p><p>Hipotez 4: <strong>&#8220;Erkekler, ortalamada, k&#305;z &#246;&#287;rencilerden matematik konusunda daha ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305;d&#305;r&#8221;.</strong> </p><p>Hemen hemen herkes i&#231;in biyolojik cinsiyet, d&#246;llenmeden itibaren sabittir. B&#246;ylece, <strong>Cinsiyet</strong> ne zaman &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;rse &#246;l&#231;&#252;ls&#252;n, onu mant&#305;ksal olarak d&#246;llenmeden sonraki de&#287;i&#351;kenlerin &#246;n&#252;ne koyarak nedenselli&#287;i ger&#231;ekten iyi bir &#351;ekilde tart&#305;&#351;abiliriz. 2016 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki Matematik notlar&#305;n&#305;z&#305;n 2016 y&#305;l&#305;ndaki &#8220;cinsiyetinizi&#8221; belirledi&#287;inizi d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yorsan&#305;z, bir IQ testi yapt&#305;rman&#305;z&#305; &#246;neririm. </p><p>&#304;kincisi, ilgili ara&#351;t&#305;rma hakk&#305;nda yetkin bir anlay&#305;&#351;a sahip olmal&#305;s&#305;n&#305;z. &#214;nceki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar do&#287;ru nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mlar&#305; g&#246;stermi&#351; olabilir. &#214;yle olmasa bile - di&#287;er ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar&#305;n da ayn&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mlar&#305; yapmak zorunda kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bulsan&#305;z bile - &#246;nceki ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar, B'nin A'y&#305; etkilemesi yerine A'n&#305;n B'yi etkiledi&#287;i gayet iyi &#351;ekilde size g&#246;sterebilir. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252; de mant&#305;kt&#305;r. A'n&#305;n B'yi nas&#305;l etkileyebilece&#287;ini hayal edin ve sonra B'nin A'y&#305; nas&#305;l etkileyebilece&#287;ini hayal edin. D&#252;&#351;&#252;nd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z olguya a&#351;inaysan&#305;z, onlar&#305; dikkatli bir &#351;ekilde g&#246;zlemlediyseniz, nedenini kolayca hayal edebilirsiniz. O halde bu mant&#305;ksal al&#305;&#351;t&#305;rma, &#231;o&#287;u zaman nedenselli&#287;in bir y&#246;n&#252;n&#252;n di&#287;erine g&#246;re &#231;ok daha makul oldu&#287;unu ortaya koyacakt&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Nedensellik ve Zorluklar&#305;</strong></p><p>Panel verinizi &#231;&#305;kartt&#305;n&#305;z. Verinizde baz&#305; &#351;ablonlar buldunuz ve art&#305;k nedensellik sorusunu derinlemesine inceleyebilirsiniz. Spoiler: Nedensellik kurmak &#231;ok ciddi bir iddiad&#305;r ve sosyal bilimlerde nadiren ba&#351;ar&#305;labilir.</p><p>Nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;mdan bahsetti&#287;imizde X'in (ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z/a&#231;&#305;klay&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenimiz) Y'ye (ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305;/sonu&#231; de&#287;i&#351;kenimiz/a&#231;&#305;klanan de&#287;i&#351;ken) neden oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yl&#252;yoruz. Ba&#351;ka bir deyi&#351;le bu, X olmazsa Y'nin de olmayaca&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelir. Buna kar&#351;&#305; olgusal denir: ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenimizin varl&#305;&#287;&#305; veya yoklu&#287;u d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda her &#351;eyin tamamen ayn&#305; kald&#305;&#287;&#305; bir senaryo. Basit bir &#246;rnekle a&#231;&#305;klayal&#305;m:</p><p>Aspirin alman&#305;n ba&#351; a&#287;r&#305;m&#305; hafifletip hafifletmeyece&#287;ini bilmek istiyorum. Aspirini (ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;ken) al&#305;p ba&#351; a&#287;r&#305;m&#305;n (ba&#287;&#305;ml&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken) ge&#231;ip ge&#231;medi&#287;ine bakabilirim. Ama zamanda geriye gidip ba&#351; a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n yine de ge&#231;ip ge&#231;meyece&#287;ini g&#246;rmek i&#231;in aspirin alamam. Bir dahaki sefere ba&#351;&#305;m a&#287;r&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;nda bunun tersini (hap almamay&#305;) test edebilirim, ancak bu iki durumu asla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;ramayaca&#287;&#305;m &#231;&#252;nk&#252; her &#351;ey de&#287;i&#351;ti: ald&#305;&#287;&#305;m uyku miktar&#305;, o g&#252;n yedi&#287;im &#351;eyler, yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;m aktiviteler ve ilk ba&#351; a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n oldu&#287;u g&#252;n&#252;n tam olarak ayn&#305; senaryosunu yans&#305;tacak &#351;ekilde kontrol edemedi&#287;im onlarca ayr&#305;nt&#305; var. Bu ayn&#305; zamanda di&#287;er her &#351;eyi e&#351;it tutma ikilemi ("ceteris paribus") olarak da bilinir ve nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m&#305;n temel sorunudur.</p><p>Kar&#351;&#305; olguyu hayata ge&#231;irerek nedensel bir iddiay&#305; test etmeye asla eri&#351;emeyece&#287;imiz i&#231;in, neden-sonu&#231; ili&#351;kilerini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmek - hem teoriler &#252;retmek hem de onlar&#305; test etmek - &#231;ok karma&#351;&#305;k bir konudur. Nedensellik hakk&#305;nda d&#252;&#351;&#252;nme s&#252;recinde akl&#305;m&#305;zda tutmam&#305;z gereken birka&#231; &#351;ey var.</p><p>Medya t&#252;ketimi ve partizanl&#305;k &#246;rne&#287;ini ele alal&#305;m. Diyelim ki A Haber izlemenin, izleyicilerin Cumhur &#304;ttifak&#305; adaylar&#305;na daha y&#252;ksek oranda oy vermesine neden oldu&#287;unu &#246;ne s&#252;r&#252;yorsunuz. Sorun burada ba&#351;l&#305;yor.</p><ol><li><p>&#214;ncelikle X (A Haber izlemek) ve Y (Cumhur &#304;ttifak&#305;na oy vermek) aras&#305;nda herhangi bir ili&#351;ki olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirlememiz gerekiyor. Bunu yapman&#305;n, basit tan&#305;mlay&#305;c&#305; istatistiklerden regresyon gibi daha karma&#351;&#305;k y&#246;ntemlere kadar bir&#231;ok yolu var. &#214;rne&#287;in insanlara hem izleme al&#305;&#351;kanl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; hem de se&#231;im tercihlerini soran bir anket yapabilirsiniz. Diyelim ki A Haber izleyicilerinin ger&#231;ekten de Cumhur &#304;ttifak&#305;&#8217;ndan olan adaylara daha y&#252;ksek oranda oy verdi&#287;ini g&#246;rd&#252;n&#252;z. Not: Kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z (anket), X ve Y'nin ili&#351;kili olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;ylemenize olanak tan&#305;r, ancak bu, X'in Y'nin nedeni oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelmez, yaln&#305;zca bunlar&#305;n bir &#351;ekilde ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelir. <strong>Asl&#305;nda yayg&#305;n olarak kulland&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z bir&#231;ok ara&#231;ta durum b&#246;yledir.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png" width="748" height="188" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:188,&quot;width&quot;:748,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9249,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gOGW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2ab57745-04c1-4866-9746-976b82f5baaf_748x188.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>&#304;kinci olarak bu ili&#351;kinin y&#246;n&#252;n&#252;n ne oldu&#287;unu iyi d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmemiz gerekiyor. X, Y'ye "neden oluyor" mu, yoksa tam tersi mi? &#304;kinci se&#231;enek ters nedensellik olarak bilinir ve hem teorinizi geli&#351;tirirken hem de verilerinizi test ederken dikkate al&#305;nmas&#305; gerekir. Belki Cumhur se&#231;menleri A Haber&#8217;den daha &#231;ok ho&#351;lan&#305;yorlar &#231;&#252;nk&#252; kanal di&#287;er kanallara g&#246;re &#304;ttifaklar&#305; hakk&#305;nda daha olumlu haberler sunuyor.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png" width="714" height="179" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/da9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:179,&quot;width&quot;:714,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:9459,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GrrI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fda9eeeab-8998-439a-a2a7-1145b455edde_714x179.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div></li><li><p>&#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252;s&#252;, de&#287;i&#351;kenleri kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rarak ele almam&#305;z gerekiyor. Kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;ken, X ve Y aras&#305;nda g&#246;zlemlenen da&#287;&#305;tan - yani kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;ran - bir de&#287;i&#351;kendir (Z). Ancak bu de&#287;i&#351;keni g&#246;zlemlemedi&#287;imiz i&#231;in sonu&#231;lar&#305;m&#305;z&#305; yanl&#305;&#351; yorumlayabiliriz. &#214;rne&#287;in, bir Z de&#287;i&#351;keni hem X'i hem de Y'yi etkileyebilir. Ancak biz sadece X'i g&#246;zlemliyoruz, dolay&#305;s&#305;yla Z'nin bu ili&#351;kide oynad&#305;&#287;&#305; rol&#252;n evrenine katm&#305;yoruz. Bu, nedensel bir ar&#305;za hatal&#305; bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlamalar&#305;m&#305;za veya ilgili ar&#305;zan&#305;n hatal&#305; bir &#351;ekilde &#351;i&#351;irmemize yol a&#231;abilir</p></li></ol><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png" width="932" height="465" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:465,&quot;width&quot;:932,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:25565,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!kmVU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04814395-3f43-4450-ad6e-3f11346d752d_932x465.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Bu durumda, daha fazla A HABER izleyenler Cumhur &#304;ttifak&#305;n&#305; daha &#231;ok destekleyenler, daha az izleyenler daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k destek g&#246;steriyor: de&#287;i&#351;kenler birlikte hareket ediyor. Ancak az &#246;nce de belirtti&#287;imiz gibi bu hareket &#252;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; bir fakt&#246;rden (YA&#350;) kaynaklan&#305;yor olabilir. Bu fakt&#246;r&#252; dikkate ald&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda izlenme ve oy aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;ki ortadan kalkabilir.</p><p>&#304;hmal (Omitted) edilen de&#287;i&#351;kenlere ve daha genel anlamda kafa kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenlere (a spurious variable) dikkat etmezsek, t&#252;m de&#287;i&#351;kenleri dikkate almad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z i&#231;in nedensel bir ili&#351;ki oldu&#287;unu iddia edebiliriz. Pratikte bu zor bir i&#351;tir. &#214;zellikle sonucumuzu etkileyebilecek her bir de&#287;i&#351;kenin &#246;l&#231;&#252;mlerine sahip olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;zda, yaln&#305;zca bir de&#287;i&#351;keni izole etmek zordur. Asl&#305;nda baz&#305; durumlarda <strong>olas&#305;</strong> t&#252;m kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenleri d&#252;&#351;&#252;nemiyoruz bile&#8230;</p><p>Nedensellik ile u&#287;ra&#351;&#305;rken ak&#305;lda tutulmas&#305; gereken bir di&#287;er unsur n<strong>edensel mekanizmaya (causal mechanism)</strong> at&#305;fta bulunmaktad&#305;r. X'i Y'ye ba&#287;layan makul bir mekanizma d&#252;&#351;&#252;nebilir miyiz? Neden daha fazla A HABER izlemek insanlar&#305;n Cumhur Adaylar&#305;na oy vermesine neden olsun ki? Belki kanal insanlar&#305;n adaylar hakk&#305;ndaki bilgisini artt&#305;rabilir veya a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a partiyi destekleyen belirli bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; te&#351;vik edebilir. Her durumda, iki de&#287;i&#351;kenin neden ili&#351;kili oldu&#287;una dair bir fikre sahip olmak, nedensel ili&#351;kinin var oldu&#287;una dair bize daha fazla g&#252;ven verir.</p><p><em>-Peki panel veri burada nas&#305;l i&#351;imize yarard&#305;? &#214;rne&#287;in, 1000 ki&#351;inin 30 y&#305;l boyunca hangi haber kanallar&#305;n&#305; izledi&#287;ini ve hangi partilere (ideolojik yak&#305;nl&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; temel alarak) oy att&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;zlemeyebilirsiniz. &#304;zledikleri kanallar y&#305;llar i&#231;inde (ya&#351;la birlikte) de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;i halde oy vermelerinin de&#287;i&#351;medi&#287;ini/de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;ini g&#246;rmeniz bu ili&#351;kinin yanl&#305;&#351; veya do&#287;ru oldu&#287;unu do&#287;rudan size g&#246;sterebilir. Peki cross-sectional veri neden i&#351;imize yaramaz? 20 ve 50 ya&#351;lar&#305;nda olan iki grubun hangi kanallar&#305; izleyip hangi partiye oy verdi&#287;ini &#246;l&#231;t&#252;n&#252;z. Bu veri nedensellik &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m&#305; yapmakta sizi zorlayacak &#231;&#252;nk&#252; 50 ya&#351;&#305;ndaki grubun gen&#231; ya&#351;lar&#305;nda hangi kanallar&#305; izledi&#287;ini veya partiye oy att&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; bilmiyorsunuz.-</em></p><p>Bu sorular&#305; <strong>yan&#305;tlarsak</strong> neden-sonu&#231; ili&#351;kisini tespit etme &#351;ans&#305;m&#305;z olabilir. Baz&#305; y&#246;ntemler bu sorunlar&#305; &#231;&#246;zmede di&#287;erlerinden daha iyidir. Nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m niceliksel y&#246;ntemlerle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; de&#287;ildir. Nedensel ili&#351;ki, S&#252;re&#231; Takibi (process-tracing) ve <strong>Kar&#351;&#305; Olgular</strong> gibi nitel y&#246;ntemlerle de ortaya &#231;&#305;kar&#305;labilir. Bu ara&#231;lar, &#246;rne&#287;in tarihi belgeleri inceleyerek ve r&#246;portajlar yaparak belirli vakalar&#305;n derinlemesine analizine dayan&#305;r.</p><p>Nicel y&#246;ntemler aras&#305;nda nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ma ula&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;an iki t&#252;r y&#246;ntem vard&#305;r: <strong>deneysel &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar (observational) ve g&#246;zlemsel (experimental) &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar</strong>. Deneysel &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m i&#231;in en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; ara&#231;t&#305;r. Neden? <strong>Randomizasyondan</strong> dolay&#305;. Deneyleri bu kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; k&#305;lan temel &#246;zellik, tedaviyi (ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenimizi) birimlerimize rastgele atayabilmemizdir. G&#246;r&#252;n&#252;&#351;te basit olan bu eylem sayesinde yukar&#305;da bahsedilen sorunlar&#305;n &#231;o&#287;unun &#252;stesinden gelebiliyoruz. Nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m&#305;n temel sorununun, kar&#351;&#305; olgusall&#305;&#287;&#305; hi&#231;bir zaman test edemememiz oldu&#287;unu hat&#305;rlay&#305;n; Ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenimizin manip&#252;lasyonu d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda her &#351;eyi e&#351;it tutman&#305;n bir yolu yoktur. Bununla birlikte, randomizasyon yoluyla tedavi ve kontrol grubu genelinde ortalama olarak di&#287;er t&#252;m ko&#351;ullar&#305; e&#351;it hale getirebiliriz. <strong>Tedaviyi birimlere rastgele atayarak,</strong> tedavi ile kontrol aras&#305;ndaki tek fark&#305;n tedavinin varl&#305;&#287;&#305;/yoklu&#287;u oldu&#287;unu s&#246;yleyebiliriz. Bu, bu iki grubun g&#246;zlemleyemedi&#287;imiz de&#287;i&#351;kenler a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan bile benzer oldu&#287;u ve dolay&#305;s&#305;yla kafa kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; bir de&#287;i&#351;ken sorunuyla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;ma olas&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n daha d&#252;&#351;&#252;k oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelir.</p><p>Deneyler nedensel &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m i&#231;in tercih edilen ara&#231; olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men, kaynak eksikli&#287;i, etik sorunlar ya da ara&#351;t&#305;rma konumuz g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;ne al&#305;nd&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ula&#351;&#305;lamaz olmalar&#305; nedeniyle her zaman kullan&#305;ma uygun olmayabilirler. <strong>Deneyler ayr&#305;ca bireylerle u&#287;ra&#351;&#305;rken en yayg&#305;n olan&#305;d&#305;r. &#220;lkeler aras&#305; kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;rmalarda deney yapmak neredeyse imkans&#305;zd&#305;r (Siyaset Bilimi &amp; U. &#304;li&#351;kiler).</strong></p><p>&#214;rne&#287;in: &#220;lkelerin sava&#351;lardan nas&#305;l etkilendi&#287;ini anlamak i&#231;in &#252;lkelerde rastegele sava&#351; &#231;&#305;kartam&#305;yoruz. Sava&#351;ta olan veya sava&#351;m&#305;&#351; &#252;lkeleri g&#246;zlemleyip bir &#231;&#305;kar&#305;m yapabiliyoruz.</p><p>&#199;o&#287;u zaman, do&#287;as&#305; gere&#287;i g&#246;zlemsel olan verileri almam&#305;z ve az ya da &#231;ok karma&#351;&#305;k istatistiksel prosed&#252;rler kullanarak bir deneye yakla&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;mam&#305;z gerekir. G&#246;zlemsel terimini kullanmam&#305;z&#305;n nedeni, tedaviyi (ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z de&#287;i&#351;kenleri) <strong>manip&#252;le etmedi&#287;imiz ger&#231;e&#287;inden kaynaklanmaktad&#305;r</strong>; bunun yerine yaln&#305;zca toplanan verileri g&#246;zlemliyoruz. Bu y&#246;ntemler Farktaki Fark, Regresyon S&#252;reksizli&#287;i, E&#351;le&#351;tirme ve Ara&#231;sal De&#287;i&#351;kenleri i&#231;erir. Bunlar&#305; daha sonra a&#231;&#305;klayaca&#287;&#305;md&#305;r.</p><p>Tarihsel olarak bir&#231;ok bilim insan&#305; basit regresyonlar kullanarak nedensel iddialarda bulunmu&#351;tur. Regresyonlarla "di&#287;er her &#351;ey e&#351;it" yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;na yakla&#351;ma &#351;eklimiz, olas&#305; kafa kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol etmektir. Regresyon analizlerinde, kafa kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;c&#305; de&#287;i&#351;kenleri kontrol etti&#287;imizde geriye sadece sebep-sonu&#231; ili&#351;kisinin kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; varsay&#305;yoruz. Ancak daha &#246;nce de belirtildi&#287;i gibi <strong>ilgili t&#252;m de&#287;i&#351;kenleri</strong> kontrol etmek neredeyse imkans&#305;zd&#305;r. Bu ve di&#287;er nedenler, baz&#305; bilim adamlar&#305;n&#305;n g&#246;zlemsel verilerle nedensel iddialarda bulunman&#305;n imkans&#305;z oldu&#287;una inanmalar&#305;n&#305;n nedenidir. Asl&#305;nda, regresyon analizlerinizden nedensel ili&#351;kiler &#231;&#305;kar&#305;rken &#231;ok dikkatli olmal&#305;s&#305;n&#305;z. Yine de, regresyon analizleri verilerdeki ilgili ili&#351;kileri ve e&#287;ilimleri tan&#305;mlamak i&#231;in &#231;ok yararl&#305; bir ara&#231;t&#305;r.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.japonyapolitik.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading &#22269;&#38555;&#38306;&#20418;! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[(6) Japon Siyasi Parti Sistemine Giriş]]></title><description><![CDATA[Giri&#351;]]></description><link>https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/6-japonya-siyasi-parti-sistemine</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.japonyapolitik.com/p/6-japonya-siyasi-parti-sistemine</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Acaru]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 12 Aug 2023 14:05:54 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EuGf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F198fb042-9cc5-4ff9-8a91-91b89287a0b1_940x693.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EuGf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F198fb042-9cc5-4ff9-8a91-91b89287a0b1_940x693.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EuGf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F198fb042-9cc5-4ff9-8a91-91b89287a0b1_940x693.jpeg 424w, 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stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption">Liberal Demokrat Parti&#8217;nin Kurulu&#351;u, 1955</figcaption></figure></div><p>Siyasi partiler, y&#246;netme-y&#246;netilme mekanizmalar&#305;na eklenen yeni bir teknolojidir (yap&#305;d&#305;r, k&#252;lt&#252;rd&#252;r). G&#252;n&#252;m&#252;zde bir&#231;ok &#252;lkenin, partilerle s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; deneyimi vard&#305;r ve bu &#252;lkelerin sadece birka&#231;&#305;nda partiler a&#231;&#305;k ve demokratik bir ortamda rekabet ederler. Siyasi partilerin ortaya &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;&#305;, on yedinci y&#252;zy&#305;lda Avrupa'da toprak devletinin geli&#351;imine ba&#287;l&#305; olarak ger&#231;ekle&#351;mi&#351;tir. Bu &#246;nc&#252;ler, &#304;ngiltere'nin parlamento deneyiminde ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;, ancak ilk ger&#231;ek siyasi partiler Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri'nde g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;. Modern devlet kendi i&#231;erisinde karma&#351;&#305;k ve kapsaml&#305; yap&#305;lanmaya gittik&#231;e, y&#246;neti&#351;imi sa&#287;lamak i&#231;in &#246;rg&#252;tsel mekanizmalar tasarland&#305;. En &#246;nemki mekanizmalardan biri, vatanda&#351;lar&#305; h&#252;k&#251;met kurumlar&#305;yla, &#246;zellikle yasama organlar&#305;yla birle&#351;tirmeyi ama&#231;layan siyasi partilerdi. Siyasi partiler, on sekizinci ve on dokuzuncu y&#252;zy&#305;llarda geli&#351;en siyasi mobilizasyonun bir sonucudur; siyasi s&#252;re&#231;ler sadece elitlerin kontrol&#252;nde de&#287;ildir, ayn&#305; zamanda halk kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;yla ilerleyen s&#252;re&#231;lerdir. Halk&#305;n y&#246;netim mekanizmalar&#305;na kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n geni&#351;lemesi, ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;lmaz olarak oy kullanmay&#305; i&#231;eriyordu. ABD'deki <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy">Jackson </a>d&#246;neminde, siyasi partiler se&#231;menler ile y&#246;netim kurumlar&#305; aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi kuracak/sa&#287;layacak &#351;ekilde tam anlam&#305;yla geli&#351;meye ve b&#252;y&#252;meye ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndaki &#231;o&#287;u &#252;lke i&#231;in siyasi partilerin olu&#351;umu yenidir.</p><h1><strong>Japonya&#8217;daki Siyasi Partileri</strong></h1><p>Japonya'da siyasi partiler, 1868'de Meiji Restorasyonun ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesiyle birlikte, Japon siyasi hayat&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ok h&#305;zl&#305; bir &#351;ekilde de&#287;i&#351;ti&#287;i d&#246;nemde ortaya &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. 1874 y&#305;l&#305;nda <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement">&#214;zg&#252;rl&#252;k ve Halk Haklar&#305; Hareketi (Jiyu minken undo)</a>, bir anayasa ve se&#231;ilmi&#351; bir meclis talebinde bulundu. Bunu Aikokusha olarak kurulan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikokusha">Vatansever Birlik (Aikokusha)</a> izledi, bu parti  1881'de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Japan,_1881)">Jiy&#363;t&#333;'ya </a>d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;, 1900'de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai">Seiy&#363;kai </a>ad&#305;n&#305; ald&#305; ve ard&#305;ndan &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;'ndan sonra tekrar Liberal Parti ad&#305;n&#305; ald&#305;. 1882'de <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Kaishint%C5%8D">Anayasa Reform Partisi (Rikken kaishinto</a>) ve Anayasa &#304;mparatorluk Partisi (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Teiseit%C5%8D">Rikken teiseito</a>) kuruldu. Ba&#351;ka bir parti, 1927'den sonra <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party_(Japan)">Minseitou olarak bilinen Anayasal Halk Partisi,</a> sava&#351; sonras&#305; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimpot%C5%8D">Shinpotou </a>olarak yeniden canland&#305;, ancak k&#305;sa s&#252;re sonra ad&#305;n&#305; Demokrat Parti (Minshut&#333;) olarak <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Japan-Story-Nation-Edwin-Reischauer/dp/0075570742">de&#287;i&#351;tirdi.</a></p><p>Japon siyasi partilerinin karakteri, di&#287;er &#252;lkelerde oldu&#287;u gibi, siyaset yapt&#305;klar&#305; &#231;evre taraf&#305;ndan &#351;ekillenir. Bu &#231;evre, sosyal de&#287;erler ve mitler, gelenek/g&#246;renekler ve bu &#231;evrede ya&#351;ayan insanlar&#305;n kimlikleridir. Ba&#351;ka bir fakt&#246;r ise resmi siyasi yap&#305;d&#305;r; bu, parlamento/h&#252;k&#252;met kabinesi &#351;eklinde g&#246;r&#252;len h&#252;k&#251;met bi&#231;imidir. Parlamento modelinde yasama ve y&#252;r&#252;tme organlar&#305; birle&#351;tirilir (meclis ve h&#252;k&#251;met); ba&#351;bakan ve kabine, yasama organ&#305; ve b&#252;rokrasi i&#231;in liderlik sa&#287;lar. &#220;&#231;&#252;nc&#252; bir fakt&#246;r, insanlar&#305;n yasama organ&#305;na se&#231;ilmesi i&#231;in kullan&#305;lan sistem t&#252;r&#252;d&#252;r. Bu t&#252;r sistemler bir&#231;ok &#231;e&#351;ide sahiptir; dar b&#246;lgelerden, se&#231;imin yaln&#305;zca &#231;o&#287;unluk oyu gerektirdi&#287;i b&#246;lgelere, orant&#305;l&#305; temsil ilkesine dayal&#305; b&#246;lgelere kadar uzan&#305;r; bu durumda koltuklar, her siyasi parti taraf&#305;ndan al&#305;nan oy y&#252;zdesine g&#246;re tahsis edilir. Siyasi partilerin en &#246;nemli iki &#246;zelli&#287;i vard&#305;r: <strong>&#246;rg&#252;tlenme</strong> ve <strong>ideoloji</strong>. Partilerin <strong>&#246;rg&#252;tlenme bi&#231;imleri</strong> &#252;yelerin parti i&#351;lerinde etkin bir rol oynad&#305;&#287;&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k ve g&#252;&#231;l&#252; temel &#246;rg&#252;tlerden, liderli&#287;in sadece b&#252;y&#252;k bir g&#252;ce de&#287;il ayn&#305; zamanda b&#252;y&#252;k bir ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;a sahip oldu&#287;u gev&#351;ek &#246;rg&#252;tl&#252; partilere kadar uzan&#305;r; bahsetti&#287;im son &#246;zellik Japonya&#8217;daki &#231;o&#287;u muhafazakar partinin karakteridir. &#304;kincisi yukar&#305;da s&#246;yledi&#287;im gibi <strong>ideolojidir</strong>. Partinin ve taraftarlar&#305;n&#305;n aras&#305;nda payla&#351;&#305;lan ideolojiye dayal&#305; psikolojik ba&#287;&#305;n ne kadar g&#252;&#231;l&#252; oldu&#287;unun &#246;l&#231;&#252;s&#252;d&#252;r. Kitlesel &#252;yelik partileri modelinde, se&#231;menlerin siyasi ve bazen toplumsal faaliyetleri parti &#246;rg&#252;tleri ve programlar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan kapsan&#305;r. Japonya'daki baz&#305; muhalefet partileri, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dmeit%C5%8D_(1962%E2%80%931998)">Sosyalistler ve Temiz H&#252;k&#252;met Partisi (K&#333;meitou)</a> gibi, &#252;yelik ve ideolojiyi vurgular. H&#252;k&#251;metin <strong>hakim</strong> partisi olan Liberal Demokrat Parti'nin (LDP) &#246;rg&#252;tlenmesi, bireysel siyaset&#231;ilere dayal&#305; gev&#351;ek bir yap&#305;ya sahiptir ve partinin i&#231;inde &#246;nemli bir b&#246;l&#252;nme ve fraksiyonculuk bulunmaktad&#305;r. LDP ve destek&#231;ileri i&#231;in ideolojinin &#246;nemi minimumdur. T&#252;m Japon siyasi partilerinin ulusal &#246;rg&#252;tleri vard&#305;r ve ilk alt b&#246;l&#252;mleme <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan">prefekt&#246;rl&#252;k </a>seviyesinde ger&#231;ekle&#351;ir. Genellikle bu prefekt&#246;rl&#252;k birimleri, ulusal parti direktiflerini uygular, alt parti birimlerinin faaliyetlerini koordine eder, bir prefekture &#246;zg&#252; sorunlara ili&#351;kin parti politikalar&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turur, parti destekli meclis &#252;yelerinin &#231;al&#305;&#351;malar&#305;n&#305; denetler ve <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulusal_Diyet">Ulusal Diyet (&#199;ift Meclisli Yasama Organ&#305;) </a>adaylar&#305;n&#305;<a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643800"> ulusal partilere &#246;nerir.</a></p><p>Japon siyasi sisteminde &#231;e&#351;itli partiler olsa da bir parti - <code>Liberal Demokrat Parti </code>- iki istisna d&#246;nem d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda, yani 1993-1996 ve 2009-2012 d&#246;nemleri d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda, s&#252;rekli iktid&#226;rda olmu&#351;tur. LDP, parlamentoda &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u sa&#287;layamad&#305;&#287;&#305;nda veya marj&#305;n&#305; g&#252;&#231;lendirmesi gerekti&#287;inde di&#287;er partilerle koalisyonlar olu&#351;turmu&#351;tur; l&#226;kin koalisyon kurmak, Japon siyasetinin bask&#305;n bir &#246;zelli&#287;i de&#287;ildir; bu bahsetti&#287;im &#351;ey koalisyon h&#252;k&#251;metinin standart uygulama oldu&#287;u di&#287;er &#231;ok partili sistemlerle kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda ge&#231;erlidir. Ayr&#305;ca, &#231;ok partili sistemlerde h&#252;k&#251;meti kuran koalisyonlar&#305;n ayr&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; durumlar s&#305;k&#231;a ya&#351;an&#305;r ve genellikle h&#252;k&#252;metler d&#252;&#351;er. 1993 y&#305;l&#305;nda LDP, siyasi sistemindeki bask&#305;n konumunu Japonya Demokratik Partisi'ne kaybetti ve istikrars&#305;z bir d&#246;nem ya&#351;and&#305;.</p><p>Japon se&#231;menleri aras&#305;nda parti kimli&#287;i zay&#305;ft&#305;r. <a href="https://academic.oup.com/book/26299/chapter-abstract/194565199?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Steven Reed, se&#231;menlerin %40 ila %55'inin parti kimli&#287;i ta&#351;&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtmektedir.</a> Hatta LDP bile s&#252;rekli olarak yaln&#305;zca se&#231;men deste&#287;inin %30'unu elde edebilmi&#351;tir. Bu oylar&#305;n baz&#305;lar&#305;, LDP politikalar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; olmalar&#305;na ra&#287;men, h&#252;k&#251;met &#252;zerinde bir miktar etkisi olmas&#305; amac&#305;yla ona oy veren gruplardan gelir. Se&#231;men kimli&#287;inin olmamas&#305;, ideolojinin kimlik i&#231;in &#246;nemli bir kaynak oldu&#287;u partiler i&#231;in bile ge&#231;erlidir, &#246;rne&#287;in Japonya Kom&#252;nist Partisi gibi. Farkl&#305; ideolojilere sahip partiler i&#231;in verilen oylar, mutlaka o ideolojiye destek anlam&#305;na gelmez. Baz&#305; se&#231;menler, genel olarak siyasi d&#252;zene duyduklar&#305; memnuniyetsizli&#287;in bir ifadesi olarak, partiye sempati duymadan muhalefet partilerine oy verir. Sosyalist partiler destek i&#231;in sendikalar&#305;na g&#252;venmektedir; ancak sendikalara besledikleri bu g&#252;ven, sosyalist politikalarla pek ilgili de&#287;ildir. Di&#287;er muhalefet partileri, Koumeitou gibi, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soka_Gakkai">toplumsal a&#231;&#305;dan marjinalle&#351;mi&#351;</a> kesimlerden g&#252;&#231; al&#305;r. 1990'larda ortaya &#231;&#305;kan yeni partiler, o d&#246;nemlerde se&#231;menlerin yolsuzlu&#287;u kontrol alt&#305;na alma ve &#246;zellikle siyasi reform yapma iste&#287;ini yans&#305;tm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>LDP'nin ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;, ekonomik refah&#305; te&#351;vik etme konusundaki olumlu ge&#231;mi&#351;ine dayand&#305;r&#305;labilir. Genelde, iyi ekonomik zamanlar t&#252;m demokrasilerde iyi sonu&#231;lar do&#287;ururken, k&#246;t&#252; zamanlar iktid&#226;rdaki parti i&#231;in sorun yarat&#305;r (Genelde dememin sebebi AK Parti istisnas&#305;d&#305;r; ger&#231;i bu durum da tart&#305;&#351;&#305;labilir). LDP'nin devam eden &#351;ans&#305; ayn&#305; zamanda ge&#231;erli bir rekabetin eksikli&#287;ine de ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Muhalefet partileri, LDP'ye iktid&#226;r i&#231;in meydan okuyabilecek partiler de&#287;illerdir. LDP, se&#231;men deste&#287;ini ideolojisi veya politika tercihleri temelinde mobilize etmez; LDP&#8217;nin ba&#351;ar&#305;s&#305;, se&#231;menler ile yerel siyasi &#246;rg&#252;tler olan "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenkai">kouenkai</a>" aras&#305;nda s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;len yak&#305;n ki&#351;isel ba&#287;lara ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r. Bu &#246;rg&#252;tler (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenkai">kouenkai</a>), bireysel siyaset&#231;iler i&#231;in halk deste&#287;i olu&#351;turmak ve s&#252;rd&#252;rmek amac&#305;yla var olan yap&#305;lar olup parti mekanizmalar&#305; de&#287;illerdir; fakat bireysel Diyet &#252;yesi ile do&#287;rudan ili&#351;kilidirler. Diyet &#252;yesi ve onun "kounkai"s&#305;, se&#231;men ile parti fraksiyonlar&#305; aras&#305;nda bir ba&#287;lant&#305; g&#246;revi g&#246;r&#252;r; bu ba&#287;lant&#305;, resmi parti yap&#305;s&#305;na de&#287;il, ki&#351;isel ba&#287;lant&#305;lara dayan&#305;r. "Kouenkai"ler, se&#231;men kitlesini olu&#351;turan &#231;e&#351;itli farkl&#305; gruplar&#305;n ortak &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;n&#305; bir araya getirmek i&#231;in arac&#305; olarak i&#351;lev g&#246;r&#252;r. G&#252;&#231;l&#252; gruplar, &#246;rne&#287;in ticaret birlikleri gibi, Diyet &#252;yesinin destek grubunu domine edebilirler. Bu kouenkai egemenli&#287;indeki sistemde ortaya &#231;&#305;kan &#351;ey, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election#In_the_United_States">Amerikan &#246;n se&#231;im sistemi</a>nde g&#246;r&#252;len se&#231;menin partiye oy verme modeli de&#287;ildir. Aksine aday odakl&#305; bir oy verme davran&#305;&#351; modelidir. <a href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-logic-of-japanese-politics/9780231108423">Se&#231;im sistemindeki reformlara ra&#287;men,</a> "kouenkai" aday ile se&#231;men aras&#305;ndaki &#246;nemli bir ba&#287;lant&#305; olarak kalm&#305;&#351; ve hatta g&#252;&#231;lenmi&#351;tir. &#304;deoloji oy verme davran&#305;&#351;&#305;yla pek ilgili olmasa da, partiler siyasi yakla&#351;&#305;mlar&#305;yla birbirinden ay&#305;rt edilebilirler. LDP genel olarak muhafazakar bir yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; benimser, dogmatik olmaktan uzakt&#305;r. Buna kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k baz&#305; muhalefet partileri olduk&#231;a farkl&#305; bir ideolojik alan belirlemi&#351;lerdir. Muhalefet partileri g&#246;r&#252;&#351;lerinde ideolojik olarak tutarl&#305;d&#305;r, esnekli&#287;e pek yatk&#305;n olmayarak d&#252;&#351;&#252;ncelerini de&#287;i&#351;en ko&#351;ullara veya se&#231;men tercihlerine adapte etme e&#287;iliminde olmam&#305;&#351;lard&#305;r. Bu nedenle se&#231;men kitlesine hitap etme becerileri, kendileri taraf&#305;ndan belirlenen s&#305;n&#305;rlar y&#252;z&#252;nden zarar g&#246;rm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Belirli bir ideolojik pozisyon, &#246;rne&#287;in sosyalizm gibi, bu fikirleri payla&#351;an se&#231;menler i&#231;in &#231;ekici olabilir; l&#226;kin Japon toplumunda geni&#351; kitleler i&#231;in bir &#231;ekicili&#287;i yoktur. &#304;deolojik partiler, yeni se&#231;menleri &#231;ekmekte zorluk &#231;ekerler, bu da ko&#351;ullar de&#287;i&#351;medi&#287;i s&#252;rece sahip olduklar&#305; se&#231;men kitlesinin g&#246;rece sabit kalaca&#287;&#305; anlam&#305;na gelir. Alternatif olarak, bir partinin siyasi yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; &#231;ekicili&#287;ini yitirmeye ba&#351;larsa, 1980'lerde Japonya Sosyalist Partisi'nin ba&#351;&#305;na gelen gibi, kendini yeniden &#252;retmesi  veya yok olmas&#305; gerekecektir.</p><p>Parti sisteminin ba&#351;ka bir &#246;zelli&#287;i, partiler ile toplumdaki sosyo-k&#252;lt&#252;rel farkl&#305;l&#305;klar aras&#305;ndaki zay&#305;f ba&#287;lant&#305;d&#305;r (%99&#8217;u Japon olan bir &#252;lkede normal bir durumdur). ABD'deki gibi Hispanik veya Siyahi oyu gibi bir &#351;ey yoktur. Bu fakt&#246;rlerin eksikli&#287;i, ayn&#305; zamanda &#246;nemli bir siyasi rekabet kayna&#287;&#305;n&#305;n eksik oldu&#287;u anlam&#305;na gelir. S&#305;n&#305;f kimli&#287;i de oy verme davran&#305;&#351;&#305; &#252;zerinde g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir etki de&#287;ildir. Gen&#231; se&#231;menler genellikle progresif partilere oy verir ve daha az oy kullanma e&#287;ilimindedir. Ayr&#305;ca, kad&#305;nlar erkeklere g&#246;re daha muhafazakar olma e&#287;ilimindedir.</p><p>Parti se&#231;im kampanyalar&#305;, se&#231;menleri <strong>beklentilerine</strong> hitap ederek harekete ge&#231;irmeye y&#246;nelik &#231;abalardan olu&#351;maz. Bilgi manip&#252;lasyonu ve se&#231;menlere &#246;zellikle televizyon arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla eri&#351;im, yasalarla s&#305;n&#305;rlanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Partiler, se&#231;menlere destek gruplar&#305; veya i&#351;&#231;i sendikalar&#305; gibi di&#287;er organizasyonlar arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ula&#351;&#305;rlar. Ortalama bir Japon&#8217;un genel olarak oy verme davran&#305;&#351;&#305;, arkada&#351;lar, aile ve i&#351; arkada&#351;lar&#305; taraf&#305;ndan &#351;ekillenir.</p><p>1994 y&#305;l&#305;nda parlamento, Diyet'in alt kanad&#305; olan <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsilciler_Meclisi_(Japonya)">Temsilciler Meclisi</a> i&#231;in se&#231;im sistemini de&#287;i&#351;tiren yasay&#305; onaylad&#305;. Birden fazla &#252;yeli se&#231;im b&#246;lgeleri yerine <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-member_district">dar b&#246;lge se&#231;im</a> sistemi ve <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nispi_temsil_sistemi">nispi temsilli se&#231;im sistemi</a>ni i&#231;eren bir kombinasyon kabul edildi. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305; sonras&#305; yeniden canland&#305;r&#305;lan siyasi partiler g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir muhafazakar siyasi y&#246;nelime sahipti. Bu muhafazakarl&#305;k sa&#287;daki partilere yard&#305;mc&#305; olmu&#351;tur, ayn&#305; zamanda onlar&#305; bir ikilemle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;ya b&#305;rakm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Kamuoyunun ruhu, temelde muhafazakar olsa da, h&#252;k&#251;metin yanl&#305;&#351; politikalar&#305;na atfedilen askeri yenilginin travmas&#305; taraf&#305;ndan yara alm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Sava&#351; d&#246;nemi politikalar&#305;yla s&#305;k&#305; bir &#351;ekilde ili&#351;kilendirilen muhafazakar partiler, imparatorluk ge&#231;mi&#351;inin getirdi&#287;i k&#246;t&#252; an&#305;lar&#305; a&#351;mak, temel prensiplerine sad&#305;k kalmak ve ulusal b&#252;y&#252;kl&#252;&#287;e ula&#351;mak i&#231;in yeni yakla&#351;&#305;mlar geli&#351;tirmek zorundayd&#305;. Sol partiler de farkl&#305; t&#252;rden bir ikilemle kar&#351;&#305; kar&#351;&#305;yayd&#305;. Japon &#304;mparatorlu&#287;u&#8217;nun siyasetine olan muhalefetleri, sava&#351;&#305;n sonu&#231;lar&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;ld&#252;&#287;&#252;nde kendilerini hakl&#305; &#231;&#305;kar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Bu nedenle sosyalist g&#252;ndeme olan taahh&#252;tlerini yenilediler&#8230; Ancak &#8220;sosyalist g&#252;ndem&#8221; yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305; Japonya halk&#305;nda bir co&#351;ku &#252;retmedi&#8230;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png" width="566" height="394.785" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:837,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:566,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Japanese Communists rally opposition parties to elect 'a pro-people  government' &#8211; People's World&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="Japanese Communists rally opposition parties to elect 'a pro-people  government' &#8211; People's World" title="Japanese Communists rally opposition parties to elect 'a pro-people  government' &#8211; People's World" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WXAa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2b671fe9-04d6-418a-9cf9-b6a4edf3f92d_1200x837.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a><figcaption class="image-caption"><strong>Japon Kom&#252;nist Partisi Bayra&#287;&#305;</strong></figcaption></figure></div><h1><strong>Sonu&#231;</strong></h1><p>Militarizm deneyimi ve sava&#351;, en az&#305;ndan devlete k&#246;r&#252; k&#246;r&#252;ne ba&#287;l&#305;l&#305;k a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan milliyet&#231;ili&#287;i s&#246;n&#252;k hale getirdi. Bayraklar, ge&#231;it t&#246;renleri ve di&#287;er semboller arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla milliyet&#231;ili&#287;in ifadesi, teslimiyetten sonra 20 y&#305;l boyunca Japon siyasi hayat&#305;nda s&#246;n&#252;kt&#252; kald&#305;. &#304;mparator-devlet dogmatizmi itibar kaybetmi&#351;ti. Y&#246;netime etki kapasitesi s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; &#304;mparator tamamen iktid&#226;rdan yoksun b&#305;rak&#305;ld&#305;, ancak yine de &#246;nemli bir ki&#351;isel ve sembolik sayg&#305;ya sahipti. Milli mar&#351;&#305;n s&#246;ylenmesi ve bayrak g&#246;sterileri, en az&#305;ndan okullarda, Japon liderlerinin vatanseverli&#287;i te&#351;vik etmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; y&#305;llarda h&#305;zl&#305;ca Japon siyasi hayat&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351; yapt&#305;. &#304;kinci D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda ya&#351;an&#305;lan ma&#287;lubiyet, kolektif kimli&#287;in da&#287;&#305;lmas&#305;na neden olmad&#305;, kar&#351;&#305;t bir etki yaratt&#305;. Japonlar i&#231;in "<strong>biz-olma</strong>" duygusu kesinlikle &#231;ok g&#252;&#231;l&#252;d&#252;r. Bu sosyal dayan&#305;&#351;ma, bir&#231;ok yabanc&#305; taraf&#305;ndan bir kibrin veya kendilerini &#252;st&#252;n g&#246;rme davran&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305;n bir yans&#305;mas&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r. Japon so&#287;uklu&#287;u, d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan bak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, hakl&#305; veya haks&#305;z olsun, bu &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;k tutumunun bir tezah&#252;r&#252; olarak yorumlan&#305;r. Yabanc&#305;lar, y&#305;llarca Japonya'da ya&#351;ayabilir ama toplumda tam olarak kabul edilmezler. Yurtd&#305;&#351;&#305;nda ya&#351;ayan Japonlar genellikle kendi aralar&#305;nda kalma e&#287;ilimindedir. Yine de bug&#252;n&#252;n d&#252;nyas&#305;nda bu tutum yava&#351;&#231;a a&#351;&#305;nmaya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. </p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>